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Abstract This paper aims to discuss and demonstrate the non-tariff challenges to Mercosur’s trade integration. Its Common External Tariff (CET) and exceptions will be discussed, as well as the evolution of its non-tariff protectionism framework in the last three decades. This is an unprecedented exploratory exercise on all 5019 non-tariff measures (NTM) notified by Mercosur members to the WTO from 1995 to 2020. As main results, we see that (i) members with fewer exceptions to the CET are the ones that most use NTMs to protect their markets; (ii) the stock of NTMs targeted at members and non-members varies accordingly; (iii) of the 10 countries most targeted by NTMs imposed by Mercosur members, its own members figure in the 3rd, 4th, 7th, and 8th positions; (iv) the bloc lacks deep regulatory harmonization, especially with regard to sanitary and phytosanitary barriers in 11 sectors. Based on these results, two critical policy action plans are suggested to the bloc.

After the end of the Second World War, the second half of the twentieth century brought in, one the one hand, the establishment of GATT provisions in 1947 and the legal texts implemented during its negotiation rounds as a regulatory framework, and on the other hand, the creation in 1995 of the WTO as the central normative entity for international trade. In this way, the states' economic opening strategy focuses on reducing rampant protectionism, usually reflected in tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers as foreign trade policy. Therefore, the GATT-WTO paradigm enhances trade flows between countries as freely as possible, contributing to economic growth and world development. Likewise, the GATT provisions endorsed the creation of many different typologies of trade agreements legitimated by its article XXIV and the Enabling Clause of the Tokyo Round. In this sense, the international trade agreements had a notable growth since the WTO establishment until the Great Recession in 2008. However, it is paradoxical that this approval from the GATT-WTO paradigm regarding the signing of these international trade agreements strengthen regionalism as the easy path, leaving out the multilateralism philosophy of the WTO, where precisely member governments try to solve the trade disputes through its legal framework but not through specific law from trade agreements. In this manner, this research carries out a descriptive study where trade agreements are marked adopting the sociological research scientific approach where a factual question is proposed to analyze the phenomenon. Hence, this paper suggests that the current legal framework in the GATT-WTO paradigm is not dynamic nowadays, pushing countries to sign international trade agreements for promoting commercial exchange and create new rules that, at the multilateral level, the GATT-WTO do not develop for political will absence and particular interests of some full members. A scenario that merely seems to undermine the WTO pushing countries to make parallel rules apart from the traditional multilateralism model giving a more prominent role to regionalism.

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Latin America, under the premise of enhancing economic competitiveness, there has been an exponential increase in investments in the development of nanotechnologies. In this context, the discussion about intellectual property rights concerning nanotechnology is increasingly central to public debates. However, in comparison with the attention that this issue has attracted in both public and private contexts, there has been little academic analysis published on property rights and nanotechnology. This article problematizes the application of property rights in the development of nanotechnologies through a critical literature review of the existing literature on the topic. From this analysis, the key issue of the restrictions imposed on the application of patents on ‘first generation’ products is analyzed. This question pits those who claim rights to royalties to recoup R and D investments made to develop these technologies against those who argue for open access to science and technology.

Abstract The international trade system has been facing a relative decrease in the relevance of tariffs in favour of non-tariff, regulatory requirements (technical, sanitary and phytosanitary standards). The proliferation of these measures, which essentially consist of rules on product labelling and on production processes and methods, may be explained by the growing influence of private agents, such as corporations and business associations. Although these players are willing to develop and enforce a competing regulatory framework such as this on a broader range of topics, this may also generate more fragmented trade rules at both geographic and substantive levels, thus leading to a significant resistance among governments to integrate private standards into the multilateral trade system. Therefore, a mounting debate emerges on the ways in which private standards have been stonewalled in the current negotiation processes of the World Trade Organization (WTO). By relying on Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework (MSF), we address this question with a particular focus on the current efforts and struggles within the WTO to incorporate private regulations into the international trade agenda.

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional Econômico e Tributário (RDIET) is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional Economico e Tributario (RDIET) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relações Internacionais is the property of Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional Econômico e Tributário (RDIET) is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional Economico e Tributario (RDIET) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional Econômico e Tributário (RDIET) is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional Economico e Tributario (RDIET) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article investigates the international legal compliance in WTO. Initially, we consider the importance of the idea of efficient adaptations. Then, we examine data and statistics of international this international regime. We conclude that the compliance with the rules and decisions of the WTO depends on the provision of incentives for its members.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) held in 2015 twenty years of existence. This article seeks to examine some aspects related to the creation of the institution, particularly in regard to Brazil.

O presente artigo busca analisar a declaração final adotada pela IV Conferência Ministerial dos membros da OMC, realizada em Doha em 14 de novembro de 2001, e suas conseqüências para os países do terceiro mundo.

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fronteira: Revista de Iniciacao Cientifica em Relacoes Internacionais is the property of Instituto de Ciencias Sociais, Departmento de Relacoes Internacionais, PUC Minas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Fronteira: Revista de Iniciacao Cientifica em Relacoes Internacionais is the property of Instituto de Ciencias Sociais, Departmento de Relacoes Internacionais, PUC Minas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Through the liberalization of international trade in textile products in 2005, the sector finds itself in a scenario where it is necessary to know the regulatory trends of countries in terms of technical requirements in order to have access to the markets that import these products. This article seeks to identify trends in the content of future technical requirements for the industry based on notifications of measures proposed by all WTO member countries from 2005 to 2017 under the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. The notifications were classified in accordance with declared objectives, by type of measure, content of the measure itself and the conformity assessment mechanism used. It is concluded that the sector should pay particular attention to the potential of technical barriers to non-accredited testing and labeling of textile products, while being aware of the regulatory challenges facing the country in a globalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic globalization and market opening process initiated in the early 1990s generated several effects, among them, the growth of opportunities for the practice of corruption in the field of international trade. The present article addresses this debate aiming to discuss the challenges to improve multilateral anti-corruption rules and suggest possible mechanisms that allow a more engaged participation of the WTO in the anticorruption movement.

The debate on the link between trade rules and rules on exchange rates is raising the attention of experts on international trade law and economics. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the impacts of exchange rate misalignments on tariffs as applied by the WTO - World Trade Organization. It is divided into five sections: the first one explains the methodology used to determine exchange rate misalignments and also presents its results for Brazil, U.S. and China; the second summarizes the methodology applied to calculate the impacts of exchange rate misalignments on the level of tariff protection through an exercise of "misalignment tariffication"; the third examines the effects of exchange rate variations on tariffs and their consequences for the multilateral trading system; the fourth one creates a methodology to estimate exchange rates against a currency of the World and a proposal to deal with persistent and significant misalignments related to trade rules. The conclusions are present in the last section.

A dual liberal/protectionist approach has been taken by the World Trade Organization (WTO) toward food security. Being a promoter institution for global trade governance, the organization is one of the forums where solutions for the problem of food insecurity are discussed. Such an approach has been observed in the demands from coalitions of developing countries regarding food and agriculture. Liberalism has therefore been questioned in the current Doha round as the sole way to economic growth and development. Contrary to its liberal inclination, a clause has been approved by the WTO that allows developing countries to subsidise public food reserves devised to ensure food security. The approval of such a clause is an indication that liberalism might not be the only way to development, albeit forming the essence of organizations like the WTO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking into account longevity of tax incentives in the automobile sector, this paper intends to pursue two consecutive objectives. Firstly, the paper describes the incentives implemented in the last decades were designed to promote the sector's competitiveness. Secondly, this article presents a qualitative assessment of the role developed by the State in this segment. Based on literature on political economy and regulation, the claim of this research is that tax policies adopted in favor of automobile sector have favored more a "husbandry" State, rather than a "midwifery" one. In other words, the public policies established were typically oriented to protect a previous defined segment, instead of stimulating new competences and capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Direito Internacional is the property of Revista de Direito Internacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article argues that the WTO, following its internal norms, has been able to incorporate human rights commitments recognized by both national and international law. Until now, through the special exceptions mechanism this organization has allowed limitations on the international free trade of diamonds mined in war zones, as well as the domestic or compulsory production of medicines in breach of ADPIC rules in situations of national health urgency. On the other hand, the general exceptions mechanism established in certain articles of the GATT and GATS permits breaching free trade rules to protect human rights. Although so far there are some emblematic cases about the way the SSD has interpreted this regulation, this has been limited. Thus, I argue that the relationship between international commercial law administered by the WTO and international human rights questions the thesis of the fragmentation of public international law.

Resumo: Este artigo enfoca a interpretação das mudanças do Acordo Geral sobre Comércio e Tarifas – GATT e sua transformação em Orga-nização Mundial do Comércio – OMC a partir da perspectiva das Relações Internacionais, particularmente da corrente designada cons-trutivismo. As abordagens mais tradicionais, como a realista e a neoliberal, não são suficientes para explicar as transformações das instituições internacionais ou as razões pelas quais elas são fundamentais para imprimir legitimidade e eficiência a estruturas organizacionais. Para corroborar tal hipótese, faz-se uma análise do sistema GATT/OMC, tomando em conta a construção de identidades de grupos de Estados e da própria instituição. Assim, a necessidade de adotar instrumentos analíticos que levem em conta a construção de sentidos e de identidades compartilhados demonstra ser fundamental para tornar possível uma melhor compreensão das relações internacionais, pois as matrizes de interesses preestabelecidas e a supostamente racional maximização do poder pelos Estados, pregadas pelo realismo e pelo neoliberalismo, não podem explicar as mudanças profundas que estão no coração da institucionalização e na jurificação internacionais.The article focuses on the interpretation of the changes in GATT since its first days until its transformation in the WTO from the perspective of the International Relations, particularly its constructivist stream. The more traditional approaches, such as the realist and neoliberal, are not enough to explain the changes in international institutions as well as why they are fundamental to the legitimacy and efficiency of organizational structures. In order to make this point, an analysis of GATT/WTO is made, regarding the construction of identities of groups of States and the institution itself. The need to adopt analytical instruments that include the construction of shared meanings and identities shows itself necessa-ry to make possible a better understanding of international relations, since the pre-set interests’ matrices and supposedly rational maximization of power by States preached by realism and neoliberalism cannot explain the deep changes that are at the heart of international institutionalization and legalization.

A presente análise em como foco a intensificação da atuação dos países do terceiro mundo, em especial os africanos, na reunião de Cancún e seus impactos para as relações comerciais internacionais.

O objetivo no artigo é avaliar o comportamento dos Estados diante das regras negociadas na OMC nas agendas do Gatt, Gats e Trips. Utilizamos os conceitos de convergência, divergência e de sucesso ou não das regras negociadas propostos por Botcheva e Martin (2001), para uma amostra de trinta países.The paper intends to evaluate the behavior of states before the rules negotiated in WTO in the GATT, GATS and TRIPS agendas. Using the concepts proposed by Botcheva and Martin (2001) of convergence and divergence as well as success and non success of the rules negotiated, we analyze a sample of 30 states.

This article aims to discuss the overall picture of education as the prism of the multilateral organizations of direct influence on regional policies, especially in developing countries. The concept of education as a business sector and opening up foreign investment in education by the WTO, World Bank and IMF, is an abrupt change in educational relations and set the foundations for an educational exclusion increasingly in developing countries. The role of UNESCO and its representation as a legitimate international authority in partnership with the World Bank put in doubt the real interests of the goals of both institutions in the world and the direct consequences of this relationship in the education field. And what can we expect of education policies based on international agreements with funding agencies? Education as commodity will be the future?

O trabalho traça uma análise histórica do Sistema Multilateral de Comércio (SMC), tendo como foco a sua importância para a conformação da ordem econômica internacional do pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial. A partir de uma perspectiva analítico-evolutiva, faz-se uma apresentação do contexto internacional no qual o sistema multilateral foi gerado e identificam-se as interações entre as transformações históricas mundiais, tanto no plano político quanto no econômico, e a estruturação do Sistema Multilateral de Comércio, desde o Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio (em inglês, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)) até a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Ademais, o papel desempenhado pela diplomacia econômica brasileira na construção e transformação do SMC será discutido ao longo do presente trabalho. Também são feitas considerações sobre a atual Rodada de negociações multilaterais, a Rodada Doha, e a sua relevância na ótica dos países em desenvolvimento.This work brings a historical analysis of the multilateral trading system, focusing on its importance to the building up of the international economic order, after the Second World War. From an evolutionary perspective, the international context in which the multilateral trading system was created is presented. Moreover, the interactions between world historical transformations and the development of the multilateral trading system, from GATT to WTO, are analyzed, both in political and economic points of view. Furthermore, the role played by the Brazilian economic diplomacy in building and transforming the multilateral trading system is analyzed. Some considerations are also made on the Doha Round of trade talks and its importance to the developing countries.

O objetivo deste artigo é verificar se o aperfeiçoamento das instituições democráticas brasileiras no tocante ao processo de formulação da política externa por meio da elaboração e da ampliação de canais institucionais que facilitem a interação entre policy-makers e atores das organizações da sociedade civil pode melhorar o atendimento das demandas dos grupos de interesse, bem como ampliar a qualidade técnica da diplomacia brasileira durante as negociações comerciais internacionais. Combinada a opção estratégica pelo multilateralismo, verificaremos ainda se esse aperfeiçoamento pode gerar maior credibilidade e legitimidade internacional para as ações do Brasil na OMC, inclusive possibilitando ao país moldar regimes internacionais de comércio favoráveis aos seus interesses nacionais. Buscarei demonstrar a viabilidade do argumento analisando os contenciosos das patentes farmacêuticas e da questão dos subsídios agrícolas, especificamente o caso do algodão contra os Estados Unidos na OMC.The objective of this article is to verify if the perfectioning of the brazilian democratic institutions in what refers to the foreign affairs making process through elaboration and ampliation of the institutional ways which can make easier the interaction between policy-makers and civil society organization’s actors, can better the answer to demand from the technical quality of the brazilian diplomacy during the international commercial negotiations. Agreed the selection strategic at multilateralism, we will also verify if this perfectioning can create bigger international credibility and eligibility to the Brazilian actions at WTC, inclusively making possible to the country to mold international commerce regimes which favors to its national interests. We will search demonstrate the viability of the argument, analising the patents pharmaceuticals disputes and the agricultural subsidies questions, in specific, the cotton dispute in WTO with the United States.

A educação superior faz parte dos setores de serviços negociáveis no Acordo Geral sobre Comércio de Serviços (Gats), um dos tratados de liberalização existente na Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Neste artigo se busca analisar as conseqüências desta liberalização. Em específico, os impactos jurídicos das obrigações do Gats na conduta das políticas de educação superior de seus Membros. Entende-se que embora o Gats possua a potencialidade de gerar efeitos relevantes, seu modo de operação pode ser utilizado para anular ou minimizar seus efeitos, de acordo com o grau de liberalização pretendido por cada Membro. Por fim, o artigo apresenta um panorama sobre as posições dos Membros, destacando os argumentos pró e contra a liberalização da educação superior.Higher education is one of the sectors negotiable under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (Gats), one of the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. This paper analyzes the consequences of this liberalization. Specifically, it assesses the legal impacts of Gats obligations for the pursuance of higher education policies by WTO Members. The paper argues that despite the potential effects of Gats, the way it works can be used to nullify or mitigate its effects, in accordance with the level of liberalization sought by each Member. At the end, this paper also presents an overview of Members' positions, stressing their arguments pro and against liberalization.

O grau de juridicidade do direito internacional econômico tem crescido nos últimos anos, ocasionando alterações na lógica de solução das controvérsias econômicas internacionais. Este adensamento da juridicidade do sistema confere maior legitimidade e importância aos mecanismos de solução de controvérsias, em especial o presente na Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), principal instituição reguladora do comércio internacional. De acordo com a nova lógica, os países mais fortes economicamente passaram a aceitar perdas relativas a setores específicos, buscando ganhos com o estabelecimento do sistema como um todo. A nova sistemática guiada por normas pré-definidas e especificamente traçadas para a solução de conflitos internacionais (rule-oriented) veio substituir a solução destes conflitos pelo uso da força, via sanções unilaterais ou pressões sobre setores sensíveis (power-oriented). Além disso, a análise desta mudança de orientação evidencia que a OMC e seu Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias vêm ganhando maior credibilidade e respeito por parte de seus usuários, visto que casos concretos envolvendo setores como o agrícola e países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento demonstram a real possibilidade de utilização de mecanismos de retaliação mesmo quando se trata de países mais fracos contra países muito mais fortes.International Economical Law's level of jurisdiction has increased in the last years. This increase changed the logic of international economical dispute settlement system. The jurisdiction increase also gave more legitimacy and importance to dispute settlement mechanisms, specially the mechanisms pointed out by the World Trade Organization (WTO) which is the main international trade regulating institution. According to the new logic of dispute settlement countries considered economically strong began to accept losses related to specific sectors in order to win with the establishment of the whole new system. The new system consists of rules that are clearly defined and that are specifically created for international dispute settlement. The new rule-oriented system replaces the power-oriented system that solved its disputes by using force, unilateral sanctions or pressuring sensible sectors. Moreover, the analysis of orientation changes shows that the WTO and its Dispute Settlement Body have gain more credibility and respect from their users since, for example, agricultural cases that involve developed and developing countries have shown that it is possible to use retaliation mechanisms even when weaker countries are against strong countries.

Neste artigo se examina a não adequação dos EUA ao parecer da OMC no contencioso do algodão. Argumenta-se que tal atitude é irracional do ponto de vista do Estado unitário e racional, mas que pode ser explicada por meio de uma perspectiva fragmentada do Estado. Assim, embora a administração desejasse a adequação, cotonicultores e congressistas potencializados por instituições políticas constrangeram as mudanças necessárias. Ao final são projetados cenários para a modificação da política de subsídios agrícolas dos EUA.The article examines the non compliance of the United States with the WTO report on the cotton dispute. It is argued that that attitude is not rational from the unitary and rational State point of view, but it can be explained through a fragmented perspective of the State. Thus, although the administration desired to comply, cotton growers and congressists, strengthened by political institutions, constrained the needed changes. In the end, scenarios about possible changes in the U.S. agriculture subsidy policy are projected.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the link between international trade and development. The regulation of international trade by international organizations will be explored. In the post-WTO scenario, there is the formation of a new governance in relation to international trade, with a tendency to appreciation of international relations at the Westphalian style. This phenomenon is worrying , especially in light of Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the UN, which require a multilateral regulation of trade and participation of international organizations , particularly the WTO , for implementation their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Os interesses do comércio mundialque presidem à actuação da OMC estão a tomarconta da Internet. Neste trabalho, procura-se denunciar o mito de comércio eletrônicolivre, através da análise da substituição das taxaspúblicas pelas rendas privadas no ADPIC/TRIPS, em especial no que respeita ao direitode distribuição e às exceções aos direitos depropriedade intelectual, por um lado, e dasutileza do neoprotecionismo, ora a propósitoda proteção do consumidor ora a propósito daproteção da saúde pública, por outro.Abstract: The interests of the world trade,that the WTO protects, are taking over theInternet. This paper is an essay to denouncethe myth of a free e-commerce by theanalysis of the replacement of public taxesby private royalties, in particular in whatconcerns the right of distribution and theexceptions to intellectual property rights, onone hand, and the subtleness of the neoprotectionismregarding consumer andpublic health protection.

A presente análise tem como objetivo realizar um balanço da ultima reunião da OMC, realizada em Cancún em 14 de setembro de 2003.

O artigo procura demonstrar que a recente apresentação, por parte da Comissão Européia, de uma proposta de redução tarifária para as exportações do Mercosul não deve ser interpretada como um sinal de que as negociações comerciais entre os dois blocos serão mais fáceis do que a criação da Área de Livre Comércio das Américas - uma vez que parecem poucas as probabilidades de que a União Européia venha a realizar uma profunda reforma de sua política agrícola comum (PAC) nos próximos anos.The article seeks to show that the proposal recently presented by the European Comission, promissing the decreasing of trade barriers for Mercosur's agriculture exports to European markets, should not be incautiously interpreted as a sign that a trade agreement between them will be easier to achieve than the creation of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). It still remains uncertain that the European Union will accomplish a deep reform of its common agricultural police (CAP).

JONES, Kent. The Doha Blues: institutional crisis and reform in the WTO. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

The concept of sustainable development includes social justice, equal income distribution, full employment, safe and healthy working environments, environmental protection and socio-economic welfare. This paper intends to provide a comparative analysis of sustainable development issues inside the WTO dispute system based on the analysis of the cases presented to WTO since January 1st 1995 until January 1st 2014. This paper proposes to analyse the extent and nature of the incorporation of sustainable development issues into WTO dispute settlement through the analysis of the WTO "case law". No one can deny that the WTO will face in the near future challenges related to sustainable development issues. The WTO's ability to reconcile multilateral trade liberalization with sustainable development in its system of dispute is a central concern to the institution's legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Trade Organization (WTO) held in 2015 twenty years of existence. This article seeks to examine some aspects related to the creation of the institution, particularly in regard to Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the international legal compliance in WTO. Initially, we consider the importance of the idea of efficient adaptations. Then, we examine data and statistics of international this international regime. We conclude that the compliance with the rules and decisions of the WTO depends on the provision of incentives for its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of private standards in international trade raises concerns regarding the possibility of these measures be creating a new type of protectionism at the fringes of the WTO. WTO rules apply to actions undertaken by its Members and therefore they do not cover this type of private protectionism, which is characterized by trade restrictive measures adopted by private entities, such as an association of retailers, among other non-governmental entities. The non-application of WTO rules to private entities can contribute to private regulation, since governments may create incentives for the regulation by non-governmental entities so as to circumvent multilateral trade rules. In this context, to what extent are governments involved in private certification schemes so that WTO law could legitimately apply? Based on the analysis of three case studies, it was found that, in many situations, governments may be involved in private regulation in different levels. Therefore, in some cases, it is possible to attribute responsibility to the State for the conduct of private entities in its territory. However, in other situations, the clarification of some terms in the TBT Agreement remains as an important issue for a final decision regarding the application of WTO law to private standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artigo é a continuação do trabalho da autora sobre os novos temas em discussão na OMC. No momento em que o MERCOSUL se posiciona para mais uma rodada de negociações multilaterais no âmbito da OMC, além das negociações já iniciadas com a CE dentro do acordo inter-regional e com o NAFTA dentro do ALCA, dois dos novos temas do comércio internacional se revestem de grande interesse: meio ambiente e padrões trabalhistas. O artigo analisa como tais temas evoluíram no cenário internacional desde a Carta de Havana, passando pela UNCTAD, OCDE, e OIT, para, finalmente, chegarem à OMC. O objetivo do artigo é dar elementos para a discussão desses temas nas negociações futuras do MERCOSUL.This is the second part of the author's article dealing with WTO's new themes. MERCOSUL is positioning itself to start negotiations in several fronts: inside WTO in the next round of multilateral negotiations, with the EU in a inter-regional agreement and with NAFTA inside the FTAA. Two themes are relevant to these negotiations: environment and labor standards. This article analyses the evolution of these themes in the international context from the Havana Charter, through UNCTAD, OECD and ILO to arrive in the WTO. The objective of this article is to give some elements for the discussion of these two themes in Mercosul's future negotiations.

No momento em que o MERCOSUL se posiciona para mais uma rodada de negociações multilaterais no âmbito da OMC, além das negociações já iniciadas com a CE dentro do acordo interregional e com o NAFTA dentro do ALCA, dois temas se revestem de grande interesse: investimentos e concorrência. O artigo analisa como tais temas evoluíram no cenário internacional desde a Carta de Havana, passando pela UNCTAD e pela OCDE, para finalmente chegarem na OMC. O objetivo do artigo é dar elementos para a discussão desses dois temas nas negociações futuras do MERCOSUL.MERCOSUR is positioning itself to start negotiations in several fronts: inside WTO in the next round of multilateral negotiations, with the EU in a inter-regional agreement and with NAFTA inside the FTAA. Two themes are relevant to these negotiations: investment and competition. This article analyses the evolution of these themes in the international context from the Havana Charter, through UNCTAD and OECD, to arrive in the WTO. The objective of this article is to give some elements for the discussion of these two themes in Mercosur's future negotiations.