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In this paper I offer a possible explanation of the early development of the Environmental Policy of the European Union by resorting to the historical institutionalist paradigm. I hold that the evolution of this policy, purportedly peculiar in that it was basically absent from the original treaties, can be adequately explained by this paradigm, due to the fact that it can illustrate how the original institutional arrangement led ultimately to consequences that were far from what the actors involved in setting up that arrangement intended. An important caveat concerns the fact that throughout the paper I use a specific meaning of historical institutionalism, i.e. one that is fully compatible with the introduction of ideas and norms in the explanans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From Ricardo and Smith the deficits were seen as the one of „the most terrible scourges which was ever invented to afflict a nation" as a system which tends to make us less thrifty, to blind us to our real situation. In the twentieth century allowing deficits regardless of their destination opened the wrong door to excessive debt and vulnerable states to the credit markets. This paper aims at showing that currently many European Member States faced not only with high deficits and high stocks of public debt, which under normal conditions could be easier managed, but with the rejection and the lower confidence of investors and financial institution, with higher burden of interests and significant loss of growth perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Romanian defence planning is under common logic, containing a strategic document emanating from the top of the state (National Security/Defence Strategy), an intermediate document developed at departmental level and undertaken by the Government (Defence White Paper) and a departmental document presented by the military establishment (Military Strategy). As shown in the article, the model is similar to the U.S. model consisting of National Security Strategy (the President's view), National Defence Strategy (a document assumed by the Defense Secretary) and National Military Strategy. In fact, these documents can be found in almost any country of the world. Characteristic of our country is the difficulty of how these documents are issued, which led to a situation where the last Military Strategy dates from 1999 and the last White Paper was issued in 2004. But this year is expected that all these documents to be approved by the authorities and we believe that the new law of the defense planning will streamline the process of development and adoption of strategic documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under European law, EU directives and the problems of their transposition into national law are an issue that reflects the complex nature of the relationship between EU's power to issue regulations and Member States' tasks in deciding the optimal form of application of these rules internally. This paper presents the experience of Romania, one of the new Member States which joined the EU in 2007, with regard to the transposition into national system of the European directives as a means to illustrate the dynamics of the relationship between the European Union and the Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work was outlined essence of the knowledge economy and characterized its basic components. The objectives in this article were based on synthesis the role of the knowledge economy. These studies have a high degree of novelty and complexity of the global and European level, which is why in this vast subject area once an essential Moldova and actuality is unique. In this work been used for a wide range of methodologies were consulted and analyzed numerous sources related literature on the subject. In the process of scientific research in the development of the scientific papers were used two main approaches: complex and systemic. Also it should be noted that the research has a key role in understanding the mechanisms and role in contemporary society the knowledge economy that can generate a high degree of competitiveness and competitive advantage both locally, nationally and globally, with a strong push on the ability regeneration and economic revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the number and value of Mergers and acquisitions that took place in the European Union financial industry in the 1990-2011 period. The process of mergers and acquisitions is the main method used by financial institution to grow and to obtain better performance. In the same time, mergers and acquisition, helped by the european legislation, increased in number lately, due to the advantages obtained by banks when involving in a process like this. The increasing interest of foreign investors for mergers and acquisitions conducts to a concentration in the banking sector. The consequence of this process is the appearance and development of financial groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept al Afacerilor is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Română de Drept European is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to identify how and if cultural diversity, as a fundamental and moral value of the EU, is effectively protected by EU law. I will start from the EU competences on cultural matters and try to find out if, while dealing with cultural issues, the EU is actually protecting its "unity without uniformity" and its "diversity without fragmentation". The recent and stronger intervention of the EU in cultural matters, after Lisbon, raises questions as to its real aims, be it the building of a stronger and stronger "small common denominator" in cultural issues as well, by means of uniformity or the real protection of cultural diversity of its Member States [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the European bill that regulates combating criminality in the domain of sexual abuse, sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, with an emphasis on the crimes that exist and an analysis of these in the current context. Some critical observations are also expressed about establishing the territorial competence of Member States under certain circumstances that arise from criminal activity. The novelty consists in the examination performed and the critical observations, given that the bill has only recently been adopted. The paper may be useful for the academic, judiciary and the legislative environments, taking into consideration the mandatory application of the bill by the competent judiciary bodies in Romania, which will cooperate with similar judiciary bodies of other Member States, and also taking into consideration the necessity of adjusting our internal legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last ten years have witnessed significant development of competition law in Europe as well as further a field: from the modernisation reforms in the EU, to the adoption of groundbreaking decisions in the US federal courts. The present study has set its aim to clarify the concept and possible interpretation quandaries revolving around antitrust practices, offering a penal perspective on the matter. The first part of the article deals with the concept of antitrust practices by presenting the reasons why this negative behaviour should be criminalised. Also, the writers discuss whether criminal law is the best solution for overseeing the competition scene and putting an end to these misdemeanors, or should the application of administrative or contraventional fines suffice in contriving this desideratum. The paper can also be seen as mirroring the tension between the 'old' and the 'new', in the search for innovative responses to the current challenges. Moving on, the authors indicate the pros and cons of our current law system, alongside providing a short glimpse of some analogous european legal provisions, doctrinal views and case-law. After scrutinizing all the basic issues surrounding the concept of antitrust provisions, the analysis of the criminal provision of article 60 (1) enters the spotlight. As shown by the authors, the premises of retaining this criminal provision commend the existence of an antitrust practice administered by at least two entities, and which implies an agreement aimed at restricting, impeding or distorting the competition scene. The writers then tally the actual activities encompassed by this criminal provision, alongside presenting it's elementary components. A series of problems are the pointed-out, many of which originate from the fact that our legal provision was copied mot-à-mot from it's french omologue. The main problematic issues tackled by the authors regard the author, the actus reus and the mens rea of the crime at hand. Further on, the paper treats the so-called criminal provision stated by article 62, showing that it is in fact nothing other than a warning provision, because it's area of application is limited by other existing legal provisions from the Penal Code. The authors' opinion on the matter is bolstered by Law no. 187/2012, regarding the application of the New Penal Code, within which it is expressly stated that the provision at hand shall be revoked. Both during and subsequent to these examinations, the authors are aptly devoted to proposing a series of compulsory changes that would remodel Law no. 21/1996 into a suitable "guardian" of the free competition scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Petru Maior, Series Oeconomica is the property of Petru Maior Unversity, Faculty of Economics Law & Administrative Services and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents a study of European Union labour market and its dynamics as regard to the European Employment Strategy's objectives. Our analysis starting point is the 1997 "Lisbon Strategy", which puts in place a set of objectives to be achieved by the member states by 2010. They are monitoring the employment performance of the existing member states andcandidates to the membership. Lisbon Strategy has been amended in 2000 and 2005, so that it focuses now on three employment indicators: total employment rate, female employment rate and older workers (between 55-64 years of age) employment rate. The paper uses data from Eurostat and Romanian NSI (National Statistical Institute) to compare our national trends and achievements with those of all the other member states and the EU targets.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Medica Transilvanica is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Looked upon generally as a political and economic union, the European Union is based on the continous integration without a predetermined conclusion. Up to now, the integration politic of the countries found in the East of Europe was mainly done by the EU throught integration promises. Despite this, almost all countries that form the EU expressed their concern in relation to the expansion of the union. This reaction was related to the integration steps that have taken place in 2004 and 2007, which were thought to threaten the EU capability to react to different problems/contexts. The present paper serves as an evaluation of the PaE in Georgia, since its lauching on the 7th of May 2009 which took place in Praga to the Vilnius Summit, taken place between the 28-19th of november 2013. Why South Caucasus, and as a logic deduction Georgia? Why was PaE created and developed? Is PaE a good alternative for the neighbouring countries of the EU? What makes PaE apart from PEV? Which are the results of the implementation process of PaE in Georgia up to present and which are the perspectives of this political initiative? These are only a few of the questions that the present study will be answering regarding the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quality of Life (1018-0389) / Calitatea Vietii is the property of Romanian Academy Publishing House / Editura Academiei Romane and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Development of crisis has led to disregard the European Union as a homogeneous area can be immune macroeconomic and financial shocks for each country. The present paper proposes to observe the effects of the economic crisis in the changing of degree of occurrence of sovereign default risk in the European Union countries. A part of the work is performed using multidimensional data analysis methods during the years 2007-2011. Also, another part of the work done panel models in the EU. Economic contagion has led to observe changes and critical observation give us information about the place of occurrence of the economic crisis in the European Union. The model of panel data was used to observed dependencies between public debt and other variables analyzed in the EU countries. The similarity of the indicators in the country led to the information of a valid econometric model point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on the analysis of the main factors impacting on economic growth and on the channels via which such factors exert their influence. The study resorts to annual data for UE countries during 1995- 2009, being based on panel GMM fixed / random effect estimations and panel cointegration approach. The outcomes indicate a positive influence of infrastructure, educational level and investments on gross domestic product and the negative consequences of insufficient technological progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Review of Private Law / Revista Română de Drept Privat is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper makes o short review over the main aspects of drug compensation in EU. There are mentioned the procedures of including medicines in the compensation system according to the European legislation and comparative situations in EU countries in regard to the length of negotiation process to obtain the compensation, the modality and percent of compensation. We may conclude that there isn't a unitary policy of compensation in the EU countries, differences being significant and dictated by every country by itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even if political globalization is an arguable process, as we are rather witnessing at a regional evolution, the existence of a global economy is an undeniable truth. International law, as a classical construction, would undeniably reach its limitations without the defining contribution of international law principles, especially the principle of good faith in international treaties, of protecting the environment and human rights. Article 38 of the statute of the International Court of Justice explicitly admits the existence of the „general principles of law recognized by civilized nations“ as a source of international law. Hence there are axiological fundaments that form the basis of any present or future legal construction, whether it is a global or a regional one (such as the law of the European Union). The complex and dynamic relation between the national legal cultures and the legal values that have a principled role represents the "ferment" that contributes to the transformation of contemporary international law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although they 'discovered' each other in the '60 when they established the first embassy level contacts, EU and India developed their relationships after 1990s and espacially after 2000s after EU grew more coherent and India created her own economic miracle. Despite all what has been said, EU and India do not enjoy the same relationship as each other enjoy with other countries such as China, Rusia or USA. India, for what is concerned sees EU as the sum of its parts, prefering to rely on bilateral contacts with individual members states such as UK, France and Germany. The first EU-India Summit, established in Lisbon, 2000 and India becoming Europe's strategic partner in 2004-2005 brought the two geopolitical entities closer. Concerning EU-India cooperation in terrorism and law affairs it was established on a diplomatic level, but guarding souveran capability and interests makes both centers advance slow in cooperating on this path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Internal Auditing & Risk Management is the property of Athenaeum University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)