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В данной работе приведены результаты исследования, проведенного на карбоновой ферме ЧГУ им. А.А. Кадырова с апреля по ноябрь месяцы 2022 года с целью выявления факторов, влияющих на потоки СО2 в разных экологических условиях. На территории карбоновой фермы, где высажена павловния, про- водились измерения эмиссии СО2, одновременно фиксировали температуру воздуха, температуру и влаж- ность почвы. Были взяты пробы почвы слоев 0-10 см. Полевые методы анализа проводились камерным методом, газоанализатором LI-COR – 7810 на участке, где установлены основания в количестве 10 штук., This paper presents the studies conducted at the carbon farm of the Kadyrov ChSU from April to November 2022 in order to identify factors affecting CO2 fluxes in different environmental conditions. Emissions of CO2 were measured on the territory of the carbon farm, where Paulownia trees were planted; simultaneously air temperature, soil temperature, and humidity were recorded. Soil samples of 0-10 cm were taken and field analysis were carried out by the chamber method with the LI-COR – 7810 gas analyzer at the site where 10 bases were installed., Мониторинг. Наука и технологии, Выпуск 2 (56) 2023

Mass balance bn is the most important indicator of a glacier evolution. However, after the decay of the USSR direct measurements of bn performed in 1985–1989 in the Inner Tien Shan, including the Sary-Tor Glacier in Ak-Shiyrak Massif, had been desisted. As a result the available series of the data were limited 1989. Measurements in this area were renewed only in 2015. This paper is devoted to restoring the continuity of the mass-balance series over the period of the gap in measurements and extending this series down to 1929, i.e. to the beginning of regular meteorological observations on the reference HMS Tien Shan (3660 m a.m.s.l.). Accumulation was reconstructed using a linear relationship of bn with the air temperature and precipitation sum. Reconstruction of ablation was based on its cubic relationship with the temperature (modified Krenke– Khodakov formula) or on two-parameter linear approximation using the air temperature and wind velocity. Thereby, the decade of direct instrumental measurements (1984/85–1988/89 and 2014/15–2018/19) resulted in deriving and analyzing continuous 90-year-long series of annual values of bn and its constituents, analytical type of referent glacio-meteorological equations being assumed unchanged in time. Reconstruction for the Sary-Tor Glacier reveals a dominant trend towards the mass loss with rare and short-time episodes of retarding the negative tendencies. The comparison made with the long series of mass balance of other glaciers in Asia indicates a certain degree of synchronicity, which is slightly disturbed in recent years: the degradation of Sary Tor Glacier tends to progress more intensively. Conclusions about its evolution are particularly relevant in connection with the assumption about the impact of the Kyrgyz-Canadian gold mining company «Kumtor Gold Company» on local ecosystems against the background of its interest in expanding the mining zone to the bowels of the Earth under the tongue of this glaciological object.

The climate change during cold seasons of 1995–2017 in the Central Caucasus is estimated, and its influence on the avalanche regime is shown. Data on the avalanche releases in the Central Caucasus for the period 1968– 2017 together with observations of high-altitude meteorological stations were used for the analysis. The paper presents estimates of snowiness of the winters and their frequency of occurrence in the area under investigation. The winter snowiness was noted to decrease since the beginning of the 2000s. The last decade of the period was not snowy, especially its series of six winters having very small amounts of snow. It is shown that in the second half of the XX century the heaviest snowfalls took place mostly in Januaries, and they were followed by releases of avalanches with the volumes exceeding 1 million cubic metres. In the early 2000‑ies, intensive January snowfalls were observed later, i.e. during the winter-spring period. In the warmer months March and April, the destructive potential of avalanches was noticeably smaller. In the present time, the warming and decrease of winter snowiness resulted in significant diminution of the avalanche hazard in the region. At the same time, on the background of general warming the certain increase in inter-seasonal variability of air temperature was noted. These changes may be compared to the warming of 1910–1945 when during its warmest phase the Europe suffered with one of the harshest winters in 1941/42. The swing of the «temperature pendulum» indicates that a harsh winter with heavy snowfalls and avalanches with catastrophic consequences may occur on the background of winters with mild and moderate avalanche danger. This is one of probable scenarios in the development of avalanche activity in the Greater Caucasus in the context of the current climate change.

The paper presents the analysis of meteorological criteria and the study of their influence on productivity of winter and spring grain crops through 20 years (1999–2018) in the Central zone of the Republic of Kalmykia. Meteorological information was analyzed differentially, i. e. for the entire period, over five-year terms (cycles), in separate years and seasons. The yield analysis was carried out according to the test results of 2170 variety samples of winter soft wheat, 334 samples of winter triticale and 503 spring barley varieties. Over the years the temperature was constantly becoming warmer. The average annual air temperature through 20 years exceeded the climatic norm on 1.30 °C (+10.7 °C). A similar situation took place both over five-year terms and in separate seasons. In winter the air temperature exceeded the norm by 1.7 °C (–2.5 °C), in the spring by +1.7 (+10.50 °C), in summer by +1.4 (+24.50 °C), in the autumn by +0.6 °C (+10.0 °C). In the important (summer) period of grain yield formation the amount of precipitation decreased by 25.6% (85.6 mm) of the climatic norm (115 mm). It was established that the main moisture accumulation (179.1 mm (55.1%) of precipitation) occurred in the autumn (25.8% (83.8 mm)) and in the spring (29.3% (95.3 mm)). Contrasting weather conditions made it possible to establish the effect of anomalous climatic parameters on productivity of winter wheat, winter triticale and spring barley. The results of productivity analysis through 2014–2018 showed that in the changed vegetation conditions winter soft wheat (3.19 t/ha), winter triticale (3.45 t/ha) and spring barley (2.53 t/ha) tended to increase average productivity by 0.34, 1.49 and 0.56 t/ha, respectively, compared with 1996–2000.

Introduction. The air temperature in the intake manifold is used by an electronic engine control unit to adjust the injection time of the fuel injector top. The intake air temperature is variable and depends on the operating conditions of the vehicle. When air intake temperature decreases, the duration of the nozzle opening pulse increases and, conversely, as air intake temperature increases, the duration of thenozzle opening pulse decreases.Materials and methods. The paper demonstrates the analysis of the air temperature effect in the intake manifold of the engine on the duration of the injector opening pulse while the engine is idling and when the vehicle is moving with different speed conditions on the flat, mountainous and alpine sections of the road.Results. As a result, the research showes that the movement of the car at high speeds on the flat sections of the road leads to a significant decrease of air temperature in the intake manifold and an increase in the duration of the injector opening pulse. Moreover, when the vehicle moves on the mountainous sections of the road, the effect of air temperature in the intake manifold on the nozzle opening impulse duration is insignificant, since the speed of the vehicle movement is influenced by the complexity of the terrain and the parameters of the mountain and high-mountain roads.

�� ������������ ������������������ ������������ ���������������������������� ������������ ������������ ���������������������� �� ����������-���������������� ������������������������ �� ���������������� �������������������������������� �������������� ���������������� ��������. ���� ������������ �������������������� ���������������������� ���������������� ������������������������������ ������������, ���������������������� ���������������������������� �������������� ������������ �������������������� ������������ ���� ������������������ ���������������������������������������������� ��������������., The paper presents a quantitative assessment of thermal and wave components that contribute to the permafrost coastal dynamics of the Kara Sea. A retrospective analysis is carried out based on the obtained results, which allows predicting the reaction of the coastal retreat rates to environmental forcing changes., ������������������������ �� ���������������������� ����������, ������������ 9 (160) 2021

Проведен анализ причин ежегодного понижения температуры воздуха в южной части о. Сахалин в период с середины мая по конец июня с привлечением данных измерений, проведенных ИМГиГ ДВО РАН, Гидрометеослужбы и спутниковых карт NASA. Установлено, что температура воздуха в г. Южно-Сахалинске коррелирует с температурой воздуха на юго-восточном побережье о. Сахалин по данным измерений, проведенных в районе п. Охотское. Многолетние наблюдения показали, что примерно с 20-х чисел мая по 10 июня имеется хорошо выраженный температурный пик, после которого наблюдается не только снижение температуры, но и уменьшение среднесуточной скорости роста температуры воздуха. В июле скорость роста температуры воздуха восстанавливается, одной из причин этого является подъем температуры воды Восточно-Сахалинского течения, обусловленный окончанием таяния остатков ледового покрова на восточном шельфе о. Сахалин., The paper analyzes the reasons for the annual decrease in air temperature in the southern part of the Sakhalin Island in the period from mid-May to late June with the involvement of measurement data carried out by the IMGG FEB RAS, Russian Hydrometeorological Service and NASA satellite maps. It was found that the air temperature in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk correlates with the air temperature on the southeastern coast of about. Sakhalin according to measurements carried out in the area of the Okhotskoye settlement. Long-term observations have shown that approx-imately from 20 May to 10 June there is a well-defi ned temperature peak, after which not only a decrease in temperature is observed, but also a decrease in the average daily rate of increase in air temperature. In July, the rate of increase in air temperature is restored. One of the reasons for this is the rise in water temperature of the East Sakhalin current, due to the end of the melting of the remnants of the ice cover on the eastern shelf of the Sakhalin Island., Экологические системы и приборы, Выпуск 11 2020

в последние три десятилетия в связи с современными изменениями климата и антропогенными нарушениями на территории Якутии происходит активизация криогенных процессов, которые негативно отражаются в ландшафтах и социально-экономической сфере в области вечной мерзлоты. Оценка современного состояния и тенденций развития мерзлотных ландшафтов Якутии в условиях глобального изменения климата и их влияние на устойчивость инженерных сооружений являются важной задачей для развивающихся районов Арктики и Субарктики России. Сильнольдистые криогенные ландшафты, занимающие около 30 % территории Якутии, в условиях современного потепления климата находятся в критическом состоянии. Результаты полевых наблюдений показывают, что любое антропогенное воздействие может привести к деградации вечной мерзлоты и ухудшению социально-экономической ценности этих ландшафтов. С этими ландшафтами в Якутии связаны наиболее населенные территории – аласные районы. Поэтому проблема изучения тенденций развития криогенных ландшафтов имеет не только экологическую, но и социально-экономическую, культурную и историческую актуальность., Current climatic changes and anthropogenic disturbances have intensified the development of permafrost-related processes in Yakutia during the last two decades, adversely affecting the landscapes and socio-economic conditions in this permafrost region. The main purpose of this paper is to assess the current state and trends in permafrost landscapes in Yakutia under global climate change. It provides a review of the current scientific literature, as well as analysis of field observations at monitoring sites of the Melnikov Permafrost Institute. The ice-rich permafrost landscapes which occupy about 25 % of Yakutia are in a critical condition under the current climate warming. The results of field observations show that any anthropogenic impact can lead to permafrost degradation and deterioration of the socio-economic value of these landscapes. Alases, which are related to these landscapes, are the most populated areas in Yakutia. Understanding the trends in permafrost-landscape dynamics has therefore not only ecological, but also socio-economic, cultural and historical importance. KEY WORDS: global warming, air temperature, permafrost landscape, engineering structures, Yakutia., ЭКОНОМИКА ВОСТОКА РОССИИ, Выпуск 1 (12) 2020, Pages 49-55

The paper presents results of studies of the dynamics of snow cover characteristics along the Lake Baikal coast for the years 1961–2009. Statistical characteristics of the following elements: snow depth, duration of the period with snow cover, dates of onset and destruction of snow cover, were calculated from data of local meteorological stations. Mean annual snow depth in the region varies from 1 to 36 cm, while the maximal ten-day values changes from 12 cm on the West coast up to 60–86 cm on the East coast. Mean duration of the snow cover in the Baikal region is 138 days, while on the East coast it lasts for 178 days, and on the West one – for 126 days. Long-term trends of the snow cover characteristics are mostly statistically insignificant. However, at the end of the above period dates of the snow cover onset and destruction has been shifted to earlier dates. The inter-annual variability of these dates reaches 30 days. A linear dependence of the snow cover depth on the mean air temperature and the precipitation amount for the cold season was revealed with correlation coefficients from 0.31 to 0.89.

The estimation of glaciers of the Suntar-Khayata Mountains (the Northeastern Siberia) in the context of previously published data is presented. Under the background of current warming the glaciers in this region retreat enough quickly, they decrease not only in a real size, but also by the ice thickness. In this paper the mean summer temperature and solid precipitation of the key factors for glaciation, which indicate unfavorable conditions for the glacier existence at present time are presented as spatial distribution of trends (for 45 years, until 2012). The glaciers of the northern massif of the Suntar-Khayata have a negative ice mass balance as their entire surface is below the equilibrium line altitude. Mean thickness of superimposed ice on the glaciers of this massif was about 17 cm. Based on the assumption of climate variation in the Northern Pacific data it is suggested about the beginning of more favorable climatic conditions for the Suntar-Khayata glaciers.