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The difficulty in accessing loans is one of the major barriers to the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam. Low accessibility to capital forces SMEs to spend both official and unofficial costs in order to obtain loans, and/or to access the unofficial market at higher interest rates, thereby increasing cost of production of enterprises. Studies suggest that the determinants of bank loan processing through which small and medium enterprises can access official loans include: characteristics of enterprises; indicators, reflecting the performance of enterprises; characteristics of loans; characteristics of enterprises, enterprise owners; geographical position of enterprises; the creditworthiness of enterprises and the role of the network.Purpose of the study.The aim of this paper is the quantitative analysis of the factors, affecting accessibility to credit capital of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam.Materials and methods.This study was conducted on the basis of a survey in December 2017. The survey includes 301 enterprises in Hanoi city. Selected enterprises are also enterprises, surveyed in the annual enterprise survey by the General Statistics Office of Vietnam. This paper uses the Probit and Logit regression approach to estimate the impact of factors, affecting the disbursement probability of a loan of an enterprise. The number of SMEs accounts for 56.69% of the samples. The number of enterprises, applying for a bank loan accounts for 58.4% of the total samples, of which the percentage of disbursed loans for SMEs accounts for only 47.3%. For enterprises without a bank loan, eliminating the reasons for the lack of demand and unwish to be in debt, the main reasons not to access bank loans are high interest rates, complicated loan procedures and insufficient collateral.Results.The results obtained from the Logistic and Probit models show that the estimated coefficients are statistically significant, affecting the probability of taking a business loan, accepted by financial institutions. Although the coefficients, estimated from Logistics model are larger than those estimated from the Probit model, the estimated results show that the direction of impact of the variables in two estimation techniques gives quite similar results.Conclusion.Based on the results of this study, the Government of Vietnam should implement policies to support SMEs in the direction of improving their access to capital. The credit institutions should design products and services suitable to the characteristics of SMEs in Vietnam.

Effective economic unit functioning is in a greater degree dependent on financial instruments appliance. Those enterprises that pay considerable attention to financial instruments and effective financial strategy forming appear to be more competitive and economically stable. The aim of master's thesis is to develop a methodical approach to evaluation and adoption of the optimal investment projects financial instruments, used for enterprise development. The existing financial instruments theoretical aspects, including their functions and classification, are considered in this thesis. Academic and scientific - research papers, statistical data and financial statements of the company ZAO "PKF Saturn - 2001" used in this paper. The methodic approach to the optimal financial instruments evaluating and adoption is developed in this thesis. The proposed approach allows one to estimate an investment project, encouraging economic performance growth. As a result of the mechanism developed the company ZAO "PKF Saturn - 2001" was offered the optimal financial instrument for investment project financial banking as leasing. Эффективное функционирование экономических субъектов, в большей степени зависит от использования финансовых инструментов. Предприятия, которые уделяют значительное внимание финансовым инструментам и формированию эффективной финансовой стратегии являются более конкурентоспособными и экономически стабильными. Целью магистерской диссертации является разработка методического подхода к оценке и принятию решения о выборе оптимальных финансовых инструментов для инвестиционных проектов, используемых в развитии предприятия. В работе рассматриваются теоретические аспекты существующих финансовых инструментов, включая их функции и классификацию. В качестве источников информации использовалась учебно-методическая и научно-исследовательская литература, статистические данные, данные бухгалтерской отчетности предприятия ЗАО «ПКФ Сатурн - 2001». В ходе написания магистерской диссертации был разработан методический подход к оценке и принятию решения о выборе оптимальных финансовых инструментов, который позволяет оценить инвестиционный проект, способствуя росту экономических показателей. В результате разработанного механизма предприятию ЗАО «ПКФ Сатурн - 2001» был предложен оптимальный финансовый инструмент, такой как лизинг, для финансирования инвестиционного проекта.

В статье рассматривается проблема развития кредитных отношений в современных экономических условиях в России. Ее актуальность обусловлена тем, что мировой экономический кризис, введение антироссийских санкций, пандемия COVID-19, напряженность внешнеэкономических отношений в настоящее время определяют основные тенденции развития кредитного рынка. Цель настоящей статьи заключается в исследовании современных особенностей кредитных отношений в России. В работе был проведен анализ динамики средневзвешенных процентных ставок по кредитам физическим и юридическим лицам, на величину которых оказывало прямое влияние изменение ключевой ставки Банка России. Была исследована динамика объемов выдачи кредитов в целом по России. Развитию кредитных отношений в России характерны определенные проблемы, в числе которых сокращение количества кредитных организаций и числа их филиалов, кредитное мошенничество, нецелевое использование кредитных средств, низкая платежеспособность населения и проч. Устранение указанных проблем способно оживить кредитную активность., The article deals with the problem of the development of credit relations in modern economic conditions in Russia. Its relevance is due to the fact that the global economic crisis, the introduction of anti-Russian sanctions, the COVID-19 pandemic, the tension in foreign economic relations currently determine the main trends in the development of the credit market. The purpose of this article is to study the modern features of credit relations in Russia. The paper analyzes the dynamics of weighted average interest rates on loans to individuals and legal entities, the value of which was directly affected by changes in the key rate of the Bank of Russia. The dynamics of the volume of loans issued in Russia as a whole was studied. The development of credit relations in Russia is characterized by certain problems, including a reduction in the number of credit institutions and the number of their branches, credit fraud, misuse of credit funds, low solvency of the population, and so on. Elimination of these problems can revive credit activity., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 1 (150) 2023, Pages 1018-1021

В данной работе проведен анализ влияния Ð²Ñ‹ÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¸Ñ Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¹ на действие правового Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ð° в сфере кредитования. Раскрыто понятие и сущность кредитного договора, а также историческое развитие данного договора. Даны общие понятия и классификация Ð²Ñ‹ÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¸Ñ Ñ‚ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¹, Ð¿Ñ€Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ‹Ñ Ð² сфере кредитования. В Ñ€Ð°Ð¼ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ исследования были изучены особенности правового регулирования банковской сферы Российской Федерации., This paper analyzes the impact of high technologies on the operation of the legal mechanism in the field of lending. The concept and essence of the loan agreement, as well as the historical development of this agreement are disclosed. The general concepts and classification of high technologies used in the field of lending are given. As part of the study, the features of the legal regulation of the banking sector of the Russian Federation were studied.

Introduction. Market evolution requires a constant improvement of monetary relations. Commercial credit expands the ability of enterprises to maneuver their working capital. It also mobilizes and redistributes free commodity resources in the production sector. The paper presents a holistic research in the field of credit risk assessment in a particular sector of commercial lending. Study objects and methods. The theoretic section of this publication identifies the design features of a commercial loan and the specific credit risks. The theoretical studies were performed in the context of the classical, legislative, scientific, and synthesized copyright formats. To conduct an assessment, it is necessary to focus on a separate segment of the commercial loan market, with a given regional and industry affiliation. By sorting the market participants according to the balance of outstanding pending debts, the authors chose the metallurgical enterprises of the Kemerovo region as research object. Results and discussion. The applied section reflects the authentic three-stage methodological approach, which includes the following stages of experimental and analytical work. The first stage involves structuring the risk situation and the structural elements of credit risk. The macroeconomic level involves three zones of indirect impact: state, region, and industry. At the microeconomic level, the authors identified several types of risk, in the order of their manifestation. The first one is the risk of delay in repayment of debt arising from the risk of capital structure and business risk. The second type involves subsequent risk of default on the loan, associated mainly with the potential risk of bankruptcy of a potential debtor. The second stage reflects the identification of private indicators for assessing credit risk in the context of its structural elements as based on 17 popular techniques, models, and recommendations of leading foreign and domestic scientists. The targeted selection was based on a given preference criterion, i.e. frequency of applying the coefficient in analytical practice. Thus, the authors obtained the following thematically differentiated combinations: financial independence ratio (capital structure risk indicator), indicators of the quality and correlation of receivables and payables (business risk indicators), coefficient current liquidity and the ratio of own working capital (bankruptcy risk indicators). The third stage involves an analysis of private indicators of the main components of credit risk. The analysis is based on the formed valuation design and the synthesis of valuation characteristics at a given regional and industry level, as compared with all-Russian trends. Conclusion. The analysis of most indicators revealed an unstable situation in the credit policy of metallurgical enterprises in the region, i.e. huge arrays and a high share of overdue debts, an irrational capital structure, a low level of liquidity of the balance sheet, and a significant proportion of unprofitable enterprises. Thus, a high level of risk of delay in repayment of debt and an increasing risk of bankruptcy can increase the level of risk of loan default.

Целью работы является анализ и обобщение опыта управления портфелем кредитования, а также рассмотрение этапов управления портфелем на примере ПАО «ВТБ банк». Задачи, которые решались во время исследования: 1. Рассмотрение Ñ‚ÐµÐ¾Ñ€ÐµÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð² управление качеством кредитного портфеля кредитной организации. 2. Анализ деятельности кредитной организации на примере ПАО «Банк ВТБ». 3. Разработка рекомендаций, Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ñ€Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð½Ð° повышение качества кредитного портфеля. Объект исследования – управление качеством кредитного портфеля ПАО «Банк ВТБ», предмет исследования – кредитный портфель ПАО «Банк ВТБ». Работа проведена на базе ПАО «Банк ВТБ», где собиралась значительная часть фактического материала: результаты деятельности на основании Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ñ‚Ñ‡ÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ð² Банка, показатели и структура кредитного портфеля: по видам заемщиков, отчислениям в резерв под обесценение и категориям качества. Методы исследования: анализ информации; систематизация; структурирование Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ . В результате были рассмотрены показатели и структура кредитного портфеля: по видам заемщиков, отчислениям в резерв под обесценение и категориям качества. Также для оценки качества портфеля были рассчитаны коэффициенты, а также установления достаточности отчислений для покрытия убытков от Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð¾Ð². Анализ розничного портфеля кредитования позволил сформировать программу мероприятий для совершенствования процедур принятия решений по заявкам и работы ÐºÑ€ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ‚Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑÐ¿ÐµÑ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ð², что позволит повысить общее качество портфеля кредитования. Выпускная квалификационная работа состоит из Ñ‚Ñ€ÐµÑ Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð², введения, заключения и списка Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑŒÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ñ‡Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð²., The purpose of work is the analysis and generalisation of experience of management of a credit portfolio, and also consideration of stages of management of a portfolio on an example of PJSC "VTB bank". Tasks that were solved during the research: 1. Consideration of theoretical bases of loan portfolio quality management of credit organization. 2. Analysis of activity of credit institution on the example of "VTB Bank" PJSC. 3. Development of recommendations, directed on improvement of quality of credit portfolio. Object of research - management of credit portfolio quality of VTB Bank PJSC, subject of research - credit portfolio of VTB Bank PJSC. The work was conducted on the basis of VTB Bank PJSC, where a significant amount of factual material was collected: performance results on the basis of annual reports of the Bank, indicators and structure of the loan portfolio: by type of borrower, deductions to the impairment allowance and quality categories. Research methods: analysis of information; systematisation; data structuring. As a result, the indicators and structure of the loan portfolio were reviewed: by types of borrowers, impairment allowances and quality categories. Also, coefficients were calculated to assess the quality of the portfolio, as well as establishing the adequacy of provisions to cover losses from problem loans. The analysis of the retail loan portfolio has enabled the creation of a programme of measures to improve the decision-making procedures on applications and the work of loan officers, which will improve the overall quality of the loan portfolio. The paper consists of three sections, an introduction, a conclusion and a list of references.

В статье рассматриваются показатели, используемые для оценки каче- ства кредитных заявок: контрактное кредитование, банковские гарантии, заёмщики, контрактная база. Кроме этого, сделан акцент на инструменты оценки кредитных за- явок, таких как соотношение «поступления/долг», рентабельность контрактной базы, наличие/отсутствие синхронизации планируемых поступлений по контрактам и плате- жей по действующим кредитам, доля незакрытых авансов, степень диверсификации контрактной базы. Сделан вывод о том, что ключевым фактором оценки контрактного кредитования является качество контрактной базы, которое характеризуется показа- телями, описанными в работе., The article discusses the indicators used to assess the quality of loan applica- tions: contract lending, bank guarantees, borrowers, and the contract base. In addition, empha- sis is placed on tools for evaluating loan applications such as: the ratio of «receipts/debt»; prof- itability of the contract base; whether or not there is synchronization of planned receipts under contracts and payments on existing loans; the share of uncovered advances; the degree of diver- sification of the contract base. It is concluded that the key factor in evaluating contract lending is the quality of the contract base, which is characterized by the indicators described in the paper., Ученые записки Крымского инженерно-педагогического университета, Выпуск 4 (70) 2020

Статья посвящена анализу особенностей формирования инвестиционной политики стран ЦентральноВосточной Европы (ЦВЕ), обоснованию необходимости повышения ее роли в обеспечении высоких темпов роста экономики с учетом сложившихся внешних и внутренних рисков и вызовов. Исследуется ситуация, сложившаяся в инвестиционной сфере ВосточноЕвропейского региона. Рассматриваются основные источники финансирования экономики, в том числе и инвестиций в ее реальном секторе., In the paper the features of investment process and investment policy of the Central and Eastern European countries have been investigated. The analysis of conditions for development of investment process in the region countries and the sources, on which it leans has been carried out the role of investment in the economic growth has been evaluated. The place of foreign investment in the economy has been shown. In the study of specificities of investment process in the Central and Eastern European countries statistical materials have been used., №3(21) (2019)

Today in the global economy and financial markets strengthens the processes of integration and mutual dependence. Credit organizations in these conditions are intended to improve corporate governance, using effective methods of risk management in order to ensure the sustainability and development. Ghostly perspectives on the development of both, the world of the Russian economy and the processes of globalization and liberalization of financial markets lead to the fact that banks are forced to change direction and explore new branches of business, taking on additional risks. This paper examines issues and problems of formation of the client oriented strategy in the banking sector in the conditions of the growing needs of customers and the need to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of domestic credit institutions.

The article describes the current situation in lending intellectual property (IP) rights in Russia. Furthermore, I investigate the existing legal framework for this type of lending. Special attention is paid to Russian and foreign literature review, including dissertations. The author studied the dynamics of lending trademarks license contracts and based on the official data of Federal Service for Intellectual Property of the Russian Federation archives and intellectual activity of 2009 - 2016. I describe borrowers and lenders as well as Russian regional banks having experience in intellectual property rights lending in 2014 - 2016. The author identified and commented the benefits of implementing such credit for a commercial bank and the company-borrower. Special attention is paid to difficulties and risks for both the lender and the borrower. The author has developed a mechanism of intellectual property rights lending, which describes procedures for parties. The study has defined the preferred algorithms for both the company-borrower and profitable bank. Moreover, I have described the "problem loan", or late repayment of credit and interest. The paper describes conditions, which are necessary for the successful implementation of the developed credit schemes. I have revealed the impact of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the status of lending of IP and proposed measures to improve the situation. Recommendations of the author would help to promote secured bank lending of IP rights. This will have positive results for both the borrowers and the regional banks. Проанализирована ситуация с залогом исключительных прав на объекты интеллектуальной собственности за период 2014-2016 годы в России в целом и в банковской системе, в частности. Рассмотрена нормативная база, регламентирующая залог исключительных прав на объекты интеллектуальной собственности. Определены преимущества и риски кредитования. The research has been supported by the Grant of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (the Project. 16-06-00316/16 The development of bank lending of intellectual property).

Данная работа рассматривает ситуацию на рынке недвижимости, сложившуюся в условиях экономического кризиса, которая характеризуется затовариванием и перепроизводством. В таких сложных условиях трудней всего реализовывать залоговую недвижимость, которая по сути своей является проблемной. Описаны причины и факторы, осложняющие реализацию залогового имущества на примере рынка недвижимости города Пермь. Приведены обоснования и факторы, приведшие к формированию ситуации, в том числе просроченные кредиты., This paper examines the situation in the real estate market in the current economic crisis, which is characterized by the overproduction and overstocking. In such difficult circumstances the hardest to sell the collateral property, which is inherently problematic. The causes and factors that complicate the implementation of the collateral by the example of Perm city's real estate market. The substantiation and the factors that led to the formation of the situation, including overdue loans., №6(48) (2016)

В работе проводится анализ ипотечного кредитования как в России, так и на примере работы одного из крупнейших банков - ПАО "Сбербанк России". Рассматривается положение данного банка в отрасли, его финансово-экономическое состояние и предлагаются меры по улучшению эффективности деятельности в данном секторе экономики, в том числе введение новой ипотечной программы., The paper conducts an analysis of mortgage lending in Russia and the example of one of the largest banks, PJSC "Sberbank of Russia". Discusses the position of the Bank in the industry, its economic and financial situation and proposes measures for improving the effectiveness of activities in this sector of the economy, including the introduction of a new mortgage program.

В работе рассматривается теоретические основы процесса кредитования банками физических лиц, нормативно-правовая база, регулирующая кредитование физических лиц в РФ, способы оценки кредитных рисков. Проводится анализ финансового положения ПАО АКБ "Связь-Банк", состояния кредитного портфеля ПАО АКБ "Связь-Банк", рассматривается сравнительная характеристика кредитных продуктов, а также разрабатываются методологические рекомендации по совершенствованию функционирования системы кредитования физических лиц в ПАО АКБ "Связь-Банк"., The paper deals with the theoretical foundations of the process of lending to individuals banks, legal and regulatory framework governing the lending to individuals in Russia, ways of assessing credit risks. The analysis of the financial position of PJSC "Svyaz-Bank", a condition of the loan portfolio of PJSC "Svyaz-Bank", is considered comparative characteristics of credit products, as well as the methodological recommendations designed to improve the functioning of retail lending system PJSC "Svyaz-Bank".

The paper analyzes the main sources of funding for tourism as one of the priorities of non-commodity sectors to create a basis for improving industrial competitiveness and economic diversification. Offer specific proposals for the development and support of tourism., В статье проанализировано основные источники финансирование туризма как одного из приоритетных не сырьевых отраслей для создания индустриальной основы повышения конкурентоспособности и диверсификации экономики. Даны конкретные предложения по развитию и поддержке туризма., У статті проаналізовано основні джерела фінансування туризму як одного з пріоритетних не сировинних галузей для створення індустріальної основи підвищення конкурентоспроможності та диверсифікації економіки. Дано конкретні пропозиції щодо розвитку і підтримки туризму.