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ABSTRACT: Vegetable soybean has high nutritional value and offers functional benefits to human body. However, its use in cooking is still limited, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about its properties. In addition, the availability of cultivars for human consumption is reduced. Therefore, this study was conducted in Botucatu, Brazil, to assess the potential of grain soybean (GS) and dual-purpose soybean (DPS) cultivars for consumption as vegetable soybean (VS). Pods were harvested at R6 stage, and the contents of bioactive compounds (total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity and proteins) and antinutritional components (nitrates, oxalate, alkaloids and tannins) were evaluated. The cultivars showed the same protein content, not differing statistically from each other, as well as for nitrate and oxalate. The content of phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity of the SG cultivar differed statistically from the content of the DPS and VS cultivars, respectively. According to the results, the GS cultivar, with pods harvested at R6 stage, showed nutraceutical quality and contents of antinutritional compounds similar to those of the two cultivars proposed for the vegetable soybean.

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the nutritional content and the degradability of the dry matter and protein of fruits of Chloroleucon mangense and Acacia cochliacantha and of a 1:1 mixture of both, offered as supplements to Rambouillet sheep. In situ ruminal degradation was evaluated in three adult rams, fitted with a rumen cannula, with different incubation times of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Protein intestinal degradability was quantified with a three-step procedure: in situ ruminal incubation, in vitro enzymatic digestion, and abomasal-intestinal digestion. The fruits of C. mangense and A. cochliacantha contain 21 and 12% crude protein, 47 and 56% neutral detergent fiber, 31 and 43% acid detergent fiber, and 0.9 and 6.0% condensed tannins, respectively. The fruits of C. mangense showed a higher nutritional value and a higher dry matter and crude protein degradability (p

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to evaluate the developmental phases of feijoa fruits associated with infestation by Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and the nonpreference of fruit flies for ripe fruits of feijoa. Two tests were carried out. In the first trial, we evaluated the association between the developmental stages of feijoa fruits and infestation by A. fraterculus. To accomplish this, fruits at five different stages of development, from green to ripe, were examined from the Alcântara cultivar. In the second trial, we evaluated the nonpreference of A. fraterculus for ripe fruits of Alcântara, Helena, Mattos and access 2316 cultivars. Physicochemical analyses were performed on the fruits of both trials. In the second test, analyses of polyphenol index and tannin concentration were also performed. Feijoa fruits in stage I are the likely targets of attack by A. fraterculus. The fruits of Alcântara cultivar from stage II, with 39 mm of transversal diameter and soluble solids, presented four puparium / fruit. The fruits of Alcântara and access 2316 cultivars showed greater and lesser infestation, respectively. The fruits of access 2316 also showed a higher concentration of tannins compared to the three commercial cultivars tested, which may have conferred the greatest protection against infestation by A. fraterculus. Feijoa fruits from Alcântara and Mattos cultivars showed high susceptibility to infestation by A. fraterculus, requiring management practices to guarantee commercial production.

The relationship between bibliographic and archival research, on the one hand, and object-based study, on the other, forms a very important basis for research into historical production techniques. Several written sources provide insight into the recipes for dyeing black in the past. Yet, this does not guarantee that these written recipes are representative of an entire society or were used in the dyers practice. The way to assess how closely practical dyeing and written sources are aligned entail the chemical analysis of historical textiles. This article focuses on the identification of the ingredients used to dye wool black in the case of well-preserved and dated (1650-1850) historical textiles from five Belgian archives and some remaining historical artefacts. The results are compared with the technical knowledge of dyeing and the ingredients mentioned in written sources from the same period. The aim is to refine the knowledge of the different black dye ingredients used in practice in Northwest Europe during the period.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the potential utilisation of African yam bean (AYB) seed as a supplement to Guinea grass on in vitro gas and methane (CH4) production, as well as the effect of processing on AYB nutritive value. In experiment 1, unprocessed AYB meal at 10, 15, 20, and 25% inclusion levels was added to Guinea grass substrate and evaluated for in vitro gas production, CH4, and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). In experiment 2, the effect of soaked, boiled, toasted, and fermented AYB meal at 20% inclusion on in vitro fermentation was evaluated. In vitro gas production as well as in vitro organic matter digestibility of Guinea grass increased with AYB supplementation. The associative effect of Guinea grass with AYB showed an increase in gas and CH4 production. At 20% inclusion level, AYB processing methods did not affect the gas production, CH4, and IVOMD of the substrate. Fermentation improved the crude protein, iron, and zinc contents, reduced acid detergent fibre concentration but did not reduce the concentrations of alkaloid, total phenol, saponin, and trypsin inhibitors of AYB. Seed soaking for 48 h reduced the total phenol, tannin, oxalate, and phytate content, while seed boiling reduced the concentrations of alkaloid, total phenol, tannin, and trypsin inhibitors. Compared with the raw AYB, boiling is the most effective processing method to reduce the investigated phytochemicals, followed by soaking, toasting, and fermentation, in that order.

ABSTRACT The objective with this study was to evaluate intake, feeding behavior, rumen fluid characteristics, performance, and nutrient digestibility of sheep fed banana pseudostem hay (BPH) with and without virginiamycin (VM). Thirty-two uncastrated male crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês lambs at approximately five months of age, with an average initial body weight of 25.00±1.95 kg, were used in the experiment. Four diets were tested, as follows: Tifton grass hay (TGH) plus concentrate with VM; BPH replacing 60% of TGH plus concentrate with VM; TGH plus concentrate without VM; and BPH replacing 60% of TGH plus concentrate without VM. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized design in a 2×2 factorial arrangement, in which the factors were represented by BPH and TGH with and without VM, organized in an orthogonal contrast. Banana pseudostem hay inclusion influenced nutrient intake, except for non-fibrous carbohydrates corrected for ash and protein. Neither idling nor water intake times were changed by VM inclusion or banana pseudostem hay addition. Rumen fluid pH did not differ among the contrasts (THV+BHV) vs. (TH+BH), THV vs. TH, and BHV vs. BH, which were used to evaluate VM influence. Banana pseudostem increased rumen fluid pH in the contrast THV vs. BHV, both treatments including VM. Mean temperature of rumen fluid was 34.07 °C, and it did not change by inclusions of VM or banana pseudostem hay. No difference was observed for crude protein digestibility in the evaluated contrasts. When associated with virginiamycin, banana pseudostem hay provides satisfactory performance and nutritional parameters for feedlot sheep. Virginiamycin does not change the performance or nutritional parameters of these animals when Tifton grass hay is used as the only roughage source.

Abstract Lafoensia pacari has been used in traditional folk medicine in Brazilian Cerrado to treat wounds. It is important to develop studies that can clarify how the biological activity of L. pacari occurs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing activity of L. pacari leaves extract in an animal model. The extract was prepared from plants cultivated in Goiania-GO, Brazil. The healing activity was assayed using cutaneous wound model in rats, and macroscopic, morphometric and histological analysis of wounds were also conducted. The presence of hydrolysable tannins was detected in thin layer chromatography and in high performance liquid chromatography analysis, may be suggested the presence of ellagitannins. In the evaluation of cutaneous wounds in rats it was possible to observe that the treatment with 10% (w/v) L. pacari extract provided a reduction in the time of cutaneous wound healing, with a significant increase in variables involved in healing, such as the number of blood vessels and collagen production. Therefore, this study shows that L. pacari wound healing potential may be related to the presence of ellagitannins and corroborates to ethnopharmacological reports regarding this plant.

In the refrigeration industry, a large amount of water is used throughout processes, generating effluents that need treatment before release. The purpose of this work was to make a comparative study of three coagulants used in the treatment of effluents: Aluminum Polychloride (PAC), Aluminum Sulphate (Al2(SO4)3) and Vegetable Tannin, with the aid of a flocculant (Anionic Polymer) by analyzing COD removal efficiency and turbidity. Jar coagulation / flocculation tests were conducted to optimize the concentration of coagulants. It was found that the natural coagulant presented a small variation in the pH parameter, avoiding the use of chemicals for its correction. The results of turbidity removal percentages indicated a great potential for Tannin when compared to the other chemical coagulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood, due to its organic constitution, is highly susceptible to biodeterioration agents, making preservative treatment essential to those with low natural durability. Currently, the main products used in the preservative treatment of wood are CCA and CCB, which because of their constitution, are toxic to the environment and human health. Faced with this situation, it is essential to develop studies on natural products that have a biocidal action and thus can be used in the wood treatment, giving greater protection and increasing the lifespan of the piece. Considering this perspective, the present study aims to assess the quality (penetration and retention) and the efficiency of natural preservatives applied to the treatment of Araucaria angustifolia, Eucalyptus viminalis, and Pinus taeda, subjected to accelerated rotting under laboratory conditions. The woods of the three species were submitted to preservative treatment with tannin, tall oil, and neem oil, using the cold quick immersion method at the concentration of 5% of the product preservative solution for five minutes. In the sequence, they were assessed by the accelerated rotting test under the action of rotting fungi Trametes versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum, following the recommendations of ASTM D 2017 (2005) and ASTM D 1413 (1999). Based on the results, it was observed that P. taeda wood showed the best penetration to the neem and tall oil preservatives. The tannin presented vascular penetration for the three species. The best retention values were from A. angustifolia and P. taeda, for all treatments applied. Regarding the efficiency, comparing the results found for the other species, all treatments were efficient for P. taeda wood when in contact with the brown rot fungi (G. trabeum). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science / Revista Brasileira de Tecnologia Aplicada nas Ciências Agrárias is the property of Brazilian Journal of Applied Technology for Agricultural Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nutritional value of browse foliage from the Thorny Kalahari Dune Bush veld of South Africa is not characterized. Most of this browse species is rich in tannin, but still palatable, and is consumed by ruminants during the dry season, as well as having a role to play in mitigating enteric methane emission from ruminants. In this study, the rumen methane mitigation potential of 19 browse species foliage collected from the Thorny Kalahari Dune Bush veld, was analyzed in terms of chemical composition, in vitro fermentation, digestibility and methane production. In vitro gas and methane production and organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were determined by using rumen fluid collected, strained and anaerobically prepared. A semi-automated system was used to measure gas production (GP) from each browse species by incubating 400 mg samples in a shaking incubator at 39 °C with or without inclusion of 400 mg of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Data for all the parameters collected were statistically analyzed using the SAS (9.0) general linear model (GLM) procedure, and differences between foliage species were determined using Duncan’s multiple-range test. Acacia luederitziiand Monechma incanumshowed the best potential for decreasing methane production by up to 90 % after 48 h of incubation. The secondary components (mainly tannins) of the browse species appeared to have a significant effect on volatile fatty acids (VFA), methane and gas production as judged by the comparison of samples incubated with or without PEG inclusion. The substantial amount of crude protein (CP) content coupled with their anti-methanogenic effect during fermentation would make these browses a potential mitigation option for small scale farmers and pastoralists in sub-Sahara Africa. However, it is also very important that systematic and strategic supplementation in a mixed diet should be looked at as the way forward in terms of best utilization.

Bragança is one of the largest fishing centers in the state of Pará, northern Brazil. In the city, there are several environmental and socio-economic problems such as lack of waste management and contamination of water sources that supply to the city and the Caeté river estuary. The social and economic problems are mainly caused by social inequality, which usually occurs in communities where the population depends mainly on fishing. Fish waste forms a part of the waste disposed in the region. Fish skin represents a significant portion of this waste and may be used for manufacturing leather by the tanning process, thereby generating income for the community and reducing environmental impacts. The acoupa weakfish (Cynoscion acoupa) has a high potential for tanning because of its large size and high yield of skin. The aim of this study was to develop a methodology for artisanal skin tanning of acoupa weakfish and the subsequent transfer of this methodology to a fishing community through a workshop. The methodology developed in the laboratory is more streamlined than traditional methods and is based on tanning methods cited in the literature and techniques applied in regional tanneries. To assess the quality of acoupa weakfish leather, resistance tests were performed, which proved its potential for manufacturing clothing and footwear. An economic analysis of the hypothetical production of leather based on the tanning methodology developed in this work revealed that the project is feasible and the effluents generated during the process are less harmful to the environment, compared to those generated by traditional tanning methods.

Copyright of Ceramica is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Ceramica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study evaluated the effectiveness of pink pepper meal supplementation (PPM) in the dairy goats diet as an antiparasitic agent compared with ionophore, the monensin sodium. A total of 18 female Saanen goats, were distributed in a completely randomized in groups of three treatments and six replications, consisting of the experimental groups: negative control (did not receive anticoccidial agent or PPS), group 1 (supplemented with 30% of PPM) and group 2 (supplemented with anticoccidial agent – monensin sodium). There was a significant effect of treatments on voluntary feed intake on growing phases (P ? 0.05). Furthermore, the animals treated with PPM had the lowest food consumption compared with the other treatments (P ? 0.05), but without negative effect on live body weight. In general, at both phases of rearing, it was not detected significant difference between the voluntary feed intake of control group and with monensin sodium supplementation (P > 0.05), but the food consumption in the control group did not result on increase of live body weight probably due to sanitary challenges such as gastrointestinal parasites. The opposite was observed in animals treated with monensin sodium that had the highest body weight (P ? 0.05) that did not differ from animals fed with pink pepper (P > 0.05). By the way, in the growth phase our results revealed significantly effect of treatments on live body weight (P ? 0.05). Animals fed with pink pepper supplementation had a greater live body weight compared with the control (P ? 0.05) and similar to those supplemented with the monensin sodium (P > 0.05). The number of oocysts per gram of faeces was lower in animals treated with PPS that differed significantly from control (P ? 0.05). Regarding the count number of eggs per gram of faeces OPG, it was not detected significant effect of treatments (P> 0.05). It was found that the pink pepper supplementation was effective in the control of gastrointestinal parasites of goats, mainly on protozoa family Eimeriidae, revealing potential for use in alternative parasite control programs. Concomitantly also it was showed maximizing animal performance by high live body weight even with the reduction of voluntary feed intake.

This study investigated the optimization of time of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation of the chemical coagulant, aluminum sulfate and natural coagulant, Tannin. It was performed an economic analysis of the process, checked the removal efficiency of color, turbidity, COD, and treatment characterization using metals, BOD5, and total solids. The tests were conducted in Jar Test, using different mixing and sedimentation times. The time required to provide the rapid and slow mixing were 2 and 20 minutes, respectively, for the investigated coagulants, with optimum concentration of 400 mg L-1 for Tannin and 600 mg L-1 for Aluminum Sulfate. For the analyzed parameters, the percentage of removal, according to the best optimization test were 93.12, 99.06 and 99.29% for COD, color, and turbidity, respectively, using the coagulant aluminum sulfate, and 94.81, 99.17 and 99.65% for COD, color and turbidity, respectively, using the coagulant Tannin.

As bebidas sabor guaraná são muito populares no Brasil e têm apresentado um excelente potencial de vendas no mercado externo. De acordo com as leis brasileiras, bebidas sabor guaraná devem conter entre 0,02 g a 0,2 g de semente de guaraná ou equivalente, para cada 100 mL de produto. Tais teores são usualmente obtidos pela adição de um extrato concentrado hidroalcoólico ou xarope de açúcar contendo extrato de guaraná diretamente à bebida. A utilização desses extratos em concentrações mais elevadas, entretanto, é limitada pela presença dos taninos, que conferem adstringência e coloração escura ao produto final. Neste trabalho, foi estudado o desenvolvimento de um processo enzimático para obtenção de extratos não alcoólicos de guaraná, de forma a produzir um extrato contendo baixas concentrações de taninos e teores elevados de cafeína, utilizando-se planejamento experimental e processos de adsorção. Por meio de um planejamento fatorial fracionário, foram determinadas as quantidades de 0,25% (v/v) de pectinase e 0,1% (v/v) de glucoamilase, sendo mantidas no planejamento composto central, que obteve como condições ótimas: 0,23% (v/v) de celulase, 0,86% (v/v) de hemicelulase e 1% (v/v) de alfa-amilase durante 5,5 h de extração a 200 rpm e 50 °C, obtendo-se uma relação cafeína/tanino de 1,65. Com o processo de adsorção com óxido de magnésio a 10% (p/v), foi alcançada uma relação de cafeína-tanino de 7,3.Guarana-flavoured beverages are very popular in Brazil and have shown an excellent sales potential on foreign markets. According to Brazilian law, each 100 mL of guarana-flavoured beverages must contain between 0.02 g and 0.2 g of guarana seed or its equivalent. These levels are normally obtained by adding a concentrated hydroalcoholic extract or sugar syrup containing guarana extract, directly to the beverage. However, the use of more concentrated extracts is limited by the presence of tannins, which imparts astringency and a dark colour to the final product. In this work the development of an enzymatic process to obtain non-alcoholic guarana extracts with low tannin concentrations and high caffeine contents was studied using an experimental design and adsorption processes. By way of a fractional factorial design the quantities of 0.25% (v/v) pectinase and 0.1% (v/v) glucoamylase were determined, which were maintained in the central composite design, obtaining as the optimal conditions: 0.23% (v/v) cellulase, 0.86% (v/v) hemicellulase, 1% (v/v) alpha-amylase, 5.5 h extraction time, 200 rpm and 50 °C, producing a caffeine/tannin ratio of 1.65. Using a magnesium oxide adsorption process at 10% (w/v), a caffeine/tannin ratio of 7.3 was obtained.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência da dieta à base de sorgo em substituição à de milho na composição e no tratamento dos dejetos. Foram utilizados 24 biodigestores batelada de bancada, dos quais 12 foram abastecidos com dejetos de suínos alimentados com dieta á base de milho, e o restante, com dieta á base de sorgo. A cada 30 dias foram esvaziados três biodigestores dentro de cada dieta, em um total de quatro tempos de retenção hidráulica (TRH) 30; 60; 90 e 120 dias. Para avaliar a eficiência do processo de biodigestão anaeróbia, foram avaliadas as reduções de sólidos totais, sólidos voláteis totais, demanda química de oxigênio, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, além dos potenciais de produção do biogás e metano. Os resultados mostraram que os dejetos dos suínos alimentados com dietas à base de sorgo apresentaram menor eficiência no processo, principalmente nos potenciais de produção de biogás e metano. Em média, os potenciais foram 8,6% menor (PThe aim of this work was to evaluate the interference of a diet based on sorghum in substitution of corn in the compound and treatment of waste. Twenty four batch digesters of bench with capacity of 12 liters, from which 12 were provided with swine waste that were fed with a diet base on corn and the others with a diet based on sorghum. At every 30 days, 3 digesters of each diet were emptied, in a total of 4 hydraulic retention times (HRT): 30; 60; 90 and 120 days. For evaluating the efficiency of anaerobic biodigestion process, reduction of total solids, total volatile solids, chemical demand of oxygen, biochemical demand of oxygen, the most probably number (NMP) of total and thermo tolerant coliforms, besides potentials of biogas and methane production were evaluated. Results showed that swine waste that were fed with diets based on sorghum, presented a smaller efficiency of the process, mainly for potentials of biogas and methane production. In average, potentials were 8.6% smaller (P

Apenas na Ásia, centro de origem do caqui (Diospyros kaki L.), existem mais de 2000 cultivares diferentes, das quais, a maioria é adstringente. Diante de tamanha variabilidade, existem diferentes métodos de remoção de adstringência, de tal forma que cada um deve ser adaptado a cada cultivar e local de produção. Tais métodos de destanização objetivam promover um acúmulo de acetaldeído na polpa dos frutos, o qual provoca a polimerização das moléculas de taninos solúveis, responsáveis pela adstringência, transformando-os num composto com consistência de gel, insolúvel e, assim, não adstringente. Entre os métodos mais utilizados estão: aplicação de vapor de álcool etílico, que ativa a enzima álcool dehidrogenase com subseqüente acúmulo de acetaldeído, e a promoção da anaerobiose, que induz a transformação do piruvato em acetaldeído em uma reação catalisada pela enzima piruvato descarboxilase. Neste trabalho de revisão, visa à discussão dos principais fatores a serem observados no processo de remoção da adstringência de caquis, como o método a ser utilizado, a temperatura de destanização, o tempo de exposição ao tratamento e o ponto de maturação dos frutos, entre outros.In Asia, the center of origin of persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), more than 2000 different varieties are present, most of then being astringent. Beyond such variability, there are a lot of different methods to remove the astringency of fruit and each treatment is more approachable for each cultivar and local of production. The different methods to remove the astringency are based, mostly, at the accumulation of acetaldehyde at the flesh fruit that induce the polymerization of the soluble tannin molecules, responsible for the astringency formation, turning them into an insoluble and non astringent substance. The most used methods are: ethanol vapor application which activates alcohol dehydrogenase and increases the acetaldehyde accumulation; and application of anaerobic atmosphere, that induces the transformation of piruvate into acetaldehyde in a reaction catalyzed by the piruvate descarboxilase. This review aims to argue the main factors to be observed in the astringency removal process of persimmon fruit, such as method to be used, temperature to remove astringency, time of exposure to the treatment, fruit ripening at time of astringency removal, among others.

Na fabricação de aglomerados à base de madeira são utilizados adesivos sintéticos como melamina-formaldeído (MF), fenol-formaldeído (FF), uréia-formaldeído (UF), entre outros. Devido ao alto custo desses adesivos, pesquisas que visam a introdução de alterações nas suas formulações são importantes para a redução de custos no sistema produtivo. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência da adição de diferentes níveis de tanino de Acacia mearnsii em uma resina comercial à base de uréia-formaldeído nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas de chapas aglomeradas. As chapas aglomeradas foram confeccionadas com madeira de Eucalyptus urophylla. Foram avaliadas quatro composições de adesivo: T1 - 100% de resina UF (testemunha); (T2) 90% de resina UF + 10% de tanino 50%; (T3) 85% de resina UF + 15% de tanino 50% e (T4) 70% de resina UF + 30% de tanino 50%. Através dos ensaios, conclui-se que é possível adicionar tanino à resina uréia-formaldeído sem com isso prejudicar as propriedades físicas e mecânicas das chapas.In the production of the wood base particleboards, synthetic adhesives are used as melamina-formaldehyde (MF), phenol-formaldehyde (FF), urea-formaldehyde (UF), among others. Due to the high cost of these adhesives, researches that a seek the introduction of alterations in their formulations are important for the reduction of costs in the productive system. This work had as objective verify the influence of the several levels of Acacia mearnsii tannin in a commercial resin of urea-formaldehyde an the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard. The particleboard was produced with Eucalyptus urophylla wood. They were four treatments: T1 - 100% of resin UF (control); (T2) 90% of the resin UF + 10% of the tannin 50%; (T3) 85% of the resin UF + 15% of the tannin 50% and (T4) 70% of the resin UF + 30% of the tannin 50%. The results showed that it is possible to add tannin to the resin urea-formaldehyde without to alter the physical and mechanical properties of the boards.

Avaliou-se o desempenho de bezerros alimentados até o desaleitamento com silagem de grãos úmidos ou grãos secos de milho ou sorgo para posterior produção de vitelos de carne rosa. Trinta bezerros holandeses foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco blocos e seis tratamentos, e alimentados com seis rações concentradas com teores similares de proteína (22,5% PB) e de energia (3,2 Mcal EM/kg MS), formuladas com: milho seco moído (MM); silagem de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM); sorgo seco com tanino moído (SCTM); silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo com tanino (SGUSCT); sorgo seco sem tanino moído (SSTM); e silagem de grãos úmidos de sorgo sem tanino (SGUSST). Os animais receberam sucedâneo de leite até atingirem o peso pré-estabelecido para desaleitamento (60 ± 5 kg). Não houve efeito das rações concentradas sobre a altura de cernelha, a idade ao desaleitamento, os consumos diários de MS diários e totais das rações concentradas, os ganhos de peso diários e totais e a conversão alimentar. Os custos por kg de ganho de peso das rações concentradas contendo sorgo foram mais baixos que o das rações concentradas formuladas com milho. Todos os alimentos avaliados podem ser usados em rações concentradas para bezerros em fase de aleitamento, pois não comprometem o desempenho e conferem resultados similares.The performance of calves fed until weaning time with high moisture grains silage or dry ground grains of corn or sorghum was evaluated, for posterior production of pink meat veal. Thirty Holstein calves were allotted to a complete randomized blocks experimental design with five blocks and six treatments, fed with six concentrate rations with similar contents of protein (22.5% CP) and energy (3.2 Mcal ME/kg DM) formulated with: dry ground corn (GC), high moisture corn silage (HMCS), dry ground sorghum with tannin (GSWT), high moisture sorghum with tannin silage (HMSWTS), dry ground sorghum without tannin (GSWTT) or high moisture sorghum without tannin silage (HMSWTTS). The animals received milk replacer until reaching the fixed weight for weaning (60 ± 5 kg). No treatment effects were observed on shoulder height, age at weaning time, daily and total DM intakes of the concentrate rations, daily and total weight gains and feed:gain ratio. Costs per kg of weight gain of the concentrate rations containing sorghum were lower as compared with concentrate rations formulated with corn. All evaluated feeds could be used in concentrate rations for calves in nursing phase, because they do not impair performance and confer similar results.

Avaliou-se o desempenho de bezerros alimentados após desaleitamento e até o abate com silagem de grãos úmidos ou grãos secos de milho ou sorgo para a produção de vitelos de carne rosa. Trinta bezerros holandeses foram distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco blocos e seis tratamentos, e alimentados com seis rações concentradas com teores similares de proteína (18,5% PB) e energia (3,2 Mcal EM/kg de MS), formuladas com: milho seco moído (MM); silagem de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM); sorgo seco com tanino moído, (SCTM); silagem de grãos úmidos inteiros de sorgo com tanino (SGUISCT); sorgo seco sem tanino moído (SSTM); e silagem de grãos úmidos inteiros de sorgo sem tanino (SGUISST). Os animais foram recriados em piquetes coletivos até atingirem o peso pré-estabelecido para o abate (170 ± 10 kg PC). Não houve efeito das rações concentradas sobre a altura de cernelha, a idade ao abate, os dias no experimento e os ganhos de peso diários e totais. Os custos por kg de ganho de peso das rações contendo sorgo foram mais baixos que o das rações formuladas com milho. Todos os alimentos avaliados podem ser usados em rações concentradas para bezerros após o aleitamento, pois não comprometem o desempenho e conferem resultados similares.The performance of calves fed after weaning until slaughter with high moisture grains silage or dry ground grains of corn or sorghum was evaluated, for production of pink meat veal. Thirty Holstein calves were allotted to a complete randomized blocks experimental design with five blocks and six concentrate rations with similar contents of protein (18.5% CP) and energy (3.2 Mcal ME/kg DM), formulated with dry ground corn (GC), high moisture corn silage (HMCS), dry ground sorghum with tannin (GSWT), high moisture whole sorghum with tannin silage (HMWSWTS), dry ground sorghum without tannin (GSWTT) or high moisture whole sorghum without tannin silage (HMWSWTTS). The animals were raised in collective plots until reaching the fixed weight for slaughter (170 ± 10 kg BW). No treatment effects were observed on shoulder height and age at slaughter, days on experiment and daily and total weight gains. Costs per kg of weight gain of the concentrate rations containing sorghum were lower as compared with concentrate rations formulated with corn. All evaluated feeds could be used in concentrate rations for calves after weaning, because they do not impair performance and confer similar results.

Parasites are resistants to the main existing anthelmintic drugs on the market, so tanninipherous plants could be a sustainable alternative against gastrointestinal nematodes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anthelmintic action of tanninipherous plants extracts on egg hatch assay (EHA) of Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus). The present research was conducted at the Institute of Animal Science (IZ/APTA/SAA) located in the city of Nova Odessa/São Paulo/Brazil. The leaves of the Fabaceae Peptadenia colubrina, Leucaena pulverulenta, Stylosanthes guianensis and Neonotonia wightii cv. tinaroo were collected at agrostological field at IZ/APTA/SAA, dried at 35°C and ground. Their actives were extracted with a solution of acetone:water (70:30), followed by washings with dichloromethane and freeze-dried. The percentages of total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT) were calculated and values for TT and CT to P. colubrina was 12.7% and 0.89% respectively, followed by L. pulverulenta (7,5% and 6,9%), S. guianensis (2.4% and 1%) and N. wightii cv. tinaroo (1.1% and 0.09%). The extract concentration used to inhibit eggs hatching was 0.012 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL. Data were analyzed by SAS/Probit to determine Lethal Concentration (LC50) with independent variables (dose) transformed by natural logarithms (log-dose). The lowest LC50 was for P. colubrina (0.10 mg/mL), followed by S. guianensis (4.45 mg/mL), N. wightii cv. tinaroo (46.5 mg/mL) and finally L. pulverulenta, which did not reach the concentration of LC50. Among the tested plants P. colubrina has shown to be more effective in inhibiting the hatchability of H. contortus eggs.

Parasites are resistants to the main existing anthelmintic drugs on the market, so tanninipherous plants could be a sustainable alternative against gastrointestinal nematodes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the anthelmintic action of tanninipherous plants extracts on egg hatch assay (EHA) of Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus). The present research was conducted at the Institute of Animal Science (IZ/APTA/SAA) located in the city of Nova Odessa/São Paulo/Brazil. The leaves of the Fabaceae Peptadenia colubrina, Leucaena pulverulenta, Stylosanthes guianensis and Neonotonia wightii cv. tinaroo were collected at agrostological field at IZ/APTA/SAA, dried at 35°C and ground. Their actives were extracted with a solution of acetone:water (70:30), followed by washings with dichloromethane and freeze-dried. The percentages of total tannins (TT) and condensed tannins (CT) were calculated and values for TT and CT to P. colubrina was 12.7% and 0.89% respectively, followed by L. pulverulenta (7,5% and 6,9%), S. guianensis (2.4% and 1%) and N. wightii cv. tinaroo (1.1% and 0.09%). The extract concentration used to inhibit eggs hatching was 0.012 mg/mL to 50 mg/mL. Data were analyzed by SAS/Probit to determine Lethal Concentration (LC50) with independent variables (dose) transformed by natural logarithms (log-dose). The lowest LC50 was for P. colubrina (0.10 mg/mL), followed by S. guianensis (4.45 mg/mL), N. wightii cv. tinaroo (46.5 mg/mL) and finally L. pulverulenta, which did not reach the concentration of LC50. Among the tested plants P. colubrina has shown to be more effective in inhibiting the hatchability of H. contortus eggs.

O experimento foi realizado nas instalações experimentais da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Unesp, Campus de Botucatu e objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das dietas com milho e farelo de soja, sorgo com alto tanino e farelo de soja e sorgo com baixo tanino e farelo de soja sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e parâmetros gastrintestinais de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 1200 pintos de corte de um dia, da linhagem Ross 308, distribuídos em 24 boxes em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, três dietas: 100% milho e farelo de soja, 100% sorgo com alto tanino e farelo de soja (SAT) e 100% sorgo com baixo tanino e farelo de soja (SBT) e dois sexos, com 4 repetições de 50 aves cada. O desempenho foi avaliado aos 21, 35 e 42 dias de idade e aos 42 dias de idade, uma amostra de 5 aves por repetição foi abatida para a determinação do rendimento de carcaça e das partes. Foram medidos o rendimento do peito desossado, coxa e sobrecoxa, asas, dorso e gordura abdominal. Aos 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias de idade foram sacrificadas 3 aves por repetição para avaliação do desenvolvimento das vísceras e dos intestinos por meio de pesagens e medidas. Conclui-se que, ao utilizar sorgo com alto tanino (cultivar AG3002 com 1,89 g/kg) e sorgo com baixo tanino (cultivar SAARA com 0,49 g/kg) em substituição ao milho não foi encontrado efeito significativo (p>0,05) para os parâmetros analisados de desempenho e rendimento de carcaça, não ocorrendo também efeito evidente sobre a porcentagem das vísceras e intestinos e as medidas dos intestinos.The experiment was carried out in the experimental facilities of Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of Unesp, Botucatu Campus and the objective was evaluate the effect of corn, sorghum with tannin and sorghum no tannin-based diets on the gastric and bowel parameters in broiler . One thousand and two hundred sexed Ross 308, one-day-old chicks were used, divided in 24 boxes in an completely randomized experimental design with factorial arrangement 3x2, three diets: 100% corn, 100% sorghum with tannin (SAT) and 100% sorghum without tannin (SBT) and two sexes, with 4 replications of 50 birds each The broiler performance was evaluate at 21, 35 and 42 days of age. At 42 days of age, a sample of 5 birds per replication was slaughtered to carcass yield determination.At 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age 3 birds per replication were slaughtered for the evaluation of guts and bowel development by means of weighing and measurements. It can be concluded that, when using sorghum with tannin (AG3002 crop with 1.89g/kg) and sorghum no tannin (SAARA crop, with 0.49g/kg) replacing corn, there was no evident effect (p>.05) on performance, carcass yield, as well as on guts and bowel percentage or on the bowel measures.

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e a qualidade da carne de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de sorgo, do cultivar SAARA, com 0,49g/kg de tanino, em substituição ao milho. Os 2600 pintos sexados de um dia de idade, da linhagem Ross 308, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com esquema fatorial 5×2 (cinco níveis de sorgo - 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% e dois sexos), e quatro repetições de 65 aves por unidade experimental. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da substituição do milho pelo sorgo sobre as características de desempenho, de rendimentos de carcaça, carne de peito e pernas, de composição química e sensoriais. O pH observado nas carnes de peito e pernas foi maior para os machos (PThe effects of diets with graded levels of SAARA sorghum, a variety containing 0.49g/kg of tannin, on broiler performance and meat quality were evaluated. One-day-old, sexed Ross 308 chicks (n=2600) were randomly assigned within sex to one of five levels of sorghum (replacement of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of corn in the diet). There were 65 birds per experimental unit in 4 replicates of the 5 sorghum level × 2 sex factorial design. Level of corn replacement by sorghum did not affect performance characteristics, carcass characteristics, main cut yield, muscle tissue chemical composition or sensory characteristics of the meat (P>0.05). Muscle tissue from males had higher pH values than that from females, and muscle pH decreased as sorghum replaced corn in the diet (P

Tanino acil hidrolase conhecida como tanase (E.C: 3.1.1.20) é uma enzima que hidrolisa ésteres e ligações laterais de taninos hidrolisáveis produzindo glicose e ácido gálico. A tanase é uma enzima extracelular, induzível, produzida por fungos, bactérias e leveduras pela fermentação sólida, líquida ou submersa. A fermentação sólida para a produção desta enzima oferece um grande número de vantagens sobre o método de fermentação submersa e líquida convencional. O meio de produção é simples, utiliza resíduos vegetais de uva, cajú, café ou subprodutos como farelo de trigo, arroz ou aveia, acrescidos de ácido tânico. A aplicação de resíduos é uma forma de utilizar substratos alternativos e solucionar problemas de poluição que possam causar. A tanase tem vasta aplicação na indústria de alimentos, sucos, cervejaria e indústria farmacêutica. Objetivou-se com este trabalho selecionar linhagens fúngicas potencialmente produtoras de tanase em resíduos vegetais ricos em taninos. A primeira etapa da seleção foi realizada utilizando como substrato farelo de trigo suplementado com 0,5% de ácido tânico. Dentre as 400 linhagens testadas 6,75% produziram tanase. As linhagens que apresentaram as melhores atividades foram: LAB345G, LAB53G e LAB153G com atividades de 0,2862; 0,2149; 0,1848 U. Essas linhagens foram testadas nos resíduos agroindustriais de café e uva acrescentando 0,5% e 1,5% de ácido tânico ao meio de fermentação. O melhor resultado foi obtido para o resíduo de café com a linhagem LAB153G apresentando atividade de 0.275 U.Tannin acyl hydrolase (E.C: 3.1.1.20) or tannase is an enzyme which hydrolyses ester and depside bonds of hydrolysable tannins releasing gallic acid and glucose. Tannase is an extracellular, inducible enzyme, produced by fungi, bacteria and yeast. The tannase is produced by solid-state, liquid surface and submerged fermentation. The solid-state fermentation offers a number of advantages over submerged and liquid conventional fermentation for the enzimes production. The production is simple, using vegetable residues such as coffee wastes, grape, cashew or by-products as wheat bran, rice or oats, to which tannic acid is added. The use of residues is an alternative to solve pollution problems that can be caused by an incorrect environmental disposal. Tannase enzyme has several applications on food, juices and pharmaceutical industries. The objective of this work was to select tannase producing fungi and to study the production of this enzyme in vegetable residues rich in tannin. The first stage of the selection was carried in solid-state fermentation using as substrate wheat bran supplemented with 0.5% of tannic acid. Among the 400 tested lineages, 6.75% of the fungi produced the enzyme. The lineages that showed the best activities were LAB345G, LAB53G and LAB153G, with 0.3862, 0.2149 and 0.1848 U activities values, respectively these lineages were tested in vegetables residues as coffee and grape, adding 0.5 and 1.5% of tannic acid in the fermentation environment. The best result was obtained using LA153G and coffee residues, with an activity of 0.275U being observed.

Este estudo foi realizado para determinar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da energia bruta e proteína bruta da silagem de sorgo de baixo tanino (SSBT) e da silagem de sorgo de alto tanino (SSAT) para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). A ração referência foi misturada aos ingredientes-teste na proporção de 60:40. Os peixes (53,26 ± 12,94g) foram alimentados até a saciedade aparente e as fezes foram coletadas após sedimentação. A fibra em detergente neutro foi utilizada como indicador endógeno. Os CDA da energia bruta e proteína bruta da SSBT e SSAT variaram entre 70,17 e 68,37% e 84,94 e 82,40%, respectivamente. Os valores de energia digestível foram de 3049,81 e 2954,74kcal kg-1 para SSBT e SSAT, respectivamente. A SSBT apresentou valores significa-tivamente (PThis study was carried out to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of gross energy and crude protein of low tannin silage sorghum (LTSS) and high tannin silage sorghum (HTSS) for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The reference diet was mixed with test ingredients in a 60:40 ratio. Fish (53.26 ± 12.94g) were fed to apparent satiation and faeces were collected other sedimentation The neutral detergent fiber was used as an endogenous indicator. ADC for gross energy and crude protein of LTSS and HTSS varied between 70.17 and 68.37% and 84.94 and 82.40%, respectively. Digestible energy values were 3,049.81 and 2,954.74kcal kg-1 for LTSS and HTSS, respectively. LTSS produced significantly (P

Um experimento foi conduzido para verificar o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) de farelo de canola nas rações de frangos de corte, sobre o desempenho e a morfologia da mucosa, durante o período inicial (1 - 21 dias) e os efeitos de sua utilização no período de crescimento. Foram utilizados 1000 pintos machos de um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e 50 aves por unidade experimental. No 1º, 21º e 41º dia, as aves e as rações foram pesadas e no 21º dia duas aves de cada unidade experimental foram sacrificadas para a colheita de um segmento do duodeno para avaliação de morfometria intestinal. Os resultados demonstraram que níveis crescentes de farelo de canola induziram à redução linear no ganho de peso, peso médio e consumo de ração e piora na conversão alimentar. Durante o período de crescimento (21 a 41 dias), no qual todas as aves receberam ração semelhante, observou-se decréscimo no peso médio e ganho de peso, com o aumento dos níveis de farelo de canola, enquanto os parâmetros conversão alimentar e consumo de ração foram semelhantes. Os dados referentes a morfometria da mucosa intestinal, submetidos à análise de regressão, demonstraram que houve aumento na profundidade de cripta conforme o aumento nos níveis de farelo de canola. Os resultados permitem afirmar que é possível a inclusão de até 20% de farelo de canola, sem prejuízos no desempenho das aves e no trato digestório.A trial was carried to verify the effect of increasing levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) of canola meal in diets of broiler chickens, on performance and mucous morphology, during the starting period (1 - 21 days). 1,000 male chicks one-day-old were used, distributed in a randomized experimental assay, with five treatments, four replicates and 50 birds per experimental unit. At the 1st, 21st and 41st days, the birds and the rations were weighed and at the 21st day two birds of each experimental unit were sacrificed for collection of a duodenum segment for evaluation of intestinal morphometry. The results demonstrated that increasing levels of canola meal induced to a linear reduction in weight gain, weight and feed intake and worst feed conversion. During the growing period (21 to 41 days), in which all of the birds received similar diet, a decrease was observed in the weight and weight gain, with the increase of the levels of canola meal, while parameters feed conversion and feed intake were similar. Data regarding mucous morphology, submitted to the regression analysis, demonstrated that there was increase in crypt depth in accordance of increasing levels of canola meal. It is possible to include up to 20% of canola meal without damages on broiler performance and in the digestive tract.

Para testar o efeito da presença de tanino no grão sobre os parâmetros de degradabilidade potencial dos componentes da parede celular de seis genótipos de sorgo para silagem, conduziu-se este experimento utilizando a técnica da degradabilidade "in situ". Quatro novilhos mestiços, canulados no rúmen, foram utilizados. Os novilhos foram alimentados "ad libitum" duas vezes ao dia, individualmente, com feno de Tifton 85. Foram incubadas silagens de sorgo no estádio de grão leitoso, pertencentes a seis genótipos: BR 303, BR 304, BR 601e AG 2006 (sem tanino no grão); BR 700 e BR 701 (com tanino). Foram incubadas 5 g de amostra dentro de bolsas de náilon suspensas no rúmen, nos tempos: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. O tempo zero (t0) foi utilizado para cálculo da fração solúvel. A presença do tanino reduziu a extensão de degradação da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e da fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) nas silagens de sorgo BR 700 e BR 701. A degradabilidade potencial da FDN e da FDA foi reduzida pela presença do tanino. Não foi observado efeito depressivo do tanino sobre as taxas de degradação para nenhum nutriente, em nenhuma silagem testada.The aim of these experiment was to evaluate the effect of tannin on grain over potential degradability parameters of the cell wall compounds of six sorghum silage genotypes by "in situ" technique. Four crossbred steers, canulated in rumen, were used. The steers were fed "ad libitum" twice at day with a diet comprised by Tifton 85 (Cynodon dactylon) hay. Six sorghum silage genotypes, harvested at milk stage, were incubated in the rumen: BR 303, BR 304, BR 601, and AG 2006 (without tannin on grain); BR 700, and BR 701 (with tannin on grain). Five grams of samples were incubated into nylon bags, and suspended in the rumen by times: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The time zero (t0) was used to calculate the soluble fraction. Tannin decrease the extent of degradation of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of BR 700 and BR 701 sorghum silages. The potential degradability of the NDF and ADF was reduced by tannin presence on grain. There was not effect of tannin on degradation rate of the cell wall compounds in anyone sorghum silage genotypes tested.

Avaliaram-se a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) e da proteína bruta (PB) da silagem de quatro genótipos de sorgo, dois com tanino (CMS XS 210 e BR 701) e dois sem tanino (CMS XS 214 e BR007) em um delineamento de blocos inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições (animais), em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas. Os genótipos constituíram as parcelas e os tempos de digestão as subparcelas. O genótipo CMS XS 210 apresentou menor degradabilidade da MS em relação aos demais e os genótipos que continham tanino (CMS XS 210 e BR 701) apresentaram menores degradabilidades da PB em relação aos que não o continham.The in situ procedure was used to evaluate the disappearance of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of four sorghum genotypes with (CMS XS 210 and BR 701) or without (CMS XS 214 and BR 007) tannin in a completely randomized block design experiment with three replicates (animals), in a split plot arrangement. The four genotypes were allotted to the plots and the time of disappearance to the split plot. The DM of CMS XS210 was less degraded when compared to the others and sorghums with tannin showed lower CP degradability when compared to the sorghums without tannin.

Para testar o efeito da presença de tanino no grão sobre os parâmetros de degradabilidade potencial da matéria seca e da proteína bruta de seis genótipos de sorgo para silagem, foi conduzido um experimento utilizando a técnica da degradabilidade in situ. Quatro novilhos canulados no rúmen, alimentados individualmente, duas vezes ao dia ad libitum com feno de Tifton 85, foram utilizados para a incubação de silagens de sorgo no estádio de grão leitoso, pertencentes a seis genótipos: BR 303, BR 304, BR 601e AG 2006 (sem tanino no grão); BR 700 e BR 701 (com tanino). Foram incubadas 5 g de amostra nos tempos de incubação: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas. O tempo zero (t0) foi utilizado para cálculo da fração solúvel. A presença do tanino reduziu a extensão de degradação da matéria seca e da proteína bruta nas silagens de sorgo BR 700 e BR 701. As degradabilidades potenciais destes nutrientes foram influenciada pelo tanino. Não foi observado efeito depressivo do tanino sobre as taxas de degradação para nenhum nutriente, em nenhuma silagem testada.The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of tannin on grain over potential degradability parameters of the dry matter and crude protein of six sorghum silage genotypes by in situ technique. It was used four crossbred steers, canulated in rumen, fed ad libitum twice at day with a diet comprised by Cynodon dactylon hay. Six sorghum silage genotypes, harvested at milk stage, were incubated in the rumen: BR 303, BR 304, BR 601, and AG 2006 (without tannin on grain); BR 700, and BR 701 (with tannin on grain). Five grams of samples were incubated at times: 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. The time zero (t0) was used to calculate the soluble fraction. Tannin decrease the extent of degradation of dry matter and crude protein of BR 700 and BR 701 sorghum silages. The potential degradabilities of these nutrients were reduced by tannin presence on grain. There was not effect of tannin on degradation rate of the nutrient compounds in anyone tested sorghum silage.

Visando contribuir para a caracterização química de uma madeira nobre nativa e em extinção no Brasil, no presente trabalho estão apresentados os estudos de identificação e quantificação dos taninos da aroeira-preta (Myracrodruon urundeuva), uma espécie da família Anacardiaceae. Este estudo foi conduzido com base nos extratos acetona-água (AA) e metanol-água (MA), em que foram determinados os teores de fenóis totais e proantocianidinas. O teor de fenóis totais foi determinado pelo método Folin-Ciocalteau e pelo método azul-da-prússia modificado. Os valores encontrados para os métodos AA foram 19,1 e 24,7% e para MA, 20,2 e 22,8%, respectivamente. O teor de proantocianidinas foi determinado pelo método da vanilina, tendo alcançado no extrato AA 2,7% e no MA 16,7%. Não foram constatadas as presenças de antocianidinas nem de apigedinidinas, podendo haver 3-deoxi-proantocianidinas do tipo luteolinidinas. Por meio da cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), foram identificados a fisetina e os ácidos gálico e elágico. Os resultados mostram que a aroeira-preta contém uma elevada quantidade de taninos, que podem contribuir para sua resistência natural à degradação.This work presents a study on tannins from aroeira-preta (Myracrodruon urundeuva), based on acetone-water (AA) and methanol-water (MA) extracts, in which the contents of total phenols and proanthocyanidins were determined. The total phenols were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the modified Prussian Blue method. The contents obtained for AA were 19.1 and 24.7% and for MA, 20.2 and 22.8%, respectively by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the modified Prussian Blue method. The proanthocyanidin contents were determined by the vanillin method, obtaining 2.7% in extract AA and 16.7% in extract MA. No evidence for the presence of antocyanidins and apigedinidins was found, but 3-deoxi-proantocyanidins of the luteolinidin type may be present in the extracts. Fisetin, gallic acid and ellagic acid were detected through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These results show that Myracrodruon urundeuva wood contains a great amount of tannins, which can contribute to its natural durability.

Foram estudadas silagens de quatro híbridos de sorgo, com diferentes teores de umidade no colmo combinados com teor alto ou baixo de tanino, feitas em silos de laboratório de tubos "PVC", lacrados com fita crepe e dotados de uma válvula tipo "Bunsen". Usaram-se 24 tratamentos com quatro repetições cada, sendo quatro híbridos (T1=colmo suculento e baixo tanino, T2=colmo seco e baixo tanino, T3=colmo seco e alto tanino, T4= colmo suculento e alto tanino) combinados com seis tempos para abertura do silo, sendo o primeiro tempo antes de ensilar (P1), seguido de 1, 7, 14, 28 e 56 dias de ensilagem. Foram determinados os teores de carboidratos solúveis em álcool, de amido e de carboidratos estruturais. Adotou-se um esquema fatorial 4×6 e utilizou-se o teste de Tukey para comparação entre médias. A maior parte dos carboidratos solúveis foi consumida até P3. Foi verificada queda nos valores de amido ao longo da fermentação, assim como de FDN e hemicelulose. Os híbridos de colmo suculento apresentaram maiores teores de FDA. Os híbridos com alto tanino apresentaram maiores concentrações de lignina.Four hybrid forage sorghums with different tannin concentrations and moisture in the stem were ensiled in laboratory silos made of "PVC" tubes. The silos were opened 1 (P2), 7 (P3), 14 (P4), 28 (P5) e 56 (P6) days after ensiling, in order to evaluate fermentation patterns and other silage characteristics. Twenty-four treatments were used, with four repetitions each: four hybrids (T1=moist stem/low tannin, T2=not moist stem/low tannin, T3=not moist stem/high tannin, T4= moist stem/high tannin) and with six periods, since the forages before ensiling (P1) were also studied. Alcohol soluble carbohydrates (ASC), starch and structural carbohydrates were determined. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance, with mean separation achieved using Tukey statistical test. The ASC were highly consumed from P1 to P3. The FDA was higher in moist stem hybrids than those in not moist stem. The lignin was higher in high tannin sorghums than those in low tannin sorghums.

Quatro híbridos de porte baixo, com diferentes teores de tanino e de umidade no colmo, foram ensilados em silos de laboratório feitos de tubos "PVC", e abertos após 1 (P2), 7 (P3), 14 (P4), 28 (P5) e 56 (P6) dias, para estudo da fermentação e da variação no teor de matéria seca. Foram usados 24 tratamentos com quatro repetições cada, sendo quatro híbridos (T1=colmo suculento e baixo tanino, T2=colmo seco e baixo tanino, T3=colmo seco e alto tanino, T4= colmo suculento e alto tanino) combinados com seis tempos para abertura do silo, sendo o primeiro tempo antes de ensilar (P1). Foram determinados os teores de matéria seca (MS), perdas de matéria seca, ácidos graxos voláteis, ácido láctico e pH. As diferenças foram verificadas pelo teste de Tukey. As silagens estabilizaram-se entre P4 e P5. As silagens dos híbridos T1 e T2 apresentaram menores teores de MS e de acetato que T3 e T4. A correlação entre tanino e acetato foi de 0,36 (PFour hybrid forage sorghums with different tannin concentrations and moisture in the stem were ensiled in laboratory silos made of "PVC" tubes. The silos were opened after 1 (P2), 7 (P3), 14 (P4), 28 (P5) e 56 (P6) days after ensiling, in order to evaluate fermentation patterns and other silage characteristics. Twenty-four treatments were used, with four repetitions each: four hybrids (T1=moist stem/low tannin, T2=not moist stem/low tannin, T3=not moist stem/high tannin, T4= moist stem/high tannin) and with six periods, since the forages before ensiling (P1) were also studied. Dry matter content (DM), dry matter losses, pH, lactic acid and volatile fat acids were determined. Data were evaluated by analysis of variance, with mean separation achieved using Tukey statistical test. The stability was achieved between P4 and P5. T1 and T2 had lower DM content and acetate than T3 and T4. All silages showed good fermentation patterns.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a degradabilidade in situ do farelo de canola comercial tratado com água (controle), em autoclave a 127ºC por 30 min (CC), com 15% de tanino de acácia negra (Acacia mearnsii) (CT) e tanino seguido de autoclavagem (CTC). O efeito destes tratamentos sobre a degradação in situ da matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB) foi avaliado pela técnica de saco de náilon, usando duas vacas da raça Holandesa fistuladas no rúmen. As estimativas de degradação efetiva, considerando a taxa de passagem de 5%/h, para a MS, foram 74,5; 64,2; 75,1; e 70,5% nos tratamentos, controle, CC, CT e CTC e as de degradação efetiva da PB, 86,5; 64,0; 82,6; e 69,9%, respectivamente. Não foi observado efeito do tratamento com tanino sobre a degradação da MS, no entanto, houve pequena influência sobre a degradação da PB. Os tratamentos (CC e CTC) reduziram a degradação da MS e PB. O efeito do aquecimento, aplicado após o tratamento com tanino, foi menor que seu efeito isolado, resultando em interação significativa. O tratamento com calor foi o mais efetivo na redução da degradação ruminal da MS e PB do farelo de canola.The objective of this work was to evaluate the in situ disappearance of canola meal treated with water (control), in autoclave at 127ºC for 30 min (CC), with 15% of Acacia mearnsii tannin (CT) and tannin followed by autoclaving (CTC). The effect of these treatments on in situ disappearance of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) was evaluated by the nylon bag technique, using two rumen fistulated Holstein cows. The estimates of effective degradation of DM for control, CC, CT and CTC were 74.5, 64.2, 75.1, and 70.5%, and effective degradation of CP were 86.5, 64.0, 82.6, and 69.9%, respectively, assuming rumen of 5%/h outflow rate. No effect of tannin treatment on DM degradation was reported, however, there was a small influence on CP degradation. The treatments (CC and CTC) reduced DM and CP degradation. The heating effect, after tannin treatment, was smaller than its isolated effect, resulting in significant interaction. The heat treatment was the most effective to reduce ruminal degradation of canola meal DM and CP.

From four solutions tested to extract tannins from mangrove bark for wood adhesives, hot water is recommended. Hot water extracted 21.4% of formaldehyde-hydrochloric acid reactive polyphenols on oven-dry bark basis.

This study is carried out with the objective to verify the ethanol vapor application possibility for astringency removal, associated with 1-methylcylopropene (1-MCP) to increase ‘Giombo’ persimmons shelf life under cold storage, avoiding quick flesh softening by astringency removal process. The following treatments were performed: T1) control: fruit without treatment, only cold stored (CS); T2) application of ethanol (3.50mL kg-1 for 12 hours) + CS; T3) application of 1-MCP (1000nL L-1 for 12 hours) + CS; T4) application of 1-MCP and later application of ethanol + CS; T5) application of 1-MCP + CS + application of ethanol after cold storage. Fruit were cold stored (CS) for 30 days at 5°C and 90% RH. After CS, fruit were exposure to 25oC during 15 days. The untreated fruits (control) and the ones treated with 1-MCP showed higher flesh firmness than the rest of the treatments, but did not reach detannization. Fruit treated with ethanol showed fast loss of astringency and firmness. The 1-MCP, when applied before CS, to fruits which after CS were treated to ethanol, kept higher flesh firmness as compared to the fruits which were treated with ethanol immediately after the application of 1-MCP and those treated only with ethanol. This treatment might be used in Giombo persimmon in order to maintain the fruit quality during marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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