Search

Рассмотрены возможности анализа качества поверхности мелованных видов бумаги с применением атомно-силовой микроскопии. Показано, что техника анализа поверхности целлюлозно-бумажных материалов с использованием АСМ является достаточно универсальной и дает объективную характеристику шероховатости различных видов целлюлозно-бумажной продукции. В отличие от традиционных «воздушных» методов контроля качества целлюлозно-бумажной продукции, которые стандартизированы как в системе ISO, так и в рамках национальных и отраслевых систем по стандартизации (ГОСТ, DIN, SCAN, TAPPI), этот метод дает прямое изображение рельефа поверхности (близкое к 3D). Обработка полученных изображений поверхности листа с применением встроенного программного обеспечения позволяет рассчитать шероховатость в полном соответствии с требованиями ГОСТ 2789–73 и международной рекомендации по стандартизации ИСО Р 468. Следует отметить, что полученные данные согласуются с данными, полученными другими методами, однако в некоторых случаях при равном косвенном показателе шероховатости, указанном производителем, прямой расчет параметра Ra по данным АСМ дает разные результаты. Данный метод прямого анализа поверхности мелованных видов бумаги, использованный в работе, может в перспективе рассматриваться как метод оперативного контроля процессов поверхностной обработки различных материалов., The possibilities of surface quality analysis of coated paper types using atomic force microscopy are considered. It is shown that the technique of surface analysis of pulp and paper materials using AFM is quite versatile and gives a reliable characterization of roughness of different types of pulp and paper products. In contrast to traditional "air" quality control methods for of paper products, which are standardized in ISO system, and through of national and industry standardization systems (GOST, DIN, SCAN, TAPPI), this method gives a direct image of the surface topography (close to 3D image). Processing of the image surface of the sheet using embedded software allows calculating the roughness in full accordance with the requirements of GOST 2789-73 and the international recommendations for the standardization of ISO P 468. It should be noted that the obtained data are consistent with those obtained by other methods, however, in some cases, equal to indirect measure of roughness specified by the manufacturer, the direct calculation of the Ra parameter according to the AFM gives different results. This method of direct surface analysis of coated papers used in the work, can in future be considered as a method of operative control processes for the surface treatment of various materials.

В статье исследованы параметры водородных связей в конденсаторной бумаге на основе сульфатной небеленой сосновой целлюлозы и в чертежной прозрачной бумаге (кальке) на основе хлопковой целлюлозы. Определены плотность, длина и энергия водородной связи в исходных образцах и в образцах после термообработки. Предложена новая методика исследования водородных связей в материалах на основе растительного волокна., The paper presents the results of the study on parameters of the hydrogen bond by IR spectroscopy in the capacitor paper that comes from high-refined sulfate unbleached pulp and the high transparent drawing paper (transparent tracing paper) based on cotton cellulose. Selection of samples for research dictated the conditions of production, ensuring the formation of a highly developed system of hydrogen bonds. A new technique to study the hydrogen bonds in the materials based on plant fibers without destroying them is proposed. The study determined the density, length and the energy of hydrogen bonds in the initial samples and the samples after heat treatment. It is found that the strongest H-bond in both paper samples equal in energy, but differ in the relative density. During heat treatment, the bond density of all energies is decreased.

Introduction. The moral and physical deterioration of medium voltage power cables with phase and zone paper-impregnated insulation requires implementation of quality systems and reliable nondestructive electric diagnostic. Informative indicator of the insulation is the time decay curve of the charging current. It reflects the processes of accumulation of space charges (absorption). The measurements are carried out the 15th since the second direct voltage supply, then – on the 30th and the second on the 60th second. The ratio of the parameters measured in these times gives the dimensionless criteria – absorption coefficients. Three measurements are made at different times, provide a more complete picture of the state of insulation than the measurement of the value of steady leakage (conduction-through), adopted in conventional prevention trials. Purpose. Research and testing methods of diagnostics of power cables with paper-impregnated insulation by absorption and phase characteristics of the belt insulation based on the total measurements. Methodology. A procedure for determining the individual characteristics of phase and zone paper-impregnated insulation based realized on the use of the equivalent circuit of a three-core cable in the metal shell and solved of an over determined system of linear algebraic equations by least squares. Results. The proposed method allows determining the absorption characteristics of the individual phase and zone insulation medium voltage power cables in the overall metal shell at a direct voltage. Individual characteristics reflect the characteristics of cables and allow a greater degree to assess the degree of aging of each of the components of paper-impregnated insulation. Originality. Regardless of the cable connection diagrams probing electric field grabs as the phase, and zone insulation. The cumulative nature of the measurement leads to the fact that the differences in the properties of insulation components are smoothed: the aggregate results of the measurements do not differ for the different schemes of the same type. The individual characteristics of isolation, defined on the basis of the proposed method are more differences than total, indicating that non-symmetrical modes of operation of the cable. Practical value. The values of individual characteristics power cables 6 kV are 3 times more total, because of what their direct measurement may be a problem. The total resistance of several insulation spaces connected in parallel, behind the individual. Smaller values of insulation resistance are measured more easily, especially on short samples cables., Представлена методика определения индивидуальных характеристик фазной и поясной бумажно-пропитанной изоляции силовых кабелей среднего напряжения. Методика реализована на применении схемы замещения трехжильного кабеля в общей металлической оболочке и анализе результатов совокупных измерений абсорбционных характеристик. Система линейных алгебраических уравнений для определения характеристик фазной и поясной изоляции является хорошо обусловленной. Решение системы линейных алгебраических уравнений сводится к суммированию результатов совокупных измерений с весовыми коэффициентами 6/14 и -1/14. Приведены результаты определения абсорбционных характеристик фазной и поясной изоляции силового кабеля на напряжение 6 кВ., Представлено методику визначення індивідуальних характеристик фазної та поясної паперово-просоченої ізоляції силових кабелів середньої напруги. Методика реалізована на застосуванні схеми заміщення трьохжильного кабелю в загальній металевій оболонці та аналізі результатів сукупних вимірювань абсорбційних характеристик. Система лінійних алгебраїчних рівнянь для визначення характеристик фазної та поясної ізоляції є добре обумовленою. Рішення системи лінійних алгебраїчних рівнянь зводиться до сумування результатів сукупних вимірювань з ваговими коефіцієнтами 6/14 та -1/14. Наведено результати визначення абсорбційних характеристик фазної та поясної ізоляції силового кабелю на напругу 6 кВ.

Пероксидная целлюлоза (получена делигнификацией реакционной смесью «Н2О2–Н2О–АсОН–АсООН–катализатор») и сульфатная целлюлоза из стеблей пшеничной соломы размолоты до 28–30о ШР. Определены морфологические характеристики волокон (длина, ширина, число изломов, угол излома, длина сегментов, грубость) и прочностные свойства бумажных отливок (разрывная длина, сопротивление продавливанию, жесткость при изгибе). Пероксидная целлюлоза менее разрушается при размоле и не уступает сульфатной целлюлозе по фундаментальным и технологическим свойствам., Peroxide pulp (received by means delignification with reactive mixture «H2О2–H2О–AсОН–АсООН–catalyst») and sulfate pulp from stems of wheat straw are beaten to 28–30о SR. Morphological characteristics of fibers (length, width, number of breaks, a break angle, length of segments, coarseness, shape factor) and strength properties of paper castings (breaking length, flexural rigidity and other) was determinate. Peroxide pulp is less degrade during the beat process and doesn't concede to sulfate pulp along the fundamental and technological properties.

Introduction. The processes of structure formation of cement compositions and the development of effective technologies of building materials is an urgent task for building material science. The use of large-scale man-made product of pulp and paper enterprises – osprey as a fibrous filler in organic and mineral compositions is the successful decision of the problem. The paper analyzes the ways of using osprey in the building materials’ production. The aim of the research is to study the osprey influence on the processes of structure formation of cement stone by quantitative x-ray phase analysis.Materials and methods. The organic and mineral compositions were obtained on the basis of portland cement and osprey. The authors studied the compositions’ phase of osprey, portland cement and the processes of cement stone structure formation in organ and mineral compositions by quantitative x-ray phase analysis.Results. The authors determined the compositions’ phase of mineral impurities of osprey, cellulose, cement, cement stone, organic and mineral compositions and two compositions containing 25 and 75% by weight.Discussion and conclusions. The osprey application as a filler in the organic and mineral composition causes inhibition of processes of cement hydration. The presence of osprey in the hardening organic and mineral composition leads to a change in the composition and structure of the cement stone in comparison with the phase composition of the cement stone without additives. The result of these changes is a significant increase in the amount of calcite, waterite and a significant decrease in the amount of portland. The authors establish that the effective joint work of the reinforcing component of the osprey with the cement matrix is possible with a limited amount of osprey in organic and mineral compositions.

Objectives. Since the end of the 20th century, liquid crystals have taken a leading position as a working material for the display industry. In particular, this is due to the advances in the control of surface orientation in thin layers of liquid crystals, which is necessary for setting the initial orientation of the layer structure in the absence of an electric field. The operation of most liquid crystal displays is based on electro-optical effects, arising from the changes in the initial orientation of the layers when the electric field is turned on, and the relaxation of the orientation structure under the action of surfaces after the electric field is turned off. In this regard, the high quality of surface orientation directly affects the technical characteristics of liquid crystal displays. The traditional technology of rubbing substrates, currently used in the display industry, has several disadvantages associated with the formation of a static charge on the substrates and surface contamination with microparticles. This review discusses an alternative photoalignment technology for liquid crystals on the surface, using materials sensitive to polarization of electromagnetic irradiation. Also, this review describes various applications of photosensitive azo dyes as photo-oriented materials. Results. The alternative photoalignment technology, which employs materials sensitive to electromagnetic polarization, allows to create the orientation of liquid crystals on the surface without mechanical impact and to control the surface anchoring force of a liquid crystal. This provides the benefits of using the photoalignment technology in the display industry and photonics—where the use of the rubbing technology is extremely difficult. The optical image rewriting mechanism is discussed, using electronic paper with photo-inert and photoaligned surfaces as an example. Further, different ways of using the photoalignment technology in liquid crystal photonics devices that control light beams are described. In particular, we consider switches, controllers and polarization rotators, optical attenuators, switchable diffraction gratings, polarization image analyzers, liquid crystal lenses, and ferroelectric liquid crystal displays with increased operation speed. Conclusions. The liquid crystal photoalignment and photopatterning technology is a promising tool for new display and photonics applications. It can be used for light polarization rotation; voltage controllable diffraction; fast switching of the liquid crystal refractive index; alignment of liquid crystals in super-thin photonic holes, curved and 3D surfaces; and many more applications.

В работе представлены результаты исследования структуры и свойств бумажных обеззоленных фильтров «Синяя лента». Показано, что фильтровальная бумага «Синяя лента» имеет достаточно высокую плотность с относительно малым количеством и размеров пустот (пор) между волокнами. При обработке фильтров в поле коронного разряда наблюдается повышение их механических свойств на 3.5–6%, что вызвано преимущественно усилением межволоконных сил связей. Реализация повышенных электростатических сил связей в структуре листа приводит к увеличению сопротивления внешней растягивающей силе, необходимой для разрыва бумажного фильтра. Наблюдаемые зависимости связаны с ориентацией и упорядочиванием элементов структуры целлюлозно-бумажного материала, с ростом потенциала двойного электрического слоя на поверхности волокон под действием носителей заряда, инжектируемых в объем бумаги из коронного разряда и с образованием гетерозаряда за счет ориентации полярных группировок целлюлозы, сегментов макромолекул во время электретирования. Это подтверждается ростом ζ-потенциала волокон обеззоленных фильтров при обработке в отрицательном коронном разряде – установлено, что значение дзета-потенциала волокон электретированных обеззоленных фильтров на 18% больше, чем для исходных. Достигнутые результаты увеличения физико-механических свойств обеззоленных фильтров позволят повысить эффективность их применения., The article presents the study results of the structure and properties of paper ashless filters "Blue tape". It is shown that the "Blue tape" filter paper has a fairly high density with a relatively small number and size of voids (pores) between the fibers. When processing filters in the corona discharge field, an increase in their mechanical properties by 3.5–6% is observed, this is mainly due to the strengthening of the interfiber bond forces. The implementation of increased electrostatic bonding forces in the sheet structure leads to an increase in the resistance to the external tensile force necessary to break the paper filter. The observed dependences are associated with the orientation and ordering of the pulp and paper material structural elements, with an increase in the potential of the double electric layer on the fibers surface under the charge action carriers injected into the paper volume from the corona discharge and with the formation of a hetero charge due to the orientation of the polar cellulose groups and macromolecule segments during electreting. This is confirmed by the increase in the ζ – potential of the fibers of filters during processing in a negative corona discharge - it was found that the zeta – potential value of electret ashless filters is 18% higher than for the initial ones. The achieved results of increasing the ashless filters physico- mechanical properties will increase the efficiency of their use.

Currently, the application of advanced technologies in sugar factories is relevant. These technologies are based on the use of a combination of physical and energy effects on the feedstock and provide a reduction in sucrose losses at the stage of diffusion juice obtaining. A method of press-diffusion production of juice from sugar beet which allows to increase the yield of sucrose from beet chips and to reduce losses at the stage of diffusion juice obtaining and production costs is suggested by us. The press-diffusion method of extracting juice from sugar beet with the methods of mathematical planning and statistical processing of the experimental results was studied in the work. Regression equations and suboptimal parameters providing the maximum yield of beet juice with minimum energy consumption for its implementation were received in experimental plants under the influence of technological parameters, which were the pressure applied to the beet mass at the pressing stage, the temperature at the diffusion stage, and the pretreatment temperature of beet chips before pressing and the frequency of ultrasonic vibrations of the emitter in the diffusion installation. These operating parameters were the following: pressing pressure 0.27–0.33 MPa, pretreatment temperature of beet chips 334.2–337.3 K, diffusion temperature 342.5–345.0 K and frequency of ultrasonic radiation 21.25–23.36 kHz. The engineering nomograms presented make it possible to determine the value of the specific energy consumption and the value of the liquid phase output from the technological parameters of the press-diffusion method for producing beet juice in a quick and qualitative way.

Проведено исследование фракционного состава и физико-механических свойств беленой химико-термомеханической массы (БХТММ) из древесины тополя и её влияния на механические показатели бумаги в композиции с вторичным волокном, полученным из макулатуры марки МС-5Б. Новизной и особенностью рассматриваемой БХТММ является ее получение по экструзивной технологии, принципиально отличающейся от классической операции предварительной обработки древесины в виде щепы и превращения ее в волокноподобную костру для последующих ступеней размола. Исследованная БХТММ из древесины тополя при степени помола не ниже 40 оШР имеет физико- механические показатели, сравнимые с вторичным волокном, полученным из макулатуры марки МС-5Б. Ее добавки в волокнистую композицию бумаги для гофрирования и картона-лайнера для плоских слоев гофрированного картона целесообразны в интервале 30–50%. Небеленая ХТММ, получаемая по экструзивной технологии, в качестве первичного высококачественного целлюлозного волокнистого полуфабриката может эффективно использоваться в производстве гофрированной тары. Экструзивная технология является перспективной для переработки неликвидной древесины и отходов лесопромышленных предприятий и рекомендуется для использования в России., In this paper, the study of the fractional composition and physico-mechanical properties of bleached chemical-thermomechanical pulp (BCTMM) from poplar wood and the effect on the mechanic properties of paper from composites with recycled fiber from MS-5B paper was conducted. The novelty and feature of BCTMM is its production using extrusion technology, which is fundamentally different from the classical operations of pretreatment of wood in the form of chips and turning it into a fiber-like scutch for subsequent grinding steps. The studied BCTMM from wood of poplar with a degree of grinding not lower than 40 оSR has physical and mechanical properties comparable to the secondary fiber of MS-5B waste paper. Its additives to the fibrous composition of paper for corrugation and cardboard-liner for flat layers of corrugated cardboard are expedient in the range of 30–50%. Unbleached CTMM obtained by extrusion technology, as a primary high-quality cellulosic fiber semi- finished product can be effectively used in the manufacture of corrugated packaging. Extrusive technology is promising for the processing of illiquid wood and waste of timber industry enterprises and is recommended for use in Russia., №226 (2019)

The paper presents the results of experiments to improve the performance of insulating paper as a component of high-voltage paper-impregnated insulation by introducing the modifying additive into the paper mass. Environmentally safe and economically feasible method of obtaining modifying additives of the chitin-glucan complex of Aspergillus niger (A.n.) which is a large-tonnage waste production of citric acid is proposed. The modifying additive was introduced into the paper mass in an amount of 5–10% to the mass of absolutely dry fiber of sulfate insulating cellulose. The paper samples were subjected to accelerated thermal aging at 140°C for 250 hours. The values of the short – term electrical strength of the samples with the modifying additive, both in the initial and in the aged state, exceeded the similar characteristic of the paper sample without additives. for the paper made of 100% cellulose after 250 hours of accelerated thermal aging the maximal mechanical tensile strength decreased by 2.1 times; for paper containing 5% HGC A.n. – by 1.5 times and for the insulating paper, which was introduced into 10% of the modifying additive, the specified parameter during the test has not changed. Comparative evaluation of the sorption activity of the cellulose component was carried out by determining the light transmission coefficient of transformer oil relative to the standard at the process of thermal aging. It was found that the modification of insulating paper by biopolymer also increases its sorption activity in relation to the products of destruction of paper-impregnated insulation components under the catalytic effect of copper., В работе представлены результаты экспериментов по улучшению эксплуатационных характеристик электроизоляционной бумаги, как компонента высоковольтной бумажно-пропитанной изоляции, за счет введения в бумажную массу модифицирующей добавки. Предложен экологически безопасный и экономически целесообразный способ получения модифицирующей добавки из хитин-глюканового комплекса Aspergillus niger (ХГК A.n.) – многотоннажного отхода производства лимонной кислоты. Модифицирующую добавку вводили в бумажную массу в количестве 5–10% к массе абсолютно сухого волокна сульфатной электроизоляционной целлюлозы. Образцы бумаги подвергали ускоренному термическому старению при температуре 140°С в течение 250 ч. Значения кратковременной электрической прочности образцов бумаги с модифицирующей добавкой как в исходном, так и в состаренном состоянии превосходили аналогичную характеристику образца бумаги без добавок. Введение в состав целлюлозной основы модифицирующей добавки способствовало повышению нагревостойкости бумаги, сохраняя показатель механической прочности на высоком уровне в процессе длительного термического старения: у бумаги из 100% целлюлозы после 250 ч ускоренного термического старения предел механической прочности на разрыв снизился в 2.1 раза; у бумаги, содержащей 5% ХГК А.n. – в 1.5 раза, а у бумаги, в состав которой было введено 10% модифицирующей добавки, указанный показатель за время испытаний не изменился. Сравнительная оценка сорбционной активности целлюлозного компонента проводилась путем определения коэффициента светопропускания трансформаторного масла относительно эталона в процессе термического старения. Установлено, что модификация электроизоляционной бумаги биополимером также повышает ее сорбционную активность по отношению к продуктам деструкции компонентов бумажно-пропитанной изоляции в условиях каталитического влияния меди.

Spray drying is currently used to obtain powder products from suspensions. It is considered the most effective type of drying for such media. The complexity of the drying process is associated with thermal destruction of components, which degrades the properties of the product and imposes significant restrictions on temperature condition. The present research features the simulation of transient modes of operation of the solenoids to generate a controlled cavitation effect when applied to a stream of acoustic vibrations using a magnetostrictive generator of ultrasound. The authors propose a new design of spray nozzle for drying suspensions with counter-connected solenoids. Such solenoids can cause deformation of the main suspension supply line. The intensity of the cavitation processes depends on the dynamics of the solenoid actuation. The paper introduces a mathematical modeling of transient modes of operation for ultrasonic frequency generator solenoids that create a controlled cavitation effect when applied to the jet of acoustic oscillations of this frequency. When modeling the process of operation of solenoids, the main criterion for changing the intensity of cavitation is the average rate of change in the volume of the cavity at the stage of its collapse, related to one cycle of oscillations for a spherical cavity. An increase in the static pressure of the liquid led to a shift in the phase of the collapse of the cavity. As a result of the chosen mathematical model, a numerical experiment with modeling in the MathCAD program was carried out. It revealed some graphical dependences of the change in U(t), L(t), and R(t). The obtained data allow one to predict the ballast induction and active load (R, L) for the control of transients in the solenoid of the ultrasonic generator. These dependences make it possible to choose more effective parameters for drying suspensions, which is especially important for heat- sensitive components.

One of the most common methods of preserving apple pomace in order to further obtain products with a high content of biologically active substances is drying. For the experiment, a method of drying with superheated steam of reduced pressure in a pulsed vibro boiling layer was chosen, since it allows improving the quality of the finished product by lowering the temperature of the drying agent, thereby retaining a significant amount of nutrients in the original product. To study the kinetic and hydrodynamic dependences of the drying process, an experimental setup has been developed and created, which allows to obtain the most accurate and reproducible results. According to the results of the experiments done, the drying curves, the drying rate curves and the heating curves were constructed. The technological modes of operation of the drying unit are determined, ensuring a minimum of the specific energy consumption of the drying process and the maximum moisture stress of the drying chamber. In addition to the experiment on drying apple pomace, a study was also conducted on the content of pectic substances in dried pomace. To determine the amount of pectin and protopectin, the calcium-pectate method was used. During the experiment, it was found that with the proposed method of drying, the yield of pectin substances is increased compared with traditional methods. Histograms of the content of pectin and protopectin were constructed depending on the method of drying. A comparative analysis of the content of pectin and protopectin was carried out depending on the drying mode for apple pomace and sugar beet pulp. The conclusion is made about the increased thermolability of protopectin in apple pomace compared to sugar beet pulp.

Beet pulp is a secondary material resource obtained using traditional sugar production technology. Bagasse can be used as raw material for biogas plants, obtain biodegradable packaging, and as feed for livestock. Fresh bagasse has several disadvantages: short shelf life, difficulty in transportation, it is advisable to dry it to eliminate these shortcomings. To preserve the useful qualities of pulp, air with a low temperature is used as a drying agent. To study the interaction of various factors affecting the drying process of beet pulp, mathematical methods are used to plan the experiment. A mathematical description of this process can be obtained empirically. Moreover, his mathematical model has the form of a regression equation, found by statistical methods based on experiments. As a result of statistical processing of the experimental data, regression equations are obtained that adequately describe the drying process of beet pulp in an air dryer. As a result of the research, it was proposed to use a drum dryer with a combined energy supply (air and superheated steam), which will not only accelerate the drying process, but also preserve the useful qualities of the product.

Palm oil is comparable to traditional diesel fuel in terms of calorifi c value, stoichiometric ratio, and cetane number. However, its increased kinematic viscosity and pour point make it diffi cult to use in pure form in diesel engines. (Research purpose) To study specifi c features of burning: diesel fuel with various additives of palm oil (biodiesel fuel); pure 100-percent palm oil; biodiesel fuel with various additives of palm oil and hydrogen peroxide, as well as to develop a method to control its combustion process. (Materials and methods) To determine the ignition time lag, the authors chose a method of kinetic modeling of self-ignition of biodiesel fuel in the air. The self-ignition process was simulated using the Chemical Workbench software package. An adiabatic calorimetric bomb model was used to perform calculations. To describe the process of self-ignition, a universal kinetic mechanism was used, which was verifi ed to calculate self-ignition of diesel and biodiesel fuel surrogates, as well as the formation of toxic substances and soot in the combustion processes. (Results and discussion) It is shown that adding palm oil to diesel fuel increases its ignition time lag, especially at low and medium temperatures of 750-950 kelvin. It was determined that with addition of 10 percent palm oil, the ignition time lag of biodiesel fuel is almost the same as that of diesel fuel no more than 5 percent. Increasing the amount of palm oil additive up to 30 percent and more signifi cantly increases the ignition time lag of the fuel. When using only palm oil as a fuel, the ignition time lag in the temperature range of 800-950 kelvin increases in two times. The study determined the optimal amount of hydrogen peroxide to be used for each composition of biodiesel fuel with various additives of palm oil. (Conclusions) It is shown that additives of hydrogen peroxide can infl uence the reactivity of biodiesel fuel and thereby regulate its ignition time lag.

Актуальность исследования обуславливается интересом к обеспечению тепловых затрат технологий переработки нефти за счет побочных продуктов (нефтешлама), а также необходимостью снижения вредных выбросов технологических процессов. Цель: исследование возможности сжигания углеродного остатка, полученного при паровой газификации нефтешлама, в составе топливной композиции с добавлением торфа. Объект: углеродистый остаток нефтешлама, полученный после паровой газификации нефтяного шлама при температуре 600 °С, и топливная композиция на его основе с добавлением торфа (25 мас. %). Методы. Теплотехнические характеристики исследуемых образцов определены согласно ГОСТ Р 55661-2013, 33503-2015 и 55660-2013. Значения теплоты сгорания установлены при помощи калориметра АБК-1 (РЭТ, Россия), элементный состав - на анализаторе Vario Micro Cube (Elementar, Германия). Размер частиц УОН установлен при помощи растрового электронного микроскопа JSM-6000C (JEOL, Япония). Исследование процесса горения рассматриваемых образцов осуществлено с помощью дифференциального-термического анализатора STA 449 F3 Jupiter (Netzsch, Germany) и экспериментального стенда, оборудованного высокоскоростной видеокамерой FASTCAM СА4 5 (Photron, США). Характерные температуры плавкости золы и её состав определены согласно ГОСТ 2057-94 и ГОСТ 10538-87 соответственно. Результаты. Углеродистый остаток нефтешлама имеет превышающую торф и сопоставимую с бурыми углями теплоту сгорания и довольно низкую температуру воспламенения (220 °C), что обусловлено довольно высоким содержанием летучих веществ (Vdaf =64,3 %). Однако высокие значения зольности (Ad=60 %) и содержания серы (Sdaf=4,3 %) указывают на необходимость утилизации большого количества золы и улавливания окислов серы SOx. Показано, что совместное сжигание углеродистого остатка и торфа (25 мас. %) позволило снизить количество образующегося зольного остатка. Помимо этого, при добавлении 25 мас. % суховского торфа удалось снизить количество образующихся выбросов SO2 более чем в 3 раза. Этот эффект обусловлен взаимодействием газовой фазы с минеральной частью торфа, а именно, с карбонатами кальция и магния. The relevance of the research is caused by the interest in ensuring the thermal costs of oil refining technologies at the expense of byproducts (oil sludge), as well as the need to reduce harmful emissions of technological processes. The main aim is research of the possibility of burning the carbon residue obtained during steam gasification of oil sludge as part of a fuel composition with the addition of peat. Objects of the research are carbon residue of oil sludge obtained after steam gasification of oil sludge at 600 °C, and a fuel composition based on it with the addition of peat (25 wt. %). Methods. Thermotechnical characteristics of the studied samples are determined according to SS R 55661-2013, 33503-2015 and 55660-2013. Net calorific values of the peats were determined in the ABK-1 calorimeter (Russia), the elemental composition of the organic matter was determined using the analyzer Vario Micro Cube (Elementar, Germany). Particle size (СROS) was determined using a scanning electron microscope JSM-6000C (JEOL, Japan). The study of the combustion of the samples under consideration was carried out using the differential thermal analyzer STA 449 F3 Jupiter (Netzsch, Germany) and an experimental stand equipped with a high-speed video camera FASTCAM CA4 5 (Photron, USA). The characteristic melting temperatures of ash and its composition are determined according to the SS 2057-94 and the SS 10538-87, respectively. Results. The carbon residue has a calorific value exceeding peat and comparable to brown coals and a rather low ignition temperature (220 °C), which is due to a rather high content of volatile substances (Vdaf =64,3 %). However, high values of ash content (Ad=60 %) and sulfur content (Sdaf=4,3 %) indicate the need to dispose of a large amount of ash and capture sulfur oxides SOx. It is shown that the joint combustion of carbonaceous residue and peat (25 wt. %) allowed reducing the amount of ash residue formed. In addition, when adding 25 wt. % of sukhovskoу peat it was possible to reduce the amount of generated SO2 emissions by more than 3 times. This effect is due to the gas phase interaction with peat mineral part, namely, with calcium and magnesium carbonates.

В настоящее время лиственные породы древесины широко используются как сырьё для целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности для производства различных волокнистых полуфабрикатов. Основными породами являются осина и берёза. Эти породы отличаются друг от друга по физическим свойствам, химическому составу и морфологии. Известно, что основным диагностическим признаком является отсутствие или наличие лестничной перфорационные пластинки на волокнах сосудов. Прочностные характеристики получаемых волокнистых полуфабрикатов зависят от исходного соотношения в них пород осины и берёзы. Полуфабрикаты с большим содержанием берёзы имеют более высокие показатели механической прочности. Проведен анализ породного состава поступающей щепы на варку и определено соотношение волокон осины и берёзы в волокнистых полуфабрикатах в разных точках технологического процесса производства белёной сульфатной целлюлозы. Породный состав щепы определен путём обработки гидроксидом натрия. Породный состав волокнистых полуфабрикатов определен методом компьютерной визуализации по основным диагностическим признакам. Для подтверждения правильности определения породного состава волокнистого полуфабриката в них установлены прочностные показатели. Анализ полученных данных показал, что колебания породного состава щепы в течение суток могут составлять 12,3–63,7%; размах значений доли волокон осины для проб из выдувного резервуара составляет 23,9–83,6%, для проб из 1-го пресс- фильтра – 18–89,5%. Подтверждена статистическая значимость зависимости физико-механических свойств полуфабрикатов от доли осины и берёзы в волокнистых полуфабрикатах при ее изменении в диапазоне от 10 до 80%., Currently, hardwood is widely used as a raw material for the pulp and paper industry for the production of various fibrous semi-finished products. The main species are aspen and birch. These species differ from each other in physical properties, chemical composition and morphology. It is known that the main diagnostic features are the absence or presence of a staircase perforation plate on the fibers of the vessels. Strength characteristics of the resulting fibrous semifinished products depend on the initial ratio of aspen and birch in them. Semi-finished products with a high birch content have higher mechanical strength. In this paper, the species composition of incoming chips for cooking is analyzed and the ratio of aspen and birch fibers in fibrous semi-finished products at different points in the technological process for the production of bleached sulphate pulp is determined. The native composition of the chips was determined by treatment with sodium hydroxide. The composition of fibrous semi-finished products was determined by computer visualization using the main diagnostic features. To confirm the correctness of the determination of the species composition of the fibrous semifinished product, strength characteristics were determined in them. Analysis of the obtained data showed that fluctuations in the species composition of chips within a day can range from 12.3 to 63.7%; The range of aspen fibers for samples from the blowing tank is 23.9 to 83.6%, for samples from the 1 st press filter – from 18.0 to 89.5%. The statistical significance of the dependence of the physical and mechanical properties of semi-finished products on the share of aspen and birch in fibrous semi-finished products with a change in the range from 10 to 80% has been confirmed., №222 (2018)

Целью работы являлось модифицирование березового шпона амидофосфатом с тем, чтобы из него по общепринятой технологии можно было изготавливать огнезащищенную водостойкую фанеру. В основу метода исследования положен прием пропитки шпона антипиреном водным раствором амидофосфата в двух вариантах: капиллярная пропитка и диффузионная пропитка. При этом изучали влияние температуры пропитки и продолжительности при переменной концентрации пропиточного раствора. В результате работы установлено влияние параметров в виде линейных эффектов и эффектов взаимодействия на содержание абсолютносухого антипирена. Используя корреляционные зависимости и функцию желательности стало возможным при уровне обработки в интервале 14,5 23,5 сухого содержания антипирена получить фанеру, характеризующуюся отсутствием самостоятельного горения и тления при удалении источника зажигания с потерей массы 4,4 5,9. При этом прочность изготовленных образцов фанеры оказывается удовлетворительной, например, предел прочности при изгибе составляет 77 100 МПа для исследуемых вариантов, при требованиях отраслевых технических условий не менее 60 МПа. Полученные результаты предназначаются для разработки производственного регламента изготовления фанеры с областью применения, где имеются ограничения по горючести и водостойкости. В работе получены выводы по рецептуре огнезащитного состава в связи с условиями образования фанеры на фенолоформальдегидном клее и рекомендации по организации производства трудногорючей фанеры с дополнительными технологическими операциями и оборудованием узла пропитки шпона и его сушки после пропитки раствором антипирена с тем с максимальным приближением к действующему режиму изготовления стандартной фанеры., The aim of the work was to modify the birch veneer with amidophosphate so that fireproof waterresistant plywood could be produced from it according to the generally accepted technology. The method of study is based on the reception of impregnation of veneer with flame retardant aqueous solution amidophosphate in two versions capillary treatment and diffusion impregnation. The influence of impregnation temperature and duration at variable concentration of impregnating solution was studied. As a result of the work, the influence of parameters in the form of linear effects and interaction effects on the content of absolute dry flame retardant is established. Using correlation dependences and desirability function it became possible to obtain plywood characterized by the absence of selfcombustion and decay when removing the ignition source with a loss of weight of 4.4 5.9 at the level of treatment in the range of 14.5 23.5 of dry flame retardant content. In this case, the strength of the manufactured plywood samples is satisfactory, for example, the bending strength is 77 100 MPa for the studied variants, with the requirements of industry specifications of at least 60 MPa of at least 60 MPa. The results obtained are intended to develop industrialstrength regulation for manufacture of plywood for various applications where there are restrictions on Flammability and water resistance. This paper has presented insights on the formulation of a flame retardant in connection with the conditions of formation of a phenolformaldehyde plywood adhesive and recommendations on the organization of production of hard combustible plywood with additional technological operations and equipment of the node impregnation of veneer and drying after the impregnation with a solution of flame retardant with the maximum approximation to the current mode of production of standard plywood., №227 (2019)

В технике при изучении кинетики измельчения материалов пользуются математическими моделями в виде интегро-дифференциальных уравнений, решение которых трудоемко и не всегда приводит к получению наглядных результатов. Цель настоящей статьи разработать математическую модель, раскрывающую кинетику изменения фракционного состава измельчаемых древесных материалов, позволяющую на практике проводить оценку фракционного состава обрабатываемого сырья во времени. Методы исследования математический анализ, численные методы решения дифференциальных уравнений и обработки расчетных данных. Измельчение рассмотрено как многостадийный процесс, при котором фракции материала (узкие классы) под воздействием рабочего органа машины-измельчителя претерпевают превращения, происходящие как последовательно, так и параллельно, причем скорости превращений и доли вновь образованных узких классов материала определяются исходными размерами измельчаемых фракций и параметрами рабочего органа измельчителя. Предложена система дифференциальных уравнений, описывающая в общем превращения узких классов при измельчении, причем коэффициенты уравнений позволяют учесть произвольный вид функций скоростей измельчения фракций и выхода продуктов измельчения. Предложенная система является альтернативой интегро-дифференциальному уравнению балансовой модели измельчения. Выполнена оценка значений параметров математической модели на примере измельчения коры. По результатам сопоставления результатов моделирования с экспериментальными данными, полученными предыдущими исследователями, установлено, что предложенная дифференциальная модель изменения фракционного состава материала при принятых предпосылках к расчету ее параметров качественно и количественно описывает экспериментальных данные с высокой точностью., In techniques at study of kinetics of shredding of materials use mathematical models in the form of the integral-differential equations, which solution is laborious and not always leads to reception of evident results. The purpose of this article is to develop a mathematical model, which reveals the kinetics of change in fractional composition of wood materials being shredded, allowing in practice to evaluate the fractional composition of the processed raw materials in time. Methods of research include mathematical analysis, numerical methods for solving differential equations and processing of calculated data. Shredding is considered as multistage process at which fractions of a material (narrow classes) under the influence of a working body of the shredder machine undergo transformations occurring both consistently and in parallel, and rates of transformations and a share of again formed narrow classes of the material are defined by initial sizes of shredded fractions and parameters of the working body. The system of the differential equations describing in the general transformation of narrow classes at grinding is offered, and factors of the equations allow to consider any kind of functions of speeds of grinding of fractions and the output of shredding products. The proposed system is an alternative to the integral-differential equation of the balance shredding model. The estimation of values of parameters of the mathematical model on an example of bark shredding is carried out. By results of comparison of results of modeling with the experimental data received by previous researchers it is established that the offered differential model of change of fractional composition of the material at the accepted preconditions to calculation of its parameters qualitatively and quantitatively describes the experimental data with high accuracy., №230 (2020)

New technology of small-sized fish processing is substantiated with shock loads that provides splitting of fish meat to fiber particles and their separating from skin and skeleton bones. The separation is realized by straining the water pulp, then the resulting suspension is thickened and the mince is produced in continuous centrifuges with screw discharging. Technological and physical-chemical characteristics of small-sized fish species are discussed. The main principles of the muscle tissue disintegration are considered, parameters of the disintegrator and rational modes of the process are determined. Optimal constructive solutions of certain units and the whole system of machines are designed for the most effective processing. Rational operating modes of washing and dehydration of the muscle tissue are determined taking into account parameters of the intermediate crushed raw materials, as size of the particles and content of dry and dense substances. To improve the process of dehydration, an operation of preliminary thickening of the minced suspension is proposed and size of the net cloth is selected for better separation of the minced mass from washing waters. Centrifuges for final separation of the mince are recommended. Possibility of partial replacement of the fresh water for washing with the seawater is considered. Organoleptic and technical-chemical properties of the produced mince are assessed and its biological value is evaluated. The mince corresponds to requirements for the washed fish mince. In the tests of a full-automated processing line, its output reached 16 % of the raw materials. Recommendations for the mince using for manufacturing of ready-made food products are given. Initial requirements for the raw materials and design documentation for the system of machines (processing line) for processing of small-sized fish are presented.

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern priorities in the sphere of food industry main branches development. The author identified the most promising of them, in particular, modification of socially significant food products (fats) by means of their combination with traditional and non-traditional plant raw materials having full fat oil and low-oil content as a source of physiologically functional nutrients. Chemical composition of raw materials has been studied to reveal the biological value and food safety. The efficiency of using wheat germ flour as an ingredient of vegetable fatty composite mixtures in bread production is established. The author suggested using composites that consist of germinated wheat product, animal fat, creamy melted butter, palm, soybean and sunflower oils which have balanced fatty acids content. The author justified the relevance of heat treatment of composite mixtures having wheat germ flour content up to 30.0% of the mixture mass at 40–50 °C, more than 30% – up to 70°C during 10–15 min. That will help increase its microbiological purity, reduce the enzymatic action of germ lipase, protease and lipoxygenase, extend the mixtures shelf life up to 45 days. Optimum proportion of wheat germ flour should not exceed 70.0% of the raw material mixtures weight. It was demonstrated that 30,0 to 50,0% of solid fats can be replaced with vegetable oils. There was a positive effect of the developed composites in the amount of up to 5.0% to the quantity of flour according to the recipe on the quality of bread produced from the 1st grade wheat flour.

The nutritional value of food products is one of the most important factors that determine a health of the population. Based on the importance of the nation's health for the development and county’s security, the Concept of the State Policy on Healthy Nutrition of the Kazakhstan population is defined, providing for a set of activities aimed at creating conditions that meet the needs of various groups of the population in rational, healthy nutrition, taking into account their traditions, habits and economic situation. In the macaroni products market, the dietary and functional products, enriched pasta and high nutritional products occupy a small segment that does not exceed 1%. In connection with this fact, the development of a range of macaroni products of increased nutritional value, with a purposefully changed chemical composition remains topical. In the macaroni industry, the increase in the food and biological value of products is achieved through the introduction of non-traditional types of raw materials and special food additives into the formulation. The research objects are wheat flour of the highest grade, a polydisperse corn flour, chick-pea flour and amaranth flour and the influence of these polydisperse systems on the properties of gluten, the rheological properties of the dough and the quality of the finished products have been determined. Based on the experimental data obtained, it is established that for the production of pasta from bakery flour of high quality with good physical-chemical and organoleptic characteristics, no more than 10.0% of corn and chick-pea flour and not more than 7.5% of amaranth flour can be added to the recipe; further increasing the dosage of flour from cereals and legumes leads to a deterioration in the quality of finished products. The use of polydisperse flour from cereals and legumes is expedient for the enrichment of macaroni products with valuable food ingredients - proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals.

Organoleptic properties of the finished products from minced fish of centralized production does not always meet the specified quality requirements. In this regard, the use of a liquid smoke flavoring will allow to give the products new attractive taste properties, to expand the range of commonly eaten food, to improve the oxidative stability and microbial spoilage during storage, to essentially simplify the technological process, as compared to traditional smoking, and above all to get safe products. The influence of the addition of the liquid smoke flavoring on functional and technological, physico-chemical and rheological properties of products is known. The parameters of ultimate shear stress (USS), effective viscosity and adhesion of mince of industrial production and those produced of raw materials are defined. The influence of the chemical composition and the type of raw material on these indicators is shown. The influence of water binding and water-holding capacity of mince of industrial production and those produced of raw materials on rheology indicators is defined and confirmed by significant correlation calculations. It was determined that the addition of liquid smoke flavoring "liquid smoke" reduced effective viscosity, adhesion properties of minced fish both of industrial production and that produced of raw materials. The nature of the rheological parameters change was the same for all kinds of mince. The study of water binding and water-holding capacity, shear stress limits, effective viscosity suggests that the minced fish products where liquid smoke flavoring is added will have good formability and rheological properties. The studies have shown that the rheological parameters of the studied minced fish were within normal limits, which allows their use in the centralized production of semi-finished goods and products.

At the choice of the mode of safe drying of grain mass it is necessary to consider its heterogeneity on moisture content. It is an undesirable factor of which it is necessary to get rid. When increase in moisture inconstant the stability of grain mass at storage decreases, there is a danger of emergence of heating, the overall performance of dryers and other processing equipment decreases, energy costs for seeds production rise. To eliminate this shortcoming located in a grain layer or grain stream the dried-up product should be mixed carefully for the best uniformity. However not uniformity on individual moisture content of separate grains will remain. For its decrease combination of lying with material concitation is used. Researches were conducted in batch-operated laboratory machine. The humidified seeds of sugar beet were blowed-through with the drying agent speed of 0.5 m/s and temperature of 45 degrees Celsius. Moisture removal between concitations did not exceed 2.5 percent for selection seeds and 3.0 percent for ordinary ones. Duration of the periods between concitations can be determined in the analytical way. Thickness of a layer of seeds allowing drying without concitation decreases on square dependence on increase in moisture content. A contact moisture exchange between the damp and dried caryopsides for 30 min and more make it possibledrop-off in the unevenness of drying up to 0.5 percent.

Modelling of the process of subcritical autohydrolysis of wheat straw for optimising the conditions for the maximum yield of sugars was carried out. As a result of the correlation analysis, it is established that the processing time has the most pronounced effect on the yield of sugars. A mathematical model of the process is found and optimal conditions are established: temperature - 200 ° C, pressure - 30 MPa and duration - 60 minutes

Developed the technology of obtaining a fish minced feed (cryo minced fish feed) by the method of cryoextrusion using by the utility model extrusion of a piston-type cold working bodies for grinding the fish raw material in a frozen state. Justified the possibility of replacement in the standard technology of production the feed from the minced fish such technological operations as the defrosting and subsequent grinding of raw materials to the operation like a cold extrusion or cryoextrusion. Used the shape of the holes of the die for forcing the raw material in the form of “hourglass” with a diameter of 7 mm, the length of the process of pushing – 40 seconds. Determine the actual losses of raw material in the milling process meth of cryoextrusion ranging from 1% to 2.5%, including the losses when cutting block for the preparation of raw materials to piercing. It is established that the finished product – cryo minced fish feed, has a homogeneous grinding, juicy, crumbly texture, the temperature in the thickness of the product is not changed and equal to the temperature of raw materials before processing, that is minus 18 °C. Developed the principal technological scheme of obtaining the cryo minced fish feed by the method of cryoextrusion. The calculation of material balance in the production of beef has shown that the use of the new method will allow to increase the product yield up to 99%. Based on the studies of the chemical composition of fish and feed of mince obtained by traditional and developed methods established that the protein content in the cryo minced fish feed remains unchanged. Developed draft technical specifications for the production of cryo minced fish feed and technological instructions for the production of cryo minced fish feed for fodder purposes, and also prepared the application for the patent named “Obtaining cryo minced fish feed from the frozen fish by the method of cryoextrusion”.

В настоящее время к производству плитной продукции и фанеры предъявлены ужесточенные требования, которые регулируются законодательством. Одной из проблем фанерного производства является уменьшение токсичности фанеры повышенной водостойкости до уровня, определяемого современными мировыми требованиями. Снижение содержания свободного формальдегида в фанере можно достичь с помощью применения специализированных связующих, модифицированных меламином. Использование меламина признано перспективным направлением развития современного фанерного производства. Изложены результаты исследования меламинокарбамидноформальдегидных смол с со- держанием меламина от 20 до 25%, а также результаты исследования влияния содержания меламина в меламинокарбамидноформальдегидной смоле на проч- ность и токсичность фанеры, изготовленной с применением этих смол. Даль- нейшие исследования направлены на совершенствование эксплуатационных свойств (прочность склеивания и токсичность продукции) и технологии фанеры повышенной водостойкости с применением МКФС с содержанием меламина 20%. Одним из эффективных способов повышения прочности клеевого соедине- ния и снижения токсичности фанеры является применение аэросила технического в качестве модификатора для синтетических смол. Разработан рациональный состав клея на основе меламинокарбамидоформальдегидной смолы для склеива- ния шпона. Приведены технологические параметры склеивания фанеры, изго- товленной с применением меламинокарбамидноформальдегидных смол, показатели ее прочности и токсичности., Currently, tightened requirements to production of particleboard and plywood products are presented which are regulated by law. One of the problems in plywood production is the reduction of the toxicity of plywood increased water resistance to the level determined by the modern world requirements. The decrease in the content of free formaldehyde in the plywood can be achieved through the use of special binders modified with melamine. The use of melamine is recognized as a promising direction of development of modern plywood production. The research results of melamine-carbamide-formaldehyde resins containing melamine from 20 to 25% and also results of research of influence of melamine in the melamine-carbamide-formaldehyde resin strength and current-sicnosti plywood, manufactured using these resins. Further research aimed at improving the operational properties (bonding strength and toxicity of products) and technologies of plywood increased water resistance with the use of MKFS resins containing 20% of melamine. One effective way of increasing the bonding strength and reduce the toxicity of the plywood is the use of Aerosil technical as a modifier for synthetic resins. Developed rational adhesive composition based on melamineformaldehyde resin for bonding veneers. The technological parameters of the bonding of plywood, manufactured melamine-carbamide-formaldehyde resins, indicators of its strength and toxicity., №221 (2017)

The influence heat treatment and processing by moisture on the hydrophilic properties of cellulose fibers. The possibility of using this treatment to restore the capillary-porous structure of cellulose, which had been lost during drying of pulp folder. Revealed peculiarities of the structure of cellulose when exposed of water vapor of high parameters of state. In the basis of understanding what is happening in this effect are the experimental data obtained by calorimetry and sorption. For the first time on the basis of experimental data the calculated thermodynamic functions of hydration of water by cellulose, subjected to hydrothermal effects in a wide range of humidity and temperature. On the basis of experimental data the calculated thermodynamic functions of sorption of water by cellulose obtained in the optimal regime of heat, processing by moisture (438 K, 4 min). These terms of processing indicate an increased content of active sites available for interaction with water. Prolonged exposure reduces hydrophilic properties of the treated pulp as a result of the process of secondary crystallization, which is typical for polymers in highly elastic condition. Consequently, in conditions of constant temperature and humidity can occur as the increase of hydrophilic properties of cellulose and hydrophobicity of the polymer depending on the conditions of hydrothermal influences., Исследовано влияние термо-, влагообработки на гидрофильные свойства целлюлозных волокон. Показана возможность использования данной обработки для восстановления капиллярно-пористой структуры целлюлозы, утраченной ею при сушке целлюлозной папки. Выявлены особенности структуры целлюлозы при воздействии водяным паром высоких параметров состояния. В основе понимания происходящих при данном воздействии явлений лежат экспериментальные данные, полученные методами калориметрии и сорбции. Впервые на основании экспериментальных данных рассчитаны термодинамические функции гидратации воды целлюлозой, подвергнутой гидротермическим воздействиям в широком диапазоне влажности и температур. На основании экспериментальных данных рассчитаны термодинамические функции сорбции воды целлюлозой, полученной в оптимальном режиме термо-, влагообработки (438 К, 4 мин). Данные условия обработки указывают на увеличение содержания активных центров, доступных к взаимодействию с водой. При длительном воздействии гидрофильные свойства обработанной целлюлозы снижаются вследствие протекания процесса вторичной кристаллизации, который типичен для полимеров в высокоэластичном состоянии. Следовательно, в условиях постоянной температуры и влажности может происходить как увеличение гидрофильных свойств целлюлозы, так и гидрофобизация полимера в зависимости от условий гидротермических воздействий.

Ozonation is a method of vegetable raw substrates pretreatment in relation to cellulose as well as monosaccharides processing. It was investigated the process of ozone consumption by wood of various water content. The data on lignin and polysaccharides transformations in aspen wood ozonation are presented in the paper. It was considered a gradual transformation of the substrate: wood – ozonated wood – cellulose-containing product – holocellulose – cellulose. Yields of ozonated wood, cellulose-containing product, water soluble ozonaton products, holocellulose, and cellulose were determined. The lignin content in the cellulose-containing product was determined. Both holocellulose and cellulose samples were studied by IR spectroscopy method. The degree of polymerization, and molecular mass distribution of cellulose obtained from ozonated wood were determined. It is shown that destruction of wood by ozone impact is accompanied by lignin, hemicelluloses, and cellulose degradation. It is found that physicochemical properties of cellulose obtained from ozonated wood can be regulated by the variation of the initial water content of the substrate. Wood destruction is due to reactions of molecular ozone as well as radical species which have been generated by ozone reactions with water presenting in the substrate structure., Озонирование рассматривается как метод предобработки растительной биомассы в процессах получения целлюлозы и моносахаридов. В работе представлены результаты изучения процесса поглощения озона древесиной осины с различным содержанием воды. Рассмотрено поэтапное превращение субстрата: исходная древесина – озонированная древесина – целлюлозосодержащий продукт озонирования – холоцеллюлоза – целлюлоза. Определены выходы озонированной древесины, водорастворимых продуктов озонирования древесины, выходы холоцеллюлозы и целлюлозы. Определен выход целлюлозосодержащего продукта озонирования и содержание остаточного лигнина в нем. Образцы холоцеллюлозы и целлюлозы изучены методом ИК-спектроскопии. Определены степень полимеризации и молекулярно-массовый состав целлюлозы из озонированной древесины.Показано, что превращения древесины под воздействием озона сопровождаются деструкцией лигнина, гемицеллюлоз и части целлюлозы. Установлено, что физико-химические свойства целлюлозы, полученной из озонированной древесины, зависят от содержания воды. Варьирование содержания воды в исходном образце позволяет регулировать свойства целлюлозы из озонированной древесины.Предполагается, что в процессе деструкции древесины участвуют как молекулярный озон, так и радикалы, образующиеся при взаимодействии озона с водой, присутствующей в клеточной структуре субстрата.

Рассмотрены способы увеличения нефтеотдачи пластов для миоценовых залежей месторождений Чеченской Республики и Ингушетии с применением различных теплоносителей: паротепловое воздействие на Старогрозненском и Малгобек – Вознесенском месторождении, влажное внутрипластовое горение на Малгобек – Вознесенском месторождении. Выполнен анализ результатов проведенных работ и дана оценка возможных применений в других районах со сходными горно-геологическими условиями., Some methods of increasing crude-oil yield of the myocene fields of the Chechen republic and Ingushetia oilfield with the application of different heat-transfer agents are examined: steam-heat action on the the oldGroznyy and Malgobek – Voznesensky oilfield, moist intra-stratified combustion on Malgobek – Voznesensky oilfield. The analysis of the carried out works results. The analysis of the results of the carried out works is executed is executed and estimation of possible applications in other regions with the similar mining geological conditions is given., Геология и геофизика Юга России, Выпуск 2 2017

A method to synthesize graphene materials using a DC high current divergent plasma torch has been developed. Carbon atoms were generated by the decomposition of propane-butane, methane and acetylene in a thermal plasma jet. The graphene materials were characterized by electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, Raman spectroscopy. The influence of the experimental conditions on the morphology and phase composition of the synthesis products was investigated. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of high-purity graphene flakes have been found.

Polystyrene films prepared by radical polymerization can conduct electric current in metal-polymer-metal structures with film thicknesses of up to 20 nanometers. Films of polystyrene and graphene oxide composite with thickness up to 3 micrometers, synthesized in similar conditions have the same electric properties. This effect is explained by presence of highly conductive graphene oxide inclusions in the dielectric polystyrene matrix.

We have studied the process of UV reduction of wrinkled grahpene oxide films, deposited on silicon substrate from ethanol suspension. In order to avoid destruction of graphene oxide via ozone formation from ambient air, samples were protected by argon atmosphere during UV irradiation. Using the analysis of back scattering spectra for medium energy ions, we have found that the UV irradiation mediated reduction process produced significantly decreased carbon content on the substrate surface. The decrease in the carbon content was accompanied by a smoothing of the films during reduction to graphene. We suppose that the observed effect is related to the oxidation of carbon atoms in the graphene scaffold of graphene oxide to carbon monoxide or dioxide by the oxygen from the graphene oxide (GO) itself. One has to consider this when developing a process for the preparation of graphene films using the UV-mediated reduction of graphene oxide.

This work reports the possibility of mixing metal oxides along with graphene and polymer to form Metal Oxide-Graphene-Polymer films. The metal oxides used in this work were lead Oxide (PbO) and tungsten oxide (WO3). Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is the polymer, which is used as matrix in preparation of these metal oxide and graphene mixed nanocomposite films. Metal Oxide-Graphene-PVDF films were developed using a chemical technique called solvent casting. The prepared films were characterized using techniques like FE-SEM, XRD and FT-IR to understand its morphological, crystalline and functional properties. I-V characteristics were analyzed using four-probe techniques. The developed Metal Oxide-Graphene-PVDF films have potential applications in a wide range of fields and particularly for electronic applications. The ability of these films to be used as electronic components in devices was explored.

The samples in the form of fine powders with a modified surface were obtained by treating unbleached softwood pulp solution of titanium tetrachloride in hexane. It is revealed that the composition of the agglomerates, adsorbed on the surface of samples includes elements – titanium and chlorine. Shown the correlation of physicochemical characteristics of the samples and quantity Ti (IV) contained on their modified surface., В результате воздействия растворов тетрахлорида титана в гексане на хвойную небеленую целлюлозу получены образцы в виде тонкодисперсных порошков с модифицированной поверхностью. Выявлено, что в состав агломератов, адсорбированых на поверхности образцов, входят элементы – титан и хлор. Показаны взаимосвязи физико-химических характеристик образцов от содержания на модифицированной поверхности Ti (IV).

The results of Doctor N.A. Voinov and his colleagues’ research aimed at developing gas-liquid film bioreactors are systematized. Fluid dynamics and heat and mass transfer in a liquid film flowing by gravity down a surface with artificial large-scale roughness have been investigated. Relationships based on the plug flow model are suggested for calculating mass transfer in the working zones of the bioreactor. Ways of raising the productivity of the apparatus and reducing the cost of culturing Candida scottii yeast are considered. Closed-loop gas circuit schemes are suggested for the film bioreactor.

The results of test calculations obtained on the basis of mathematical models of the motion of material particles and gas dynamics of the coolant flow in a vortex apparatus during heat treatment are given in the article. The task of this paper is to determine the dependencies between the flow velocity, the place where the particle is introduced into the apparatus, and the specific trajectory of the particle.The efficiency of heat and mass transfer during the drying of porous materials in vortex devices is largely determined by the ratio of the geometric dimensions of the device, since the hydrodynamic performance of the apparatus depends on them. The drying of materials in the vortex apparatus occurs during the period of the dispersion of particulate material in the apparatus during their interaction with air currents. Obviously, the longer this process, the more effective it is.Analyzing the obtained results of the work, the author concludes that the duration of heat treatment of the particles of the material up to the moment of its completion may be different and depends, in the main, on the intensity of washing of the particle with the flow of the coolant. In general, the calculated information obtained can be the basis for designing and optimizing the design of the device in terms of reducing energy costs. The shape of the trajectory, its extent determine the overall dimensions of the device and the flow characteristics of the coolant. Depending on the required intensity of heat treatment, the location of the particles entering and the velocity of the coolant can vary.Analysis of the results of the calculations given in the paper allows us to make a qualitative conclusion that, in general, the particles that get into the vortex apparatus closer to the side wall last longer in its volume, and, consequently, are longer dried, which is more prefe-rable from a technological point of view.The data obtained can be used in the calculation of heat-mass-exchange vortex devices., В статье приводятся результаты тестовых расчетов, полученные на основании математических моделей движения частиц материала и газодинамики потока теплоносителя в вихревом аппарате при термообработке. Задача данной работы в определении зависимостей между скоростью потока, местом введения частицы в аппарат и конкретной траекторией частицы.Эффективность процессов тепломассообмена во время сушки пористых материалов в вихревых аппаратах во многом определяется соотношением геометрических размеров устройства, поскольку от них зависят гидродинамические показатели работы аппарата. Сушка материалов в вихревом аппарате происходит в период витания дисперсных частиц материала в аппарате при их взаимодействии с воздушными потоками. Очевидно, чем более длительный данный процесс, тем он эффективнее.Анализируя полученные результаты работы, автор делает вывод о том, что продолжительность термической обработки частиц материала до момента ее завершения, может быть различной и зависит, в основном, от интенсивности омывания частицы потоком теплоносителя. В общем случае полученная расчетная информация может быть основой для проектирования и оптимизации конструкции аппарата с точки зрения сокращения энергозатрат. Форма траектории, ее протяженность определяют габаритные размеры устройства и расходные характеристики теплоносителя. В зависимости от необходимой интенсивности термообработки место ввода частиц и скорость теплоносителя могут изменяться.Анализ результатов расчетов, приведенных в работе, позволяет сделать качественный вывод о том, что в целом частицы, попадающие в вихревой аппарат ближе к боковой стенке, дольше витают в его объеме, а, следовательно, и дольше подвергаются сушке, что предпочтительнее с технологической точки зрения.Полученные данные могут использоваться в методиках расчета тепломассообменных вихревых устройств., У статті наводяться результати тестових розрахунків, отримані на підставі математичних моделей руху часток матеріалу і газодинаміки потоку теплоносія у вихровому апараті при термообробці. Завдання даної роботи – у визначенні залежностей між швидкістю потоку, місцем введення частки в апарат і конкретною траєкторією частки.Ефективність процесів тепломасообміну під час сушіння пористих матеріалів у вихрових апаратах багато в чому визначається співвідношенням геометричних розмірів пристрою, оскільки від них залежать гідродинамічні показники роботи апарата. Сушка матеріалів у вихровому апараті відбувається в період витання дисперсних часток матеріалу в апараті при їх взаємодії з повітряними потоками. Очевидно, чим довший цей процес, тим він ефективніший.Аналізуючи отримані результати роботи, автор робить висновок про те, що тривалість термічної обробки часток матеріалу до моменту її завершення може бути різною і залежить, в основному, від інтенсивності омивання частки потоком теплоносія. У загальному випадку отримана розрахункова інформація може бути основою для проектування і оптимізації конструкції апарата з точки зору скорочення енерговитрат. Форма траєкторії, її протяжність визначають габаритні розміри пристрою і витратні характеристики теплоносія. Залежно від необхідної інтенсивності термообробки місце введення часток і швидкість теплоносія можуть змінюватися.Аналіз результатів розрахунків, наведених в роботі, дозволяє зробити якісний висновок про те, що в цілому частки, які потрапляють у вихровий апарат ближче до бічної стінки, довше витають в його об’ємі, а, отже, і довше піддаються сушці, що краще з технологічної точки зору.Отримані дані можуть використовуватися в методиках розрахунку тепломасообмінних вихрових пристроїв.

Introduction. X-ray inspection plays a unique role among all nondestructive testing methods for products and materials due to sufficiently high resolution and high penetrability. The present study is designed to consider the key features of microfocus X-ray sources, their areas of application, and main technical characteristics.Aim. The paper aims to systematize information and review modern X-ray radiation sources for the implementation of microfocus radiography.Materials and methods. The main designs of microfocus X-ray tubes (soldered and demountable) were considered relying on the experience of the St Petersburg State Electrotechnical University in developing and operating such equipment, as well as the experience and open-access publications of foreign researchers and developers. Data collected by leading research teams over the last ten years were analyzed.Results. The paper presents design features for each main type of microfocus X-ray tubes – soldered and demountable. All key structural elements are considered: an anode assembly, a cathode assembly, and a focusing system. The influence of anode target material on the X-ray tube radiation spectrum is shown. An original design of a liquid-anode microfocus X-ray tube is described to demonstrate its key features and advantages. In addition, the paper gives an overview of cathodes used in microfocus X-ray tubes (tungsten cathode and lanthanum hexaboride cathode), as well as providing a detailed description of calculations performed for focusing systems. Finally, the designs of modern X-ray tubes are presented.Conclusion. Modern X-ray tubes are high-tech products that allow for high-resolution research of various objects. The main advantage of testing performed with the use of X-ray tubes consists in high resolution (micron and submicron). The X-ray images of test objects used to determine their spatial resolution are given, which clearly illustrate the vast possibilities of this technology. In addition, ways to improve microfocus X-ray tubes are briefly discussed. The considered materials can be useful in selecting a nondestructive testing tool, as well as in developing and creating X-ray systems on the basis of microfocus X-ray tubes.

The paper presents studies on the optimization of the process of applying coatings from cermet powders with different solid phase contents by plasma spraying in air to restore and harden parts of machines and mechanisms operating under adverse conditions. Such conditions are usually created in heavily loaded tribojoints when the mechanisms operate at a low speed of relative movement of surfaces during friction. At the same time, the destruction of the working surfaces is mainly due to the process of microcontact setting and subsequent detachment of the formed particles at their contact points. The application of special protective coatings with the required properties is possible with the manufacture of high-quality starting powder materials and optimization of the technology for their application. Such powders and powder compositions can be obtained by the method of agglomeration of a fine powder mixture with its subsequent high-temperature sintering. To identify the hardening mechanism of composite coatings made of cermet by gas-thermal spraying, important stages are the optimization of the deposition process parameters and the study of the properties of plasma coatings obtained in this case. When optimizing the technological parameters of plasma spraying of coatings, the utilization rate of the sprayed powder material has been taken into account as the main indicator of the process efficiency, the structure of the obtained layers, and the morphology of individual particles deposited on the polished surface. The paper provides data on the structural elements of sprayed materials for wear-resistant coatings obtained by plasma spraying at optimal conditions. Taking into account the processes that occur during the wear of tribological conjugations, the data indicate the existing prerequisites for the wear resistance of the studied composite coatings made of metal ceramics. Special wear-resistant coatings made of materials with a soft matrix hardened by solid inclusions Al2O3–TiO2–Ni–Cr–Al–Y are widely used in various industries. Based on the detailed analysis of the features of cermet plasma coatings, it can be stated that such powder compositions (complex oxides-metal component) are often used as wear-resistant plasma coatings. The research results can be taken into account in cases of application of wear-resistant plasma coatings made of metal-ceramics and compositions based on them, containing solid phases in the form of oxides, as well as the manufacture of a whole range of parts operating under conditions of intense wear.

The paper describes a technique for assessing the thermally stressed state of a concrete massif of a foundation slab made of a self-compacting concrete mixture. The proposed method consists in a preliminary calculation of temperature fields in hardening concrete. The objects of research have been self-compacting concrete mix and structural concrete in the structure mass. The choice of materials for the preparation of a concrete mixture is given and substantiated. The composition of self-compacting concrete has been used to assess the thermally stressed state. A binder with a reduced exotherm has been used in order to reduce the self-heating of concrete. Studies have been carried out to assess the specific heat release of the recommended cement depending on the initial water-cement ratio. The effect of a chemical additive on the rate and magnitude of the specific heat release of cement has been studied. The paper presents the main theoretical provisions and an algorithm for calculating the thermal stress state of a concrete massif. The finite difference method has been used to calculate the expected temperatures and their distribution in the structure mass, and the temperature stresses in the sections of the concrete mass have been calculated to assess the thermally stressed state. The performed calculations of the temperature fields have made it possible to estimate the maximum possible temperatures and temperature differences over the sections of the concrete massif depending on the initial temperature of the concrete mixture and the average daily temperature of the outside air. Analysis of the temperature distribution has revealed the most dangerous sections of the concrete mass. An assessment of the thermal stress state of the concrete mass has been made on the basis of the results pertaining to calculation of temperature fields. The calculation of temperature stresses in the most dangerous sections of the concrete massif has been performed. It is shown that the calculated value of the temperature stress can serve as a characteristic of the thermally stressed state of the concrete mass. The formation of temperature cracks in a concrete mass is possible when the calculated value of the temperature stress exceeds the actual tensile strength of concrete. Comparison of the calculated and actual values of temperatures in the sections of the foundation slab has made it possible to conclude that the calculations of the temperature fields and, as a consequence, possible temperature deformations are correct.

The paper presents an overview of studies on the influence of the main parameters of ferrites on their ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation in the megahertz range (more than 10 dB). The main advantage of ferrites is a high refractive index (more than 1000) in the megahertz range due to the combination of high values of magnetic and dielectric permeability, which makes it possible to produce radio-absorbing coatings of small thickness (less than 10 mm) that effectively absorb electromagnetic radiation. Studies show that the attenuation of the power of electromagnetic radiation reflected from the surface of the ferrite is due to both interference processes and the processes of dissipation of electromagnetic energy during propagation in the ferrite. The inversely proportional relationship between the refractive index and the frequency of electromagnetic radiation in the megahertz range provides the condition for the interference minimum of the reflected radiation at a constant thickness of the ferrite coatings. A high refractive index slows down the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves in ferrites, which enhances the processes of dissipation of their energy. The paper presents studies on the influence of the basic chemical composition of ferrites, alloying additives, microstructure parameters and technological modes on their magnetic and dielectric permeability. Studies have shown that an excess of iron oxide in excess of stoichiometry, which provides the semiconducting properties of ferrite grains, significantly increases the dielectric constant. High values of the dielectric constant of ferrites are provided by a combination of the dielectric properties of grain-boundary layers and the semiconducting properties of the grains themselves, which form the barrier capacity of grain boundaries according to the Okazaki mechanism. Alloying ferrites with oxides TiO 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , CaO in an amount of up to 1 wt.% allows increasing the electrical resistance and dielectric constant of grain-boundary layers, providing an increase in the dielectric constant of ferrite as a whole. It has been established that the formation of a dense coarse-grained structure provides an increase in both the magnetic permeability and permittivity.

Introduction. The main work objective is systematization and analysis of structural defects of vacuum ion-plasma coatings; on this basis, their classification principles are developed and given in the paper. Another important part of the work is the experimental study on one of the specific defects of coatings, which the authors propose to call “defect of substructural origin”. Materials and Methods. PVD coatings of various nitride and metal systems 1.5-9.0 μm thick were used as an object of the research. Coatings were applied in vacuum installations using arc and magnetron evaporators. The research results were obtained by high resolution electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis and indentation. Results. Various types of defects in ion-vacuum coatings are presented as the research results. They include discontinuities, deformation of crystallites, and structural inhomogeneity. The principles of their systematization are validated. It is proposed to classify defects into droplet, substructural, and growth defects (depending on the causes of their nucleation), as well as regular and stochastic ones (depending on their distribution in the coating volume). The study of “substructural defects”, classified by the authors as stochastic, is given special consideration. These micrometric defects are shaped like a cylinder with a conical “head”. Their main axle is oriented perpendicular to the surface of the coating. They can be “extruded” (tore away) by the coating. The paper validates the dislocation mechanism of their nucleation and the helicoid growth principle. Conclusions. The inference is summarized that the proposed systematization of defects in ion-plasma coatings has the character of an intermediate result of research in this scientific area. At this, the “substructural defects” do not have a fatal effect on the structure and properties of the coating due to a small size.

Studies on the influence of applying various technologies for combustion knock reduction have been presented in the paper. Among others, investigation concerning the following: over-expanded cycle, variable valve timing, internal and exhaust gas recirculation, leaning the combustible mixture and cooling the in-cylinder charge were of the interest. The research works were focused on impact of these technologies on both knock intensity reduction, and engine performance and toxic emissions. Results presented in the paper were coming from experimental investigation based on in-cylinder combustion pressure data acquisition. Additionally, knock intensity calculation methods were discussed. They are based on incylinder combustion pressure pulsations. Combustion knock intensity expressed by the maximum peak of the incylinder pressure pulsations shows a strong negative correlation with both the EGR ratio and relative equivalence ratio – lambda. With respect to a catalytic converter installed on the exhaust pipe line, applying EGR appears as better solution for knock reduction then leaning the combustible mixture because the catalytic converter needs stoichiometric mixture for effective NO x reduction. Furthermore, application of the over-expanded cycle to the hydrogen or coke gas fueled IC engine significantly reduces intensity of potential knock by 50 % in comparison to Otto cycle for all loads. Additionally, over-expanded cycle contributes to increase in engine thermal efficiency. Summing up, all the presented measures and technologies can be successfully implemented into practice in stationary engines as well as in traction engines, both of them working on either natural gas or gaseous renewable fuels.

An experimental assessment has been made of the influence of electro-erosive modification modes for worn working surface of an cutter on the restoration of its cutting ability. The paper provides basic information on dental cutters. The provisions of the experimental research methodology are described, including a description of a device for modifying the worn surface of a dental cutter and a device for determining its cutting ability. Experimental data are presented and analyzed that reflect an effect on restoration of a cutting ability of a worn surface of a dental cutter, voltage of a storage capacitor and number of holes applied to it during its modification. Rational modes of modifying a worn-out surface of a dental mill that provide the greatest recovery of its cutting ability have been determined in the paper. It has been shown that with increasing voltage, the energy of the electric discharge acting on the treated surface increases, which leads to the formation of a single hole of a larger size on it, including metal flows along its edge that extend beyond the initial contour of the worn cutter teeth. These metal flows on the modified surface of the cutter play the role of peculiar cutting and deforming elements. It has been revealed that in the process of modifying the worn surface of the cutter, it is necessary to ensure that there is no overlap of the holes formed on it, i.e. the distance between the centers of adjacent holes should be greater than or equal to the size of metal deposits at their edges. In this case, the metal flows retain their original shape and have the highest height at these pulse parameters, which ensures a higher cutting ability of the modified cutter surface than when the holes are overlapped.

Waste of combined heat and power plants represents a certain danger to the environment, and hence the economic problems. However such waste contains substances that are advisable to use for production of construction and finishing materials. Technogenic products of water treatment from the Yuzhnaya combined heat and power plant (sludges of chemical water treatment – code 8410500) are a calcite mixture containing more than 64 wt. % calcite. The mineralogical composition of inorganic waste has been determined while using X-ray and IR-spectral researches. Mechanical activation of calcite inorganic wastes leads to grinding of calcite and a decrease in the amount of adsorbed water, which affects the increase in the content of silica frame structures, the reactivity of which directly depends on their quantity. Changes in the structure of silicon dioxide during mechanical activation are established according to IR studies. The results of X-ray and IR studies of the Zapolie deposit clay used in ceramic brick production technology make it possible to attribute it to raw materials with high reactivity. An experimental batch of ceramic bricks has been produced at JSC “Obolsky Ceramic Plant” with addition of calcite inorganic waste from combined heat and power plants. An X-ray diffraction analysis of samples of the obtained bricks having standard composition and with addition of waste has been carried out. The influence of calcite inorganic waste content in the feedstock on the process of ceramic brick structure formation has been stu-died in the paper. Addition of chemical water treatment waste containing calcium carbonate up to 15 wt. % to the Zapolye clay mixture helps to reduce a firing temperature and an appearance of the melt. This leads to crystallization processes of solid minerals from the melt and an increase in the amount of glass phase which contributes to improvement of strength properties in ceramic bricks. The possibility of using inorganic waste (sludges of chemical water treatment – code 8410500) of combined heat and power plants as a component of emaciated additives in clay raw materials in the process of ceramic brick production has been established in the paper.

Introduction. The paper devotes to the features of hydration and hardening of polymineral composite binders. The authors carry out the complex research of the phase composition, hydration and structure formation processes of hardened composite binders with active mineral additives by X-ray phase analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and electron microscopy. The study using a Tescan MIRA 3 scanning electron microscope reveals differences in the microstructure of hardened binders and the authors confirm the results by microprobe studies. The authors study the hydration of the composite binder prepared on the basis of Portland cement and mineral components. Moreover, the paper demonstrates the dynamics of the system’s heat dissipation from the moment of mixing with water and hardening up to 24 hours and up to 72 hours by the expressed bond of dQ / dt = f (t) using a differential calorimeter.Methods and materials. The authors carried out experimental studies at Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, at the Department of Building Materials, Products and Structures, at the High Technology Center and “BelGTASM-Certificate” Test Center. Therefore, the authors used the existing basic research methods, including modern physicochemical methods of analysis: X-ray phase, scanning electron microscopy, etc. The paper determined the main characteristics of raw materials, composite binders and foam concrete using standard methods and regulatory requirements.Results. The authors obtained the results that testified the peculiarities of hydration and hardening processes of polymineral composite binders on the basis of Portland cement and mineral additives: opoka marl and fly ash.Conclusion. The research establishes the hydration and hardening processes of polymineral composite binders. As a result, the authors demonstrate that the opoka marl introduced into the cement leads to the increased hydration in the induction and accelerated periods and also increases the hydration completeness of the main clinker minerals due to the manifestation of the pozzolanic reaction and the active binding of blocking Portlandite, as well as to the higher concentration of accumulated neoplasms, second generation calcium hydrosilicates.Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

The paper presents an excerpt from the upcoming etymological dictionary of substrate toponyms of Finno-Ugric origin attested in the territory of the Arkhangelsk Pomorye, a large region of northern Russia close to the White Sea coast within the modern Arkhangelsk region. According to the author’s intention, the dictionary is less intended for professional use and rather aimed at the general public, primarily those residents of the White Sea region interested in the history of their land and, particularly, in the linguistic affiliation and the meaning of “local” pre-Russian geographical names. The introductory part of the paper comments on a number of toponyms analyzed in the dictionary (more than 1,500), the principles of data presentation, and the structure of etymological articles. It is particularly noted that the dictionary includes not only substrate toponyms of Finno-Ugric origin, but also Russian-based names containing Finno-Ugric anthroponymic components. The inclusion of these names in the dictionary is due to the fact that they (as the substrate itself) are etymologically opaque, yet clearly testifying to the Finno-Ugric roots of the Pomorye population. The main part of the paper contains materials of the dictionary’s first section containing the toponymy of the lower reaches and the delta of the Northern Dvina, the central subregion of the Arkhangelsk Pomorye populated by many Finno-Ugric communities in the pre-Russian era. The substrate toponymic data relating to this territory are very extensive, therefore, the publication does not present the entire section, but only its part: etymological articles for names in letters A – K. These include the oldest substrate names of the Lower Dvina, mentioned already in historical documents of the 14th–15th centuries (Bat’yurmola, Vozhdoroma, Kurghiya, Kurostrov, etc.) as well as the later toponymy of Finno-Ugric origin.

An efficient process for recycling paper and cardboard wastes via dissolution in N,N-dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) system and regeneration from solutions to obtain hydrogels has been developed. Pretreatment of waste paper has been carried out by thermal defibrillation of waste paper in water and homogenization to obtain fibre samples. The dissolution of fibre materials has been performed in two ways varying the process temperature and the way the reagents have been introduced. Regeneration from solutions has been carried out by spontaneous gelation without the use of antisolvents, at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. As a result, hydrogels were obtained which differed in color and transparency depending on feedstock. The physico-chemical properties of the hydrogels have been characterized. It has been shown that they were stable in an aqueous medium, capable of retaining a significant amount of water (over 4000 wt.%), and were porous systems which has been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. According to a wide-angle X-ray scattering, the crystallographic structure of the pristine waste paper samples corresponded to a structural modification of cellulose I. Regenerated samples as freeze-dried hydrogels had the structure of cellulose II. A functional and an elemental composition studied with FTIR spectroscopy and an energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis characterized these hydrogels as the cellulose samples containing small amount of inorganic impurities. The resulting hydrogels had a system of through pores of different sizes, and this predetermined their use as adsorbents and active matrices., Разработан эффективный процесс переработки бумажной макулатуры – отходов бумаги и картона – при растворении в системе N,N-диметилацетамид/хлорид лития (ДМАА/LiCl) и регенерации из растворов для получения гидрогелей. Предварительную обработку макулатуры проводили путем терморазволокнения макулатурной массы в воде и гомогенизации для получения волокнистых образцов. Растворение волокнистых материалов проводили двумя способами, отличающимися температурой процесса и способом введения реагентов. Регенерацию из растворов осуществляли путем спонтанного гелирования без применения антирастворителей, при комнатной температуре и атмосферном давлении, в результате получены гидрогели, отличающиеся по цветности и прозрачности в зависимости от вида исходного сырья. Охарактеризованы физико-химические свойства гидрогелей. Показано, что они стабильны в водной среде, способны удерживать значительное количество воды (более 4000 масс.%) и являются пористыми системами, что было подтверждено с помощью сканирующей электронной микроскопии. Методом широкоуглового рентгеновского рассеяния установлено, что кристаллографическая структура исходных образцов макулатуры соответствует целлюлозе структурной модификации I. Регенерированные образцы в виде лиофильно-высушенных гидрогелей имеют структуру целлюлозы II. Функциональный состав по данным ИК-Фурье спектроскопии и элементный состав, исследованный с помощью энерго-дисперсионного микрорентгеноспектрального анализа, характеризуют лиофильно-высушенные гидрогели как целлюлозные образцы, содержащие небольшое количество неорганических примесей. Полученные гидрогели имеют систему сквозных пор разного размера, что предопределяет возможность их использования в качестве адсорбентов и активных матриц.

Investigations have been carried out in respect of structural steel and titanium alloy fatigue at various cyclic loading frequencies and these investigations have made it possible to reveal regularities in changes of parameters pertaining to fatigue resistance and stability behaviour of the tested materials. A change in cyclic loading frequency affects duration of a single (during one cycle) stay of the material in the loaded state and it has an impact on its durability. In addition, with an increase in frequency of load cycles, deformation rate becomes higher, and stress build-up time is decreasing, while distortion of a crystal lattice is increasing due to reduction of time for development of a weakening process. This process is accompanied by an increase in intensity of grain crushing into fragments and blocks, and their disorientation. Tests on cyclic strength of the studied material samples have been carried out at various frequencies and at a room temperature according to the following loading schemes: cantilever cyclic transverse bending of a flat sample; cantilever bending with rotation of a cylindrical sample; axial tension on a pulsating cycle. Quantitative estimates of a fatigue resistance index in the form of slope tangent in a left branch of the fatigue curve to a cycle axis have been used in order to analyze and evaluate performance and stability of the tested materials. Methods for mathematical statistics have been applied to process the obtained results. Graphic dependences of fatigue curves have been plotted in logarithmic coordinates that allowed to obtain straightening of approximating lines for experimental data. The investigations have revealed that loading frequency has an ambiguous effect on fatigue resistance due to some differences in materials in respect of their reaction to changes in a load spectrum within different areas of the fatigue process, but at the same time it has been found that an increase in fatigue strength leads to a slope decrease in the fatigue curve regardless of a decrease or an increase in a load frequency. The paper proposes a new approach to assess a cyclic strength and durability of materials, and it comprises a system of parameters including a relative coefficient of limited endurance, a correlation coefficient and a slope tangent of the fatigue curve. Behavior dynamics for real machine parts and structures made of these alloys under operating conditions has been indicated in the paper.

A great attention has been recently paid to development of ultrasound technologies for treatment of blood vessels throughout the world. Authors of the paper have developed a new effective treatment method and ultrasound equipment that allow to carry out destruction of intravascular formations with simultaneous increase in elasticity of a vascular wall together with cardiologists from Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education and Republican Scientific and Practical Center “Cardiology”. Advantages of the method are absence of necessity in surgical intervention, low probability of complications, low cost of treatment. The main component of the developed ultrasonic equipment is a tube-type stepped concentrator-waveguide having a spherical tip at a distal end with a single axial hole of 0.5 mm-diameter and three radial holes of 0.3 mmdiameter located at an angle of 120° relative to each other. The main effect for application of the concentratorwaveguide is achieved by ultrasonic vibromechanical action of a spherical tip on intravascular formation with subsequent removal of destruction products by their aspiration from a vascular bed. An additional effect is provided due to cavitation action on vascular formation and vessel walls by flow of fluid supplied via an internal cavity of the stepped concentratorwaveguide through the holes in the spherical tip. This contributes to a significant improvement in elastic properties of a vascular wall in atherosclerosis and diabetes. It is necessary to ensure high accuracy and quality of surfaces for the formed microholes in order to achieve maximum efficiency of the cavitation jet impact on intravascular formations and on the vascular wall. According to the analysis results on specific features of existing methods for small-diameter hole shaping, an electrochemical hole cutting method has been proposed which allows to obtain accurate micro-holes with a diameter of 0.3 mm and high surface quality in parts of small cross section and rigidity. The paper presents results of study on effect of electrochemical holes cutting parameters (voltage, concentration and consumption of electrolyte) on size and shape of the formed microholes. Main modes of electrochemical holes cutting process have been developed which allow to form micro-holes in a spherical tip of a tubular concentrator-waveguide with required accuracy, dimensions and shape.