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Infective myocarditis can be considered as a case of myocardial damage caused by different infectious agents. Traditionally discusses the questions of diagnostics and treatment infectious myocarditis. The paper has repeatedly stressed the difficulty of clinical diagnosis, and the laboriousness and economic costs of laboratory tests and additional researches. Endomyocardial biopsy findings remain the gold standard for unequivocally establishing the diagnosis. However, it is technically extremely invasive test and can be performed only in specialized cardiology centers. The paper analyzes in detail not only own materials, but also results of researches published in numerous domestic and foreign sources of literature. Publication of «Infectious myocarditis» is necessary due to the fact that patients with a diagnosis of «Myocarditis » account for 11% of all cardiovascular disease in the world. Article is timely and necessary for many professionals, senior students of medical universities.

The paper discusses the issues of morphofunctional variability of sapronoses pathogens in stressful environment. In the current century, sapronoses infections attract increasing attention. Under unfavorable environmental conditions the pathogens use the strategy for the formation of resting (stable) states, that is: viable but non-culturable cell formes and persistent bacteria, which are characterized by reduced metabolism and changes in the morphology and physiology of the microorganisms, termination of replication. Possibility of sapronoses pathogens survival in interepidemic period and antibiotic resistance formation, which play an important role in chronic infections, are associated with the formation of persistent forms of bacteria. The literature extensively discusses mechanisms and conditions of the pathogenic bacteria stable states formation and their pathogenetic contribution to infectious pathology, whereas ultrastructural organization and morphological variability of persistent cell forms, as well as their differentiation, causing the pathogens population heterogeneity, is still insufficiently illuminated. Based on the analysis of current data and their own experience, the authors evaluate the morphological and functional changes of bacteria stable cellular forms and their role in sapronoses pathogens adaptation strategies.

In this paper we introduce new approach in formed in heterogeneous biological fluids immune complexes analysis. The approach is based on an analysis of the contribution of immune complexes in dynamic light scattering, recorded by laser correlometer with heterodyne measurement circuit. We demonstrated our approach sensitivity using embryonic calf serum model in addition of monoclonal antibody against hepatocuprein. Proposed approach is capable to detect forming immune complexes by adding antigen at a concentration greater than 150 pg/ml. Using immunoaffinity techniques we confirmed the lawfulness of identified peaks in the histograms of dynamic light scattering as appropriate immune complexes. For these purposes, we selectively removed immune complexes using staphylococcal protein A sepharose immobilized on the particles or increased in size immune complexes due to their further aggregation using antibodies specific for human immunoglobulin. The proposed approach can detect immune complexes in various biological fluids.

At present there is strong evidence of the long-term persistence of Yersinia pestis in soil during interepizootic period in nonculturable and L-forms of bacteria. This information helps to reveal the mechanisms of emergence, establishment and extinction of plague foci. Deciphering causes of transformation of plague microbe in rodent burrows is possible only under condition of detailed study of biocenotic relations of plague causative agent with each of the multiple biocenosis components, including microorganisms -permanent inhabitants of the burrow microbiotopes in natural plague foci. Purpose of the study: Study of interactions of microscopic fungi-micromycetes iso-lated from burrow microbiotopes of great gerbil and little souslik in the Ural-Emba interfluve and in Nogai steppe with plague agent and its vectors. Materials and methods: The effect of 74 micromycete species, isolated in natural plague foci, on Yersinia pestis virulent strains was studied in vitro and in vivo (in organisms of X. skrjabini fleas). In the experiments in vitro fungi metabolites were applied on the lawns of Y. pestis test-cultures with subsequent recording of the size of lysed zones. Fleas were challenged in tubes with filtering-paper strips impregnated by fungal cultural liquid and then LT100 value was calculated. In the experiments in vivo fungus conidia were applied on the surface of insect cuticle; flea challenging with plague was carried out on agonizing white mice infected by plague microbe. Insect challenge with plague and fungal conidia was alternated in different succession. Results and discussion: Of 74 micromycete strains 78.4% produced antagonistic effect in relation to 1-5 Y. pestis strains. Ashergillus versicolor, A. clavatus, A. sulfereus, Mucor racematus, Penicillium baarnensens, P. sp. relative to P. charlesii, P. sp. relative to P. martensii, P. insectus, P. chrysogenum fungi induced growth suppression of all five test strains of Y. pestis. High antibiotic activity of fungi metabolites was accompanied by insecticidal activity against Xenopsylla skrjabini fleas. Microscopic fungi P. funiculosum, P. cyclopium, P. chrisogenum, P. charlesii. P. canescens, A. versicolor induced 100% flea death on 4-6 day. As a result of insect pretreatment by conidia of P. funiculosum with subsequent challenging with plague microbe block formation in fleas decreased 14 times, and the number of Y. pestis cells after 12 days was 25-33 times less independent of succession, in which insects were challenged with microorganisms. Conclusion. It is supposed that micromycetes could play an important role in natural plague foci, adjusting epizootic activity of plague vectors and causative agent.

Acinetobacter baumannii and related species of the A. baumannii complex are the common and one of the most difficult-to-treat nosocomial pathogens. In this paper, we report the data on antimicrobial susceptibility of 568 isolates of Acinetobacter spp., including 542 A. baumannii, collected in 31 hospitals of 21 cities of Russia in 2013-2014 as part of the national multicenter surveillance study on antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial pathogens, «MARATHON». Acinetobacter spp. and, specifically, A. baumannii isolates comprised, respectively, 14.4% and 13.7% of all bacterial nosocomial isolates. In A. baumannii, the non-susceptibility rates to carbapenems were: 74.7% to meropenem, 79.9% to doripenem, and 70.9% to imipenem; the genes for acquired molecular class D carbapenemases were detected in 63.5% of isolates. Those included the genes for OXA-24/40-like (39.7%), OXA-23-like (23.8%) и OXA-58-like (0.6%) enzymes (three isolates carried simultaneously the genes for OXA-23- and OXA-24/40-like β-lactamases). Most of the isolates were insusceptible to ciprofloxacin (98.0%), to aminoglycosides: gentamicin (71.2%), amikacin (88.0%) and netilmicin (61.0%), and to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (68.5%). Colistin had the highest in vitro activity with resistance rate being as low as 1.9%. A total of 47.1% and 82.1% isolates had the MICs of tigecycline and sulbactam exceeding the epidemiological cut-off values of 1 mg/l and 4 mg/l, respectively. Notably, 98.0% of the A. baumannii isolates were categorised as multidrug resistant (MDR) and 64.4% - as extensively drug-resistant (XDR).

The paper reviews the literature on the impact of different breast milk parameters on a baby's immunity. It characterizes humoral and cellular factors and other protective components in breast milk. There is evidence for the advantage of breastfeeding for the development of the immune system in infants.

In the paper synthesis the results of Ni-based nanotubes obtained by the electrochemical deposition, as well as the research of nanotube reactivity in aggressive environment are presented. The kinetic curves of changing the atomic ratio of Ni and O are determined in the crystal structure of nanotubes depending on the environment acidity.

The paper presents modern classification of Pasteurella bacterias with indicating etiological significance, biological characteristics and biochemical properties which allow their identification. Developed and tested a short scheme of identification for all available types of Pasteurella spp. with using of strains and field isolates’ collection.

The paper considers treatment regimens for metastatic bladder cancer (MBC) and gives the data of trials of the efficiency of using different chemotherapy schemes and regimens in patients with MBC.

Therapy resistant asthma (TRA) is most difficult to treat and its course is least predictable. TRA remains least studied despite the fact that its many mechanisms have been detected. There is still no clear definition of TRA phenotype, and the terminology has not been widely used so far. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role of pharmacogenetic factors in therapy with glucocorticosteroids and β2-agonists in TRA patients and work out criteria for predicting therapy resistance based on genetic markers. The paper presents the results of the studies which helped to identify the phenotype of TRA taking into account its pathogenetic and clinical heterogeneity, to determine predictors of the disease and establish uniform criteria for diagnosis taking into account genetic determinants.

The paper presents analysis of the development and the current status of the doctrine about rickettsia and rickettsiosis. Progress in the study of Rickettsia is associated with, improved methods for their detection and isolation - using live biotechnological systems (cultivation in the experimental lines of ticks-sensitive lines of eukaryotic cells) in combination with methods of genotyping and. classical ricketsial methods. The development and. use of new methodological approaches to the study of tick-borne rickettsiae and other alpha-proteobacteria led to an important revision of ideas about genetic diversity, heterogeneity of antigenic and. biological characteristics, ecology and. contribution to the infectious pathology of various representatives of the order Rickettsiales in Russia.

The paper reviews the literature on the use of L-lysine aescinate in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. It describes the positive experience of neurologists of Ukraine in using L-lysine aescinate for stroke, brain and spinal cord injuries. It shows that it is necessary to conduct multicenter placebo-controlled trials of the efficacy and safety of the drug in CNS diseases.

The composition of the intestinal microbiota is regulated by the immune system. This paper discusses the role of cytokines and innate immunity lymphoid cells in the intestinal immune regulation by means of IgA.

Работа посвящена изучению воздействия низкочастотного электромагнитного излучения на культуры Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis. В ходе проведенных исследований авторами установлено, что на культуры Staphylococcus aureus и Bacillus subtilis электромагнитное излучение оказывает выраженное бактериостатическое действие, The paper studies the impact of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation on culture Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis. In the course of the studies, the authors found that in the culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis electromagnetic radiation has a strong bacteriostatic action.

Uncontrolled factors of the environment significantly reduce apple yielding power. Tree winter resistance is considered to be one of the basic indexes of adaptation. Certain resistant apple varieties have been revealed. The problem of manifestation of the mechanism of the resistance to winter unfavorable conditions is considered in this paper. A positive tendency has been revealed at the relationship between the contents of saccharose, proline, anthocyans, cyanidines and proteins in one-year shoots and winter resistance of apple varieties. A pattern of the apple variety resistant to winter unfavorable conditions is suggested.

The signal molecules produced by legume plants and soil bacteria rhizobia and involved in early steps of symbiosis regulation were identified through the evaluation of molecular mechanisms of plant-rhizobia communication. The molecular dialog between plants and rhizobia is initiated by plant flavanoids inducing the synthesis and secretion of lipochitooligosaccharide molecules Nod factors by rhizobial bacteria. Nod factors are N-acetylglucosamine oligomers, modified by fatty acid and certain chemical groups. Nod factors trigger a set of plant reactions resulting in a formation of root nodules - nitrogen fixing symbiotic organs. Fine chemical structure of signal molecules determines host specificity of the symbiosis. Nod factors are active in low concentrations and possess mitogenic and morphogenic activity, therefore they are recognized as the new class of growth regulators. In this paper the modern data about study of Nod factor perception mechanisms and signal transduction pathway in legume plants are presented and considered with perspective for future application of these knowledge for practical increasing of symbiosis efficiency from plant side. This work was supported by RFBR 07-08-00700a (Russian Foundation of Basic Research), CRDF RUXO-012-ST-06 (BP2M12) and HIII-5399. 2008. 4, RFBR-NWO (06-04-89000-НВОЦ-а) grants.

The paper shows the significance of studying both the indices of productivity, and the indices of the immune status in animals. It is important to control the immune status of animals in critical periods of their life. When the decrease of the level of immune status is revealed it is necessary to correct it by using biologically active substances.