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Copyright of Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law is the property of Uzhhorod National University, State Higher Educational Establishment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Macedonian Journal for Criminal Law & Criminology is the property of Macedonian Association for Criminal Law & Criminology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Oriental Studies (Al-Farabi Kazakh National University) / Kazahskij Nacional'nyj Universitet Imeni Al'-Farabi Vestnik Seriâ Vostokovedeniâ is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Research Almanac is the property of D.A.Tsenov Academy of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The territory of the present-day People’s Republic of China is rich in mineral and energy resources which stimulate the growth of the extractive industry in the country. China is currently the world leader in the production of 31 commodities (mineral products): molybdenum, tungsten, iron, aluminum, lead, zinc, gold, coal, gypsum, bentonite, and many others. This stimulates the development of the appropriate infrastructure and training of specialists in the mining industry, the development of international links for investment and the exchange of best production practices. The purpose of this work was to study the history of exploration and extraction of natural resources, establish a domestic strategy for the development of the mining and metallurgical sector, and review leading Chinese mining and metallurgical companies. The paper reviewed key domestic processes in China which would affect the domestic and global mining and metallurgical industry. An assessment of natural resource deposits throughout the whole territory of the country was carried out with their brief description, highlighting the prime prospects, and presenting commodity reserves. The paper presents the main challenges for the mining and metallurgical industry to be met in the 14th Five-Year Plan. The development of the industry up to 2025 implies the expansion of extractive capacities with an overall reduction in dependence on imports, enhancing exploration programs, and the reduction of harmful emissions from operating enterprises, etc. Special attention is paid to publicly traded mining and metallurgical companies in China. The leaders in each sector are presented, and their brief economic indicators are given.

Copyright of Economy of Industry is the property of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of the Economy of Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main problem raised in the paper is in line with a new trend of research, conceptual programs and practical activity that can be termed "hygiene of culture". The study is transcritical in its character and proposes to consider the category of capital generated by the economy in relation to the reproduction of the population in its structural units of civilization and as a cultural community. Trans-discipline methodology is currently being developed, which makes the work is up-to-date. It develops basic aspects of the procreation capital category, which claims to be a generalization of the human capital category. The problem is the restoration of European culture, which has been eroded by the distortion of the ideas of market economy. The reason why it is particularly urgent to find a solution to the problem is the threat posed by the demographic situation of the developed countries of European culture and the adjacent countries of the Slavic-Orthodox cultural cluster by the actual organization of housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, in the times of economic uncertainty and unpredictability, it is important to respond to new challenges in a timely manner, using relevant tools to make effective management decisions. In the world practice, one of such tools for effective management of an industrial enterprise project is PEST-analysis, the functionality of which is considered in this paper. The study purpose is to conduct PEST-analysis, review and analyze the factors affecting the development of the Nivensky GOK (Mining and Concentration Complex), located in the Kaliningrad region – an export-oriented investment project to build a new industrial enterprise with core production of a premium mineral fertilizer, potassium sulfate. Based on the analysis, the paper proposes a number of feasible preventive measures for mitigating effects of negative factors, as well as for the development of strengths of the Nivensky GOK’s company-operator, “K-Potash Service” LLC. Thus, PEST-analysis of key micro- and macroeconomic factors allowed to comprehensively assess the position of Nivensky GOK in the emerging mining-and-chemical industry of Kaliningrad region. The study established the degree of influence of other internal and external factors on the company as well, including the possibilities of introducing new innovative techniques in the industrial enterprise operation, trends in the development of the mineral fertilizer market, taking into account the geopolitical context. Conclusions, recommendations and proposals allow evaluating the company and the possibilities of its development for making strategic and long-term decisions on the project development. The main results of the study can be used as effective tools for optimizing development of the new industrial enterprise project, Nivensky GOK.

The main feature of modern world economic development is global interdependence, which embraces and modifies political, economic, social and environmental conditions. The relevance of the study is due to insufficient research on the processes of transformation of the world economy and the participation in it of the countries of the Central Asian region (CAR). In this regard, the goal of the paper is to analyze the process of transformation of the world economy in the context of institutional globalization, institutional support of international economic interaction, cooperation within the framework of international financial institutions, which are an integral component of the development of the world economy; substantiate strategic priorities for the development of the CARs. The leading method to the study of this issue is the analysis method, which allows to comprehensively consider the strategic priorities of the development of the countries of the Central Asian region in the context of globalization. The paper presents the system of using double standards in the areas of international regulation, identifies obstacles to realizing the benefits of free trade, and reveals the factors of institutional transformation of international economic relations. The materials of the paper are of practical value for the further studying the prospects for the international competitiveness of the countries of the Central Asian region, which is able to develop on its own intellectual basis with the production of the latest scientific and technological solutions in the innovative segments of the world market and provide the proper conditions for the life of the nation.

The unfavorable socio-economic climate, combined with rising internal and external threats mean that an integrated approach should be taken to the task of sustainable development. Intellectual capital plays the key role in solving this problem. The goal of this study is to develop a methodology for a comprehensive assessment of the level of sustainable development in regional systems. An analysis of the approaches presented in the scientific literature has shown that the sustainability of regions in most cases is considered as a combination of economic, social and environmental aspects. In this paper, the traditional structure of the regional system is supplemented with intellectual capital, which acts as a driver for the innovative development strategy. The system of indicators for assessing the sustainability of economic, social and environmental spheres is substantiated. A system of indicators reflecting the human, structural and client components of intellectual capital has been constructed for analysis; intellectual capital is regarded as an intellectual sphere in this case. The paper proposes an integral indicator that characterizes the sustainable development of the regional system. The proposed methodology for assessing sustainability in the context of four areas has been tested on the regions of the Northwestern Federal District. Only St. Petersburg has high values for all components of the rating. The problems of underperformers in the rating (the Republics of Karelia and Komi, as well as the Vologda Oblast) are mainly due to environmental issues. The Kaliningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions have a low stability of the economic sphere. These regions, as well as underperformers, have problems in the social sphere as well. The assessment of the connectivity of the four spheres "economy – social sphere – ecology – intellectual sphere" was made using a matrix of paired correlation coefficients. The analysis showed a strong relationship between the social and intellectual spheres of the regions, which confirms the thesis about the priority of investments in social infrastructure in the framework of the implementation of the innovation development strategy. These two areas also have a fairly close relationship with the economy. The environmental sphere has its own peculiar problems. It has an average level of interconnection with the social and intellectual spheres and a low level with the economy, which indicates the insufficient environmental friendliness of the economy of the regions of the Northwestern Federal District.

The article considers such forms of integration between enterprises as subcontracting and cooperation, designed to increase the industrial potential, activate the processes of restructuring industries and move them to a qualitatively new level. The purpose of the study is to identify the features and trends of the process of integration of enterprises through the mechanism of subcontracting and cooperation within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and to substantiate the prospects for its further development.The paper describes the degree of development of national subcontracting markets in the countries that are part of the Eurasian Economic Union, and identifies the features of national systems for supporting cooperation and subcontracting processes. The authors carry out the analysis of the dynamics of cooperative supplies between the EAEU member states in the sectoral context, as well as the analysis of structural shifts in trade in intermediate goods in the context of the participating countries. The latter found a shift in the final links of the cooperative chains of product value formation in the EAEU space, which indicates the deepening of integration processes. The article considers the problems of information, financial and regulatory support for the development of subcontracting and cooperation. The paper determines the reasons that hinder the integration processes in the EAEU. The results of the study can be used in the development of an industrial strategy and integration policy in the Eurasian space.

The paper investigates the relevance of foreign direct investment (FDI) as a factor inhibiting economic growth in Nigeria. This paper inspects the sectorial influence of FDI in manufacturing, mining, oil and the telecommunications sectors on economic growth in Nigeria based on theoretical framework founded on the standard growth accounting theory, detailed analysis of the sectorial FDI over the period 1981 and 2017 was carried out. Various econometric methods are employed, such as the ADF test, Dickey and Fuller test (1979), PP test (Phillips and Perron, 1988) are used for the unit root test, and the Shahbaz and Rahman (2010) method is used for the long-run relationship between the foreign direct investment and economic growth. The paper also adapted the framework provided by M.B. Obwona (2004). The paper formalizes a mechanism of recommendations to allow for the influence of foreign direct investment in the transmission of socio-economic growth generated in Nigeria. In conclusion, government should provide an enabling environment that will encourage foreign investors to invest in Nigeria economy by addressing the security challenges in the country, understanding that investment friendly environment will improved regulatory framework as well as encourage domestic investment.

Bangladesh is one of the major labor-sending countries of the world. Each year a huge number of people deliberately migrate overseas for both long and short-term employment. This paper highlights the key impacts of migration including creating job opportunities for Bangladeshi workers and in making a significant contribution to the economy of Bangladesh. However, the paper also focuses on the negative aspects of international migration including exploitation of many migrant workers and the problems of not having provisions to protect their rights. Migration is a factor which affects both the sending and receiving countries. With the passage of time, as all types of migration increased significantly and it made vast socio-economic development of the area of destination through sending remittance. In Bangladesh, only international remittance has 6% share of total GDP (though it has several demerits like ‘brain drain’, ‘lost labor’ etc.). International migration has a significant impact on fertility pattern of Bangladesh.

At the moment, youth policy is becoming one of the main priorities for the development of the state and society, it takes a special place in the economic growth of the country, and attention is given to it in the environment of higher education. At the same time, the problem of the demand for the potential influence of youth policy on the development of an educational organization of higher education, as well as the difficulties that arise in implementation of youth policy in a university development program, remains insufficiently studied. Methods. Expert questioning, factor analysis and analysis of cause-and-effect relationships, general statistical analysis and analysis of regulatory documents, construction of matrices and graphs. The information base consisted of a survey of 145 vice-rectors of Russian universities from 52 regions of the Russian Federation, conducted from October to December 2023, which examined practical approaches to the implementation of youth policy. Aim. To study the degree and nature of youth policy influence on the main directions of the university activities, which, in its turn, will make it possible to specify its role in achieving the strategic goals of the university. Result. The role of youth in the strategic and economic development of the university is analyzed, the most significant factors are highlighted, and the influence of the main directions of youth policy on increasing the university recognition, economic efficiency and strategic planning was shown. Conclusions. The paper contains the data on specifics and significance of youth policy, promising directions for studying the mechanisms of its implementation, including for effective integration into university development programs.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that under the conditions of sanctions there are problems not only with the arrival of imported raw materials and goods to the Russian market for the uninterrupted process of industrial production, but also with the processes of supplying Russian oil and gas abroad. In this regard, the paper is aimed at identifying and analyzing exis ting and new opportunities for the full and efficient operation of Russian industry. The leading approach (or method) to studying the problem is deve loping measures for new sales and supply channels formation for the Russian oil and gas industry further development. Oil and gas products supply vo lumes abroad before and after sanctions implementation have been assessed. Based on the results of the study and scientists’ works, it has been concluded that in the future it will be necessary to continue the search for new ways of both supply and realization of oil and gas raw materials and products for the Russian industrial production stable operation in the near future.

Diversifying economy from one sector to another is a vital problem faced by many nations across the globe. Many countries believe that economic development is achieved by diversifying the economy by switching the major revenue sectors. The main objective of this research paper is to study the economic development of Kurdistan region through diversification from Oil to agriculture economy and one more objective is to find out how the role of FDI will create the impact over the growth of economy in agriculture sector. The study is concentrated on 50 agriculturists through convenience sampling method. Kurdistan is an autonomous province in Iraq which is heavily dependent on oil sector for its major part of revenue. On the other hand it is ignoring agriculture sector which has a great potential to earn heavy revenue for the country. This paper reveals that, the Agriculture can play the major role in the economic development of Kurdistan in future as an employment generation, increase in GDP, Increase in Government revenue and diversify development. This research paper proposes some financial model for the possible growth of agriculture sector along with agro technology through small investor FDI scheme and Agriculture insurance scheme. From this study, it is found that if proposed suggestion is been concentrated on agriculture by KRG surely GDP will increase.

This paper explores digital culture with the tools of cultural semiotics in general, and then employing the semiosphere model in particular. Web 2.0 platforms are taken as the major cultural dispositive of our time, as the most representative way in which the internet shapes digital culture. Most of the global population is currently immersed in digital culture. In the first part of the paper the striking similarities between Web 2.0 platforms and the semiosphere are explored and equivalences between the elements of the classic (Lotman’s) semiotic model and these platforms, or platfospheres, are identified. The second part explores the fundamental difference between the “genetic code” at the centre of the semiosphere (as conceived by Lotman), and the computer code and commercial algorithms at the core of the platfospheres that are responsible for their cultural operation. Then the parallels are examined that arise between the past cultural reality, in which the intellectual elite and academics were the driving force of culture, and the contemporary proactive (or even aggressive) core of the platfospheres, in which secret and patent-protected algorithms shape a cultural reality exclusively motivated by the logic of commercial success.

This paper aims to describe the theory and reality of welfare balance associated with population growth as well as its impact on the sustainability of development based on green growth. This paper also conveys the role of science to answer the “what, why and how” related to sustainability and green growth economy.

The article is devoted to delimitation of nationalization and concepts related to it, namely expropriation, requisition, confiscation, alienation of real estate objects for the reason of social necessity. For this purpose, author identifies competent entity, object of alienation and type of decision in each of specified actions. In article was proven that nationalization is a policy tool and it should be provided by act of legislative body that runs the economic policy. Expropriation can be defined as international concept rather than economic. The related notions were examined as well. Finally, ways for improving the legal regulation were also proposed. The paper is prepared with the complex tools of tax law, criminal law, customs law, sea trade code, civil procedural code etc. The civil procedural code is compared with commercial procedural code in the context of assets arrest. In the paper the certain grounds of such governmental activity stated. One of the examples is the situation with a nowadays state-owned bank "Privatbank". The other is real estate complex of "Mezhihirya". After the paper preparation the conclusions were made, e.g. suggested not to sellout the confiscated equipment, but to transfer this to the state-owned companies; there must be a legal reason for nationalization, in other case the state would not provide such kind of economic policy; each case of state intrusion into the property rights of the business, there should be specific guarantees for the economic system. Suggested to eliminate the using of the word "expropriation" in the national legal field. The objects, subjects and reasons for each of the so-called "acts" are classified in purpose to make a notion of each case .of the deprivation of the private property of the business. Stated, that the principles of economic law must be observed during such activity of the state.

Hydrogen energetics is undoubtedly highly relevant today as it not only allows solving the issue of energy production from a renewable water source but can also prevent the formation of greenhouse gases. They say that any new idea is a well forgotten old one. The paper is dedicated to an excellent but still unimplemented work of Sainte-Claire Deville who managed to obtain hydrogen from water vapor using membrane technology. He used a clay pipe as a membrane which selectively permeated hydrogen. This process occurred with heating up to 950 °C. Sainte-Claire Deville managed to obtain only a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of 4:1 and then to clean the product from oxygen using chemical reactions. Modern membrane catalysts based on palladium or its alloys are selectively permeable only for hydrogen. This means that the membrane catalysis method with palladium membranes could allow to realize of hermal water disassociation more effectively and solve the issues of hydrogen energetics using only renewable raw materials. The history of hydrogen discovery and methods of its production was also studied in this review. Different methods of energy production were analyzed, including mineral resources, wind turbines, solar panels, hydroenergetics, electrolysis, and nuclear power, and a forecast was presented based on them. The review should be considered as an invitation to further discussions regarding this highly relevant and important topic

The purpose of the paper is to study the essence of agent-based modeling, defining its features and prospects of usage in the modeling of socio-economic development of territories and systematization of domestic and foreign approaches to the development of prototypes for agent-based models of territories. Information basis for the research comprised the works on agent-based modeling by Russian and foreign scholars, especially articles and monographs of scientists of the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute under the Russian Academy of Sciences, papers presented in an international journal The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation and other sources available on the Internet. The article presents theoretical and methodological foundations of agent-based models of territories. The author considers the concepts of “agent-based modeling” and “agent” and defines specifics of agent-based models in comparison with other types of simulation modeling. The paper also describes major stages of building agent-based models for territories and considers qualification requirements to a modeling subject. Furthermore, it reviews Russian and foreign approaches to the development of prototypes for agent-based models of territories. It has been determined that most of them deal with the modeling of spatial, territorial and socio-economic development of regions, cities and municipal entities. Agents in such models are presented by households, residents of regions and cities, enterprises and organizations operating in their territory, and public administration authorities (their inclusion in the model makes it possible to test different options of management impacts on territories by changing the model parameters, for instance, the introduction of certain prohibitions and quotas, issuance of permits, distribution of financial resources, etc.). At the end of the paper, the author formulates major conclusions. He shows the complexity faced by developers of agent-based models of socio-economic development and prospects for further research in this field. It has been established that the agent-based approach to the modeling of socio-economic development of territories is very promising, it helps improve the efficiency of forecasting regional development and management decisions due to a very detailed and realistic reconstruction of the internal structure of a region in the form of separate independent economic entities that interact with each other and with external environment, and also due to the possibility of fast processing and analysis of large amounts of data

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. The article focuses on the figure of Noyon (Prince) Tseren-David Tundutov, a most renowned Kalmyk nobleman whose multifaceted efforts were derived from the dramatic social upheavals and disturbances of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The topic still remains understudied since earlier works contained only insufficient data which made it virtually impossible to describe his personality in greater detail. Furthermore, the bulk of the former were published in the Soviet era, and the evaluations of Kalmyk noblemen’s endeavors are definitely to be revised. Goals. So, the paper aims to — wherever possible — extensively outline sociopolitical, economic, and household aspects of Noyon Ts.-D. Tundutov’s life. Materials and methods. The study basically employs both general scientific and special historical methods, with particular roles to be played by that of systems analysis and the principle of historicism that have proved instrumental in examining Noyon Ts.-D. Tundutov’s deeds contextually. The principle of objectivity has been secured by specially selected and compared sources of diverse origin, including some newly introduced material pertaining to records management. Results. Noyon Ts.-D. Tundutov was taking a most active part in solving social and political issues that arose from facts of the early twentieth-century Kalmyk life, namely: land and nationality questions, religious problems, economic affairs, and his endeavors as a deputy of the Imperial Duma. Special attention should be paid to the complete data on the Noyon’s real and personal property uniquely published herein. Conclusions. Despite the 1892 Reform had virtually deprived him of any subject commoners he succeeded in gaining opportunities for a successful development of his gardens and farms reported to have became diversified enough. In social and political life, he did achieve a status of somewhat ethnos-wide leader capable of demonstrating personal qualities required by the community in the early twentieth century.

The purpose of this study is to assess the level of gender differences in the labor market of Kazakh-stan before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The relevance of the study is provided by the need to investigate the causes of gender differences and gender discrimination in the labor market, as well as the importance of developing measures to improve gender policy. The paper raises the issue of women’s opportunities and rights in the labor market for the effective use of women’s potential for the benefit of the country. A literary review has shown that a special place among various works is occupied by an approach that focuses on the influence of the social structure of society on the relationship between the sexes, the empirical basis of which is the results of specific sociological studies. This study is based on complex approaches, such as systematization and grouping of statistical data. Statistical data were taken for 2018-2021 from the Bureau of National Statistics by gender. The developed methodological tools will allow for a reliable and formalized analysis of the gender pay gap and identify the main determinants of gender pay differences. The proposed indicators differ in the availability and possibility of analyzing indicators at the regional level. The results of the study showed the current state of the labor market in the gender context and it was revealed that women’s labor is less in demand and valuable than men’s labor. The results of the study can serve as a scientific justification for the implementation of an effective policy in the field of women’s empowerment in the labor market

Introduction. The paper examines traditional Kalmyk society during WWI. The Soviet-era historiography dealing with the issue in question is limited to few articles published in the 1960s–1980s. More attention has been paid to the topic relatively recently, and some of its aspects need further additions, since this tends to become relevant enough in the light of present-day international relations and the need to strengthen historical unity of peoples constituting our nation. Goals. The work specifically aims to provide additional insights into everyday life of Kalmyk nomads during WWI and primarily — the 1916 mobilization activities in Kalmyk uluses. Materials and methods. The article analyzes of a wide range of official documents stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia, the bulk of the latter be newly introduced into scientific circulation. The work employs a set of general scientific and special historical research methods, of which the principles of historicism, objectivity and system-oriented analysis are of paramount importance. The synthesis of sources involved and the selected research methods has yielded a reliable picture of Kalmyk realities in the face of war-driven anxiety. Results. Unlike many regions of Russia, the economy of Kalmyk Steppe (Astrakhan Governorate) was based on nomadic and semi-nomadic livestock breeding and did maintain its stability. However, this stability was ensured by large and medium-scale livestock breeders who were to increase food (and other) production to meet the increased demand of war time. For the poor and some middle-class peasants the war brought additional hardships, including the particularly burdensome mobilization for rear services in the front-line provinces.

At the end of the 18th – in the beginning of the 19th century in Crimea there took place significant changes in the ethnic and confessional spheres. The eviction of Christians, the mass emigration of the Crimean Tatars led to a reduction in the population. The Russian authorities have begun to implement measures to settle Novorossia in general and Crimea in particular with colonists from internal provinces and migrants from abroad. One of the main issues in the study of the past of the Jewish communities of Crimea is the problem of transforming the identity of the old-time population. The domestic policy of the Russian government in the “national regions” at the end of the 18th – in the first half of the 19th century greatly complicated interethnic and interfaith relations both between Jewish rabbis and representatives of the “titular” nation of the empire, and between the Karaite and rabbinic communities of Crimea. The Karaites had to prove their difference from the Rabbinical Jews in order to achieve civil and economic preferences. The assistance of the government in many matters allowed the Karaites to strengthen their economic and legal position. The paper analyzes the legislative acts and resolutions adopted by the Russian government in relation to Jewish rabbis and Karaites. In the legal field of the Russian Empire, the Karaites received a new legal status according to which they were granted various rights and freedoms. On the other hand, the tax burden and social oppression against the Jewish population increased.

The paper reveals the main directions of agrarian policy of tsarism in Turgay region from 1868 till 1917. The goals and objectives of the resettlement policy in the region, as well as the impact of these processes on the socio-economic development of the region are investigated. The agricultural processes in the Turgay region, the development of agriculture and cattle breeding are analyzed. The paper helps understand the character of development of agrarian relations in Western Kazakhstan in this period.