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Well-being in academia is obviously tied to levels of burnout experienced by academics. Why are these levels increasing and how is their increase related to the marketization and neoliberalisation of universities? What should we, as academics, do in order to counter this trend and improve both our well-being and that of our students as well as society? These questions are addressed through experimental writing, employing techniques that are unusual for linguistics, namely autoethnography, in order to reflect on academic careers and the problems of mental health and harassment experienced by PhD students. Drawing inspiration from “transformative praxis”, this paper describes the approach of social justice teaching and conscientization. Focusing in particular on the theme of environmental education, the paper reflects on how introducing social justice teaching in academic courses is likely to prove helpful to prevent burnout and dissatisfaction. The second part of the paper describes the author’s experience with university courses about ecolinguistics and the feedback received from students, including a selection of their comments.

The topic of this research is the analysis of the relation between religiosity and mental health of believers of the Orthodox and Protestant churches in comparison to the general population and the population of psychiatric patients in Serbia. The main goal of the research was to examine effects that religiosity had on mental health, as well as to examine whether there was a difference between different types of religiosity and religious affiliation (churches and sects). This comparative research was conducted in Belgrade and Novi Sad between 1998 and 2013. The sample was comprised of 621 respondents. According to results, there are differences between healthy and ill respondents that are significant on all variables, while differences between different groups of believers can be observed only on some variables. Questions that this paper seeks to answer are: Which variables related to mental health are influenced by religion, and does religion improve or imperil mental health? In what way does the society establish criteria for evaluating the other and the different and in how does this reflect on self-image? These and numerous other questions asked during the work open the possibility of practical application of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While the demand for mental health services increases, supply often stagnates. Providing treatment to those most in need is an important factor in its efficient distribution. We propose and conduct a statistical procedure for detecting rater-biases in patient prioritization tools. Design / Method / Approach: We gather real-life data from 266 illness severity assessments in an Austrian publicly funded mental health service provider, including a rich set of covariates. To ensure robustness, we merge this data with determinants of mental health and assessment identified by previous research, such as weather or seasonal indicators. Findings: We find statistically significant effects of rater-biases. These effects are robust to a large array of controls. Practical Implications: A back-of-the-envelope calculation reveals that the identified rater effects can translate to large changes in the waiting times for patients. Misspecified treatment allocations may lead to worsened symptoms and potentially fatal outcomes. Originality / Value: Although a growing literature focuses on patient prioritization tools, many articles study these in synthetic contexts using “vignettes”. In comparison, our study adds external validity by considering real-life treatments in the field. Research Limitations / Future Research: This study can be used as a starting point for deeper, causally focused studies. Disclaimer: In accordance with publisher policies and our ethical obligations as researchers, we report that one of the authors is employed at a company that may be affected by the research reported in the enclosed paper. We have disclosed those interests fully. Paper type: Empirical

Preserving the full life of an elderly person as the most vulnerable category of the population in times of armed conflict raises many methodological, theoretical, and practical issues for scholars. The article is an attempt at a problematic and reflective analysis of the heuristic nature of the concept of successful ageing for the study of ageing of elderly Ukrainians in the context of the war with Russia. The paper presents a problem-oriented review of contemporary Western literature on successful ageing. In addition to the basic empirical and theoretical works, a significant part of the theoretical analysis is based on the results of the most significant meta-analytical studies on this topic. The methodology of problem-oriented and integrative analysis was used to determine which problem areas of the concept of successful ageing can contribute to its study in wartime. The potential and limitations of the modern concept of successful ageing are considered. Eight problem areas of this concept are presented, which reveal certain contradictions, debatable issues, and gaps, which are simultaneously directions for the development of both the concept itself and its research in the context of war. Among them: vagueness of the criteria for successful ageing and its dilution with similar concepts; interaction of biomedical and psychosocial contexts of successful ageing; limits of responsibility for the success of ageing in the context of the “person – society” dichotomy; socio-structural inequalities between older people and the inability to age equally “successfully”; discrepancies between subjective and objective indicators of successful ageing; dominance of the Western model of successful ageing and levelling of its cultural specificity; integration of individual, social and scientific conceptualization of successful ageing. The author analyses the most promising theoretical and methodological concepts and theories of successful ageing that are most relevant to the problem of ageing in war. The literature review presented in the article will help to draw attention to the problem of improving and preserving the full life of an elderly person in the context of armed conflict. The results of the research will be useful to scholars and practitioners for the further development of programmes to protect the mental and physical health of older people in war

The vast number of clinical and psychopathological studies of depression in elderly patients is based on the simple description of symptoms. In the present paper, authors studied clinical and psychopathological symptoms of depression in elderly people using statistical cluster analysis. Four main clusters of psychopathological symptoms were singled out. The further cluster analysis revealed significant between-group differences in clinical and anamnesis information that were not included in the analysis. Based on this finding, we proposed that each cluster reflected a specific clinical type of depression in the old age. The atypical combination within each type did not allow to identify definitely the nosological attribution of depression according to current classifications. In conclusion, the study of the psychopathology of depression in elderly people using methods of multivariate statistics makes it possible to find new clinical variants of these disorders that may improve diagnosis and allow for differentiation of treatment.

Terrorism constitutes a contemporary complex social and political phenomenon, due to both the mass, globalized dimensions it has assumed in recent years and the technological sophistication which makes possible maximization of the scale and power of terrorist acts. Fear, a fundamental element of any terrorist act, can become the object of psychiatric attention because of both its individual effects and its broader social impact. The direct and indirect effects of terrorist acts on the mental health of the victims, and the effects of terrorism as a phenomenon contributing to the shaping of social conditions are emphasized in this paper. The immediate victims of a terrorist act are at increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder and substance abuse. Despite the fact that terrorist attacks, along with natural or technological disasters, do not appear to cause specific mental health difficulties in the general population, the unquestionable power that the contemporary threat of terrorism exerts is likely to perpetuate fear throughout society as a whole. In this climate of fear, the ineluctable development of suspicion, intolerance and estrangement encumbers social cohesion, threatening to disrupt social bonds and give rise to alienation. On this basis, the likelihood of long-term adverse effects of terrorism on the mental health of the members of society constitutes a reasonable ground for reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives development quotients in 5-6-year-old children from the North-Western Administrative District of Moscow, which were obtained from the survey made in 2005. Only 41.9% of the boys and 30.7% of the girls were ascertained to have no physical developmental deviations. The major problem of childhood development is the underdevelopment of the functional parameters of the locomotor apparatus and respiratory system. The physical development is significantly worse in the girls than that in the boys in the majority of integral indices.

The paper illuminates some issues of the psychophysiological support (PPS) of piloted flights to space discussed with academician O.G. Gazenko. Already in initial space flights monitoring and assessment of the psychic state and mental performance of crew members were the key PPS component that needed all-round investigations and development of associated methods. The poly-effect method of registering the physiological functions (ECG, EEG, GSR) was recognized as a potent tool for gathering information to be used in actual state assessment. Starting from the 96-d flight of Yu. Romanenko and G. Grechko, the enhanced PPS system has been an indispensable component of long-term missions to orbital complexes Salyut, Mir, and the International space station. The practical experience with the PPS system showed its major contribution to maintenance of space crew mental health and performance.

The paper presents data of examination of 34 preschool children from Orenburg, in whom the level of biological maturity was determined and the functional capacities of some systems, adaptive abilities and mental and physiological indices of the functions required for school were evaluated. It was ascertained that school disadaptation might be predicted in 85% of the children to go to school.

The paper covers various aspects of schoolchildren's mental adaptation. The study has indicated that mental health is worse in 6th-9th-form pupils than that in junior schoolchildren. There is a relationship of the deviant behavior of schoolchildren and their mental health. The data of an anonymous questionnaire survey are given, which suggest that there is an increase in negative trends towards psychoactive drug abuse. Evidence shows it necessary to apply a comprehensive approach to solving the problems of schoolchildren health care.

The paper presents the results of a theoretical study carried out in the framework of the research project «Determinants of psychological health of the modern person». The issue of psychological health is considered in the context of the anthropological crisis that affects public body and causes a decrease in synergetic social life. On the level of specific manifestations, it is associated with damage to the spiritual and moral sphere, distortion of personal way of life and interpersonal relationships, which leads to a general decline in viability. A growing number of people, whose subjective state can be described as mentally fit, but personally sick is identified. Secondary symptoms of such conditions are depression, aggression, dependent behaviour. However, their essential characteristics are not captured by the existing social psychological, psychological pedagogical and medical psychological concepts and also do not fit the typical description of psychological emotional and/or behavioural disorders. The author adheres to the hypothesis that these states have specific spiritual and psychological conditions and symptoms that deserve scientific analysis and philosophical reflection. The leitmotif of the paper is the issue of mental health in its scientific and philosophical sense. Representation of health from the standpoint of modern humanitarian knowledge and traditional spiritual culture are generalized. The theory of general psychological health is developed. The main approaches to the problem of psychological health are presented. Comparative analysis of the humanistic and anthropological models of mental health is shown. Correspondence between the anthropological conditions and criteria of mental health concepts of the modern national educational ideal is presented. Educational activity is described as anthropological practice aimed at acquiring by a child the wide range of values as a person. As such, it is the most conducive to maintaining and strengthening the psychological health of students.

Massive spread of misinformation over social media during the COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the mental health of populations. Social media are among the cheapest and most quickly accessible information sources for a large section of the public, in search of news that is reliable, true, precise and based on conscientious editing. From a Positive Transcultural Psychotherapy (PPT) viewpoint, these secondary capacities – reliability, honesty, precision and conscientiousness – are among other psychosocial norms that sustain psychological well-being, including primary capacities such as time, trust, hope, security and doubt. Also, from a PPT perspective, the energy and time spent by a person in online spaces and activities affects the well-being in the four life dimensions, while those primary capacities (and emotional needs) remain at the basis of emotional well-being. The research employed the systematic review of literature in several open-access scholarly websites from February 2020 to March 2022. The paper reviews the existing research on how disinformation and excess time in fake news spread over social media has the potential to corrode the abovementioned actual capacities, trigger negative emotions, mislead the public in undertaking wrong decisions for their health and well-being, and constitute a serious threat to both public health and social order, as well as to individuals’ sense of security.

The paper presents the results of the study into the mental health status of schoolchildren of various ages with identification of 4 groups of mental health, a set of criteria for early diagnosis of borderline nervous and mental disorders: clinical, psychological, neurophysiological electroencephalograms. There are trends of mental health over the course of school years, which are compared with prior study data. The twin method has shown that there is a genetic predisposition to borderline nervous and mental disorders both for clinical and preclinical entities, and defined the degree of genetic determination of the pattern of genetic predisposition (some personality traits) and its modifying factors, as well as the contribution of various environmental influences in the genesis of these disorders.

The paper analyses the role of children and adolescents' psychohygiene in protection and promotion of their health. The major objectives of pediatric psychohygiene are as follows: sanitary epidemiological surveillance of the mental health and development of the rising generation; detection and classification of risk groups by mental and nervous disorders; differential psychological and medical diagnosis of impairments of mental development and health; psychostimulation and psychocorrection of appropriate mental functions by psychomedical characteristics, and, finally, rehabilitation of risk group children and adolescents in organized populations, family, and informal contact groups. The author provides a classification of the parameters characterizing the health status, tension of adaptive mechanisms and variants of environmental disadaptation of children and adolescents in accordance with health groups. He also recommends a model to set up a psychohygienic service in educational institutions, which will integrate the efforts of teachers, psychologists and physicians to optimize an educational process and to promote mental health in pupils.

Investigation of the development of the asthenic syndrome during neuropsychic overload and its impact on dynamics of psychic performance in operators is of great interest to many specialists engaged in clinical and applied medicine. The paper presents results of clinicopsychologic and clinico-neurophysiologic studies of 105 persons in intellectual and operational professions who were treated in Moscow Clinic of neurosis in connection with the asthenic syndrome caused by professional overload or emotional stress. The obtained data showed that development of the asthenic syndrome had certain stages depending on duration and severity of emotional, vegetative, dissomnic and other psychosomatic disorders. It was shown that, being one of the key integral indices of human adaptability, psychic performance retained on sufficiently high level for a long period during asthenic syndrome.

Contemporary situation with mental health is reviewed, and developments in psychiatry, psychotherapy and clinical psychology are monitored. Russian experience is discussed in the context of the world tendencies. In the situation of the unprecedented increase in psychopathology, insufficient attention has been paid to the crisis phenomena in psychiatry and psychology as well as the development of mental health institutions, which are still in need of specialists, and facilitation of health care programs for population. The author writes about the increase in the number of patients who need psychiatric or psychological care, lack of experts in the mental health system, low psychological culture of the population, lack of early diagnosis of predisposition to psychopathology. Multiple hypotheses on the causes of mental disorders are outlined in the paper. Among them, the theory of nervous exhaustion, the hypothesis that mental disorders are associated with impaired brain electrical activity, the theory of the special role of the frontal lobes in the emergence of psychopathology, the hypothesis of an imbalance of hormones, as an etiological factor of mental illness and others, are given account. The paper raises issues of mental disorders classification. The author also discusses the issue of chemical treatment and its isolated and uncontrolled use within mental disorders. However, the review is incomplete and tends to be an invitation for mental health specialists to further discuss the issues mentioned in the paper.

Introduction and purpose Mobile health apps are becoming increasingly popular. Many of them deal with improving mental well-being. This work aims to determine the effectiveness of using self-help forms of mental health care using mobile phones. Material and Methods The literature on mobile applications for mental health was reviewed using the databases of PubMed and Google Scholar. State of knowledge Mental illness is a severe problem for a large part of society. There is often effective treatment for them, but access to health care resources is limited. There are many applications that offer users psychoeducation and elements of psychotherapy. Many studies have shown their effectiveness in treating depression, anxiety disorders and dealing with excessive stress. Some research papers show the usefulness of mobile services in coping with distorted body image in body dysmorphic disorder, as well as in controlling physical activity and sleep time in the case of insomnia. Some of the programs seem to be useful in the functioning of people suffering from bipolar affective disorder, but their effectiveness in this disease is limited and still being analyzed. Summary Mobile health applications for monitoring and improving mental health are a promising form of helping patients. Some of them have been proven to work, but more research is needed on specific programs. It is important to remember that apps are used to supplement treatment, and do not fully replace contact with psychiatrists and psychologists.

This study aims to understand the temporal and spatial characteristics of public concern for "children's mental health" in China in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic. Baidu Index is a research tool to collect and analyze massive data on Chinese netizens' behaviors. Using Baidu Index as the research tool, this paper analyzes the trend and distribution of Chinese netizens' attention to "children's mental health" from December 1st, 2019 to March 20th, 2022 from three aspects of trend research, demand map, and crowd portrait. The study found that since the outbreak of COVID- 19, the search trend of "children's mental health" has shown a cyclical change, peaking in May and valley around the Spring Festival and National Day, and stable in other periods. "Mental health", "handwritten newspaper on mental health" and "youth mental health" are the most popular buzzwords among the public. The groups concerned with "children's mental health" is mainly distributed in Guangdong, Jiangsu, Beijing, and the majority are women between 30 and 39 years old. Meanwhile, search trends for "mental health" are like that for "children's mental health." The factors influencing the search volume change of "children's mental health" include Chinese traditional holidays, Spring Festival, National Day, Chinese Mental Health Day, and policies and instructions on children's mental health issued by the PRC Ministry of Education. The public would like to know about "mental health", "handwritten newspaper on mental health" and "adolescent mental health".

Mindfulness, as a practice of focusing one’s attention on the present moment without evaluating, is used in mindfulness based interventions (MBI) therapy. Traditionally, these sessions are conducted in person. At this moment, we are witnessing a global trend in which patients are turning to technology and are looking for alternative, more convenient solutions. There are studies assessing the effectiveness of mindfulness training conducted in a new unconventional way, which is using an application installed on patient's smartphone. This paper discusses possible benefits of online conducted mindfulness sessions.

The paper provides a definition of sexual and reproductive health and infertility and also reflects modern ideas about ways to overcome infertility using assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and surrogacy. It shows the specificity of the impact of an IVF procedure on the mental health of a potential mother. The features of the neonatal health status, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders in babies born using the IVF procedure are described. The authors present two types of surrogacy (traditional and gestational ones) and the features of their use in different countries according to governmental legislative regulation, socioeconomic and religious factors, and cultural traditions in society. They unveil the features of a psychological relationship between the mother (surrogate and presumed one) and the fetus. The consequences of surrogacy for a surrogate mother, genetic parents, and a child himself/herself are noted to be little studied. It is shown that the development of assisted reproductive technologies (IVF and surrogacy), on the one hand, helps fight infertility and, on the other hand, entails a number of problems (moral and ethical, legal, cultural and religious, socioeconomic, and neuropsychiatric ones) that need to be solved in order to prevent psychological, neurological, and mental abnormalities in all the participants (a surrogate mother, an unborn child, and potential parents) in the assisted reproductive process:

Analysis of psychoemotional stress which directly affects the health of the population shows that progress in studying stress and in prevention of its unfavourable consequences depends a great deal on the understanding of the human needs problem. At the same time the problem of the origin, evolution and transformation of needs is a subject of theoretical biology, since the dynamics of needs is the basis of self-development of the live nature, the specific (essential) force of live systems, the drive and aim of their active behaviour. The paper formulates the problems of further study of needs by theoretical biology, the science of human higher nervous activity and other adjacent spheres of science.

Stress is a natural phenomenon, sooner or later experienced by the most. Rapid increase in the number of students with health problems, seeking health and advisory services, causes deep concern to parents, schools and wider community. This, in turn, arouses the interest in the research of the negative effects of poor physical and mental health on academic success. Considering the fact that school age population was rarely the subject of research, this paper deals with psycho-social and developmental aspects of stress, namely, with causes, consequences and the strategies for overcoming stressful events in the education of children and adolescents. Life events in which children most often participate and which are also potential sources of stress (stressors) can be classified into familial, interpersonal, personal and academic. Out of numerous identified sources of stress, we have focused our attention on several less researched ones in the field of school life: starting school, transition from primary school to secondary and from secondary school to university, peer rejection and problems concerning financing school education. Anxiety, depression and anger were analysed as the most frequent consequences of unfavourable life events. The following strategies for overcoming stress are most often used by children and adolescents: seeking social support, problem-solving orientation, reduction and avoidance of tension as well as sport and recreation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review of modern studies on the issue of professional burnout in young doctors and medical residents revealed the highest emotional distress in young residents doing internships in intensive care and emergency units. The paper presents the results of the study on 143 medical residents in the multi-profile hospital of emergency medicine. The methodical complex used included Maslach Burnout Inventory, Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL-90-R) by L. Derogatis, and a survey on the attitude to professional troubles. Most young doctors pointed out the close relationship between problems with physical health and emotional wellbeing to their professional activity. The vast majority of the participants met the criteria for burnout, as indicated by high emotional exhaustion (69%) and depersonalization (85%) indications from the Maslach Inventory. Although most residents didn’t endorse any problems in communicating with the patients, their high level of depersonalization is more likely to attest to formalizing their relationships with the patients as opposed to having high social competence. The yielded results let us conclude that it is necessary to develop and implement into training programs for medical residents of the multi-profile hospital of emergency medicine programs promoting their communication competence, coping with distress, and preventing professional burnout.

This paper presents the definition, epidemiology, etiological factors, and approaches to classifying infertility and describes the relationship between mental health and infertility in women. The problem of idiopathic infertility is analyzed from both obstetric/gynecological and psychiatric positions. The psychological factors influencing the reproductive function of a woman are disclosed. Mental health disorders potentiating infertility are considered. Attention is paid to that mental disorders are insufficiently and untimely diagnosed in women with reproductive disorders, that certain forms of psychopathology are masked by functional gynecological disorders, and that obstetricians/gynecologists have no specialized ideas of women's mental health, which may lead to unsuccessful infertility therapy.

The article introduces a study of the problematic Internet use (PIU) interrelationship with psychological well-being, psychopathological symptoms, and various personality traits. The study involved 432 females aged 14 to 23 years old (M = 17.2, SD = 2) and evaluated with Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS3), Ten Item Personality Measure (TIPI), Perfectionism Inventory, Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Well-Being Index (WHO-5), and Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). The results indicate that PIU is associated with various psychopathological symptoms and a decrease in psychological well-being. According to multiple linear regression analysis, hypersensitive narcissism, perfectionism, and phobic anxiety are found to be significant predictors of PIU. Protective factors are Conscientiousness of the Big Five and the level of psychological well-being. The paper suggests risk and protective factors that must be considered when preventing the Problematic Internet Use in adolescent and young girls.

The paper provides a review of studies on non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in online social networking. Content characteristics of online self-injury narrative are examined by focusing on such categories as hashtags, images, and comments. Negative and positive aspects of social networks’ impact on the risk of self-injury in adolescent are summarized. The presence of NSSI content online and the ability to communicate on issues relating to self-injury can either improve psychological well-being of the users by increasing their mood and self-acceptance, giving means to receive support from others and get information on mental health resources, or increase the person’s susceptibility to self-injuries by initiating their interest in this subject and reinforcing, and encouraging repeated self-harm. Therefore, mental health professionals are facing a global challenge: to create supportive and helpful online content, which implies the development of a new methodology, including language and terminology, that could integrate existing online discourse on self-injury and transform it from within.

One of the main clinical manifestations of radiation exposure in the early and later periods is headache. Until present time there is no clear understanding of the mechanisms of headache development under radiation exposure. The theories that exist (more than 30) do not give a comprehensive answer to these questions. Out of all primary headaches, tension headache is diagnosed more often. Emotional factors including psychological stress is the major cause of its development. In the current paper the findings of the in-depth clinical examination of 92 people are presented. Clinical characteristics of three groups that of exposed people with tension headache, unexposed people with tension headache, exposed people without tension headache are described. Nosological and clinical forms of headaches in exposed people are investigated, psychological (accentuation on personality traits, state anxiety, depression), psychophysiological characteristics of the examined people, and clinical manifestations of the tension headache are studied.

The article considers alexithymia as one of the important factors of mental health. The paper presents materials of empirical research on this phenomenon in personality structure of patients with cardiovascular diseases (64 people) and "apparently healthy" subjects (85 people). The obtained results of factorization of alexithymia indicate that alexithymia as a psychological characteristic is significantly expressed, if considered in the context of mental and psychosomatic health. Alexithymia is a separate factor of personality structure in patients with cardiovascular diseases and is involved in each separate factor, which makes it a prominent part of the psychological characteristics of the "apparently healthy" respondents. The research materials can be used to improve the effectiveness of treatment in the development and testing of clinical and psychological support. Such support should be aimed at teaching patients new ways of constructive interaction with society and raising their awareness of their own emotional pains, which they have to be able to identify and tell from ordinary somatic states.

The authors provide a deep reading of the fictional small American town of Possum Springs in the 2017 adventure game Night in the Woods (NiTW) to demonstrate how game architecture and environments have become richer and more complex spaces for narrative development and storytelling. The act of navigating the game's town, they assert, repeatedly creates its own narrative effect and commentary on the current issues of social class and mental health. They note that the game, through repetition and proceduralization, purposefully links the economic conditions of the town with the mental illness suffered by its characters and uses elements of interaction, dialogue, and exploration to highlight these issues. They conclude that NiTW offers a unique insight into the ways game designers can address complex topics through the careful and considered use of the cities, towns, architecture, and settings of the worlds their games inhabit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overview and theoretical study of social support for children and adolescents is presented. The issues of social development of children and adolescents in terms of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory and Kahn’s and Antonucci’s Convoy Model of Social Relations are discussed. The sources, forms and types of social support for the early, pre-school, primary school and adolescents are analyzed. The paper specifies the following issues: the parent-child relationships and characteristics of social support in early childhood can affect the development of the structure and quality of human social relations network throughout his/her life. Social networks and the organization of social support for adolescents are detailed. The patterns of social support of adolescents may affect their psychosocial well-being. The social support systems used by modern adolescents are described. The controversial issues of seeking social support as the leading coping strategy are raised. Various ways of seeking social support for adolescence are analyzed. The importance of parents, teachers and peers in providing social support for children and adolescents is shown. The author’s view of social support as one of the resources of the child’s autonomy, which can be developed only in certain respects, i.e. respect for personal boundaries and accepting differences in individual values and needs, the independence aspiration supported by respect and interest, unpunished by shame or the threat of rejection.

The paper considers the phenomenon of procrastination. The article gives a short review of this phenomenon and highlights its importance and relevance in the present context. Psychological analysis of procrastination includes its connection with mental health of an individual, his/her self-confidence, self-respect, stress, anxiety and fears. Both teachers and students are subject to procrastination. In this respect the emphasis is placed on the importance of creating comfortable psychological environment in study groups. The given material can be interesting for all participants of the learning process who face the problems of procrastination on a regular basis.

Czarnecki Mariusz. Zdrowie Psychiczne w żegludze transoceanicznej = Mental Health in transoceanic sailing. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(7):113-122. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.57188 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3656 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/735206 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.05.2016. Revised 25.06.2016. Accepted: 28.06.2016. Zdrowie Psychiczne w żegludze transoceanicznej Mental Health in transoceanic sailing Mariusz Czarnecki mariusz.czarnecki@student.umed.wroc.pl Zakład Medycznych Nauk Społecznych Uniwersytetu Medycznego we Wrocławiu Abstrakt Wprowadzenie Stres Kapitana w żegludze transoceanicznej jest nieunikniony. Wpływ stresu na zdrowie osób, które wykonują zawód wymagający wielkiej odpowiedzialności za zdrowie i życie innych, taki jak konsultant medyczny, pielęgniarka, strażak, jest niepodważalny[i] [ii] [iii]. Samoświadomość występowania stresorów oraz sposobów radzenia sobie w sytuacjach skrajnych, przekłada się na potencjał zdrowia osób uprawiających zawód Kapitana[iv]. Cel pracy Określenie głównych stresorów towarzyszących osobom wykonującym zawód Kapitana w żegludze turystycznej, w tym wykazanie poziomu wiedzy na temat stresu i jego wpływu na zdrowie, decyzje oraz wykazanie sposobów radzenia sobie ze stresorami przez badanych. Materiał i metody W badaniu został wykorzystany narracyjny wywiad ekspercki, jako jedna z metod stosowanych w badaniach jakościowych. Został on przeprowadzony z celowo wybraną grupą Kapitanów, za pomocą otwartych wywiadów pogłębionych. W badaniu wzięło udział 5 Kapitanów w stopniu minimum Kapitana Jachtowego, a najwyższym stopniem był stopień Kapitana Żeglugi Wielkiej. Doświadczenie morskie zostało uwzględnione na podstawie wykazanych przez badanych odbytych mil morskich, których zakres wynosił od 20 000 do 200 000 mil morskich. Badania przeprowadzono w okresie lat 2013-2014, ze względu na ograniczony czas przebywania grupy badanej na lądzie. Po skompletowaniu materiał badawczego, została przeprowadzona indywidualna analiza wypowiedzi badanych oraz analiza grupowa służąca generalizacji trendów oraz postępowań u badanej grupy. Każdy z uczestników wyraził pisemną zgodę na udział w badaniu. Wyniki W przeprowadzonym badaniu szczególną uwagę zwrócono na wymienione przez Kapitanów rodzaje stresorów występujących podczas żeglugi oceanicznej. Dodatkowo omówiono poziom postrzegania i radzenia sobie ze stresem w badanej grupie, oraz świadomość zachowania prozdrowotnego mającego wpływ na potencjał zdrowia. Wnioski Osoby pełniące funkcję Kapitana na rejsach oceanicznych, wykazały się znajomością własnych stresorów towarzyszących podczas żeglugi. Dodatkowo wykazały się działaniami prowadzącymi do zachowania potencjału zdrowotnego. Osoby badane nie wykazały reakcji antyzdrowotnych i tendencji prowadzących do wystąpienia skutków powodowanych przez dystres. Słowa kluczowe: zdrowie psychiczne, stres, potencjał zdrowotny, żeglarstwo. Abstract Introduction The awareness of the stressors and how to cope with stressful situations has an impact on the health of people who practice the professions associated with a great responsibility for the health and lives of others, such as, medical consultants, nurses and firefighters. Practising the profession of yacht captain is associated with responsibility for the crew and a sailing vessel in various conditions, and therefore is inseparably linked with the occurrence of stressful situations. To the best of our knowledge, so far, little studies, in terms of stress, were conducted on captains, taking long cruises, such as transoceanic sailing,. Materials and methods In the presented work, 5 captains were studied. The qualitative research, with the use of an expert narrative interview, was used. The open-depth interviews with selected group of captains were performed, with a particular attention to the, indicated by responders, stressors occurring during transoceanic sailing. In addition, the level of perception and coping with stress in the study group, and awareness of healthy behaviour, affecting health of responders were discussed. Results The responders demonstrated the knowledge of the stressors associated with their profession. In addition, they demonstrated the ability to take action, aimed to preserve the health potential. Moreover, the subjects showed no unhealthy tendencies leading to the effects caused by distress. Conclusions The presented studies have confirmed the presence of stressors in the captain profession, however experienced captains showed high level of coping with stressful situation, proving their good and multidirectional training in their profession, also from psychological point of view. The scaled-up studies should be however incorporated into future research, including more developed tools to evaluate the intensity of individual stress and distress in captains. Key words: Naval Medicine, Stress Psychological, Mental Health, Sailors.

This paper studies the problem of psychological well-being and health of modern people. The aim of the research is the differentiation of the concepts of “psychological wellbeing” and “psychological health” and studying the specifics of their achievement and preservation. Important is the consideration of the psychological well-being as a technology of the correction of victimization. The methods of research are theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalization of scientific sources, testing, quantitative and qualitative analysis of empirical data. The concept of “psychological health” is a part of the health. Psychological health includes features allowing maintaining the dynamic equilibrium of people with the changing environment and realizing public functions. This implies that a psychologically healthy personality is adapted to the society and functioning in it. Psychological well-being as a holistic, subjective experience has a basic meaning for the person and is determined by the terminal and instrumental values, which include happiness, happy life, self-actualization, etc. The state of psychological well-being determines the relationship with other people, possibilities of self-development, experiencing meaning and purpose of life, self-understanding and self-acceptance. The results of the research can be used when carrying out psychological consultation on problems of psychological wellbeing and health of the personality.

The complex multifaceted essence of human as a biological, psychological, social being has attracted the attention of researchers and has caused hot debates during centuries. The deep understanding of the phenomenon of human being, his/her nature and essence is critical for the field of clinical medicine such as psychiatry. Nowadays, diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders are the acute problems. Appropriate methods of diagnosis and treatment in the context of “nature vs nurture” dichotomy cause scientific disputes between experts in the relevant fields. The paper attempts to analyze different approaches to mental disorders, as well as specific and non-specific treatment.

In this paper an attempt has been made to investigate Afghan students’ prob­ lems and offer mental health services. For this purpose, the study used the library research. Like Afghanistan in the past four decades involved of war, so the scientific work and research have faced more challenges. Therefore, in the field of children and students according psychopathology few research has been done. Despite be­ ing problems and challenges of students in the field of education and mental health service delivery, and identifying mental health, effective work has not been done. The study found that, more than six million eligible students do not have access to education, 300 schools are closed due to insecurity, only 60 percent of teachers are relative educated graduated fourteen grade or higher than, rate of teacher to students is from 32 up to 93, and 50 percent of schools are without building. So, in the past four years more than 2000 female students have been poisoned or mass hysteria. Whereas, the 48 percent of men and 75.8 percent of women are illiterate. In this study it also found that students with learning difficulties more traumatic ex­ periences 62 percent, 67.7 percent depression, and 72.2 percent had anxiety, also shown. Beyond, dispersed reports of suicide have also been given to the effect of failing to exam. According to mental health services, in all around the country there is only one hospital with 100 beds, 16 psychological counselling centers, countable and little psychiatrists. In addition, we found, that 20 percent of mentally ill clients refer to physician, whereas 80 percent of them are going to non­physician. The purpose of this article is to review in general the educational situation of Afghan students; opportunities, possibilities, and challenges facing them. So continued to talk to psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, and trauma, which they are faced, and mental health services that are provided for them.