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The article considers the translations of W. Thackeray’s parody Yellowplush Papers published in the journal Biblioteka dlya Chtenia (The Reader’s Library) in 1854 and 1860 as an example of intertextual interaction between the original and the translated texts. The parody was written in the genre of silver-fork novel, which was rather popular in the English literature of the 1820s and 1830s.The genre was of interest for both Russian writers and translators at different stages of literary development (secular novellas of the 1820s and 1830s, translations of certain Western fashionable novels of the 1850s and 1860s and the Russian fashionable novel of the 1870–1880s). Thus, the translations of Thackeray’s parody under analysis can be treated as a certain stage of development of the given genre in the Russian culture. The analysis of some fragments has revealed the attempts of the Russian translators, on the one hand, to render the artistic peculiarities of Thackeray’s parody to Russian readers, including its intertextuality, which was achieved in different ways (by using colloquialisms, translating the author’s references to foreign culture realities, rendering the author’s irony, and using techniques similar to the original ones). On the other hand, the translators’ desire to ‘incorporate’ the text into Russian literature is quite obvious for them. They try to make the text understandable for the Russian readers, which is evident due to numerous allusions to the texts of the Russian culture, reduction of specific fragments, inclusion of translator’s remarks, and interpretation of the parody finale. The translators targeted both the existing parody samples of Russian literature and the unique specificity of the original. Evidently, these translation techniques met the readers’ expectations and corresponded to the requirements of the Russian translation culture. Thus, the question asked in the title is impossible to be answered unambiguously. The elements of parody are closely connected with both the cultural traditions of the source language and with the references to fashionable novel which was accepted by the popular literature and was not developed in the Russian culture of the 19th century. So the works of this genre, to say nothing of its parodies, could not be rendered without losses into a target language.

The second article concludes the cycle "Paper Architecture" and narrates about the criteria for projects belonging to the considered genre of creativity, highlights its most representative representatives of both domestic and foreign schools. The publication mainly deals with architectural concepts that interpret the anti-utopian moods of the society of the late twentieth century, the comments of the participants of the movement themselves and the evaluation of art critics. The author hypothesis of factorsled to numerous victories of Moscow architects on international conceptual competitions is offered

The article deals with the process of formation of China’s Arctic policy and mechanisms for its implementation. Till the end of the 1990s, Beijing was not interested in the Arctic region because of its geographical remoteness from China, as well as because of the lack of the necessary scientific and technological basis. The economic reforms of 1972 and the establishment of the Arctic Council in 1996 gave an impetus to the development of China’s policy in the Arctic. Since then, China has intensified its activities aimed at expanding the state’s presence in the region. Special attention is given to China’s policy document in the region ― a white paper titled “China’s Arctic Policy”. It is noted that this document was aimed at legitimizing China’s activities in the region.Despite the fact that the Arctic is not a priority region for Beijing, China is a prominent actor there. China’s attention to the Arctic is determined by economic factors, namely, by the possible development of the region’s resources, as well as its transport capacities, which can be used in the framework of the One Belt One Road Initiative.The article analyses China’s cooperation with the «Arctic five» countries and the position of the Arctic States towards intensifying Beijing’s activities in the region. China is promoting cooperation with Norway, Denmark and Iceland. despite the existing contradictions, it is noted that the Arctic states are interested, as Chinese investments play an important role in the development of the region. China has consistently stated the need for greater involvement of interested non-regional states in the multilateral management of the region, while respecting the sovereignty of the Arctic countries.

Quality is a time-varying, complex property of a confectionery that shows a measure of acceptability for the customer and rapidly or slowly deteriorates after the manufacture of foodstuffs. The safety of raw materials and finished products during storage is the most important task of global importance, according to WHO, in 2020 year. One of the important problems in the confectionery industry is to ensure long shelf life of confectionery products without reducing their taste properties, as exemplified by jelly marmalade. The task of preserving the freshness of the product is to preserve its consistency, taste, smell, appearance by retaining moisture and preventing damage by microorganisms. Freshness criterion for long shelf life is one of the main factors affecting the sales and competitiveness of sugary confectionery. The aspects of the influence of the properties of structure-forming agents (pectins, agars, modified starches) on the formation of a gelatinous consistency and storage of marmalade are considered. The physical and chemical indicators characterizing the process of moisture transfer in the body of the marmalade during storage are indicated. To assess the migration of moisture during storage, the graphical dependence of aw on the mass fraction of moisture in the marmalade is used - the isotherm of moisture sorption. Analysis of the obtained data of desorption isotherms can serve as a useful tool that shows what proportion of moisture a product is capable of receiving or giving away without losing the properties that characterize the quality of a particular confectionery product. Modern methods are indicated in assessing the quality function of marmalade using a mathematical equation to predict its storage capacity. An integrated approach to ensure the safety of marmalade is considered, which allows predicting its shelf life

Исследовано влияние приема прорезания средней жилки на основные качественные показатели табачного сырья. Исследования проводили на листьях основных сортотипов табака Трапезонд и Остролист по массовым ломкам. Прорезание жилки осуществляли на инновационном оборудовании экспериментальном образце линии подготовки листьев табака к сушке ЛПТС360 (ВНИИТТИ, Краснодар). Качество табачного сырья с прорезанной жилкой определяли по товарным сортам, технологическим и курительным свойствам, химическому составу по методикам лабораторного контроля ВНИИТТИ. Инновационный способ подготовки табака к сушке в едином потоке с применением технологического оборудования, включающего прорезатель, выявил положительный технологический результат. Установлена эффективность приема прорезания средней жилки: срок естественной сушки листьев с прорезанной жилкой сократился в 2,5 раза выход 1го товарного сорта сырья составил 74,60 87,93 выход волокна сырья с прорезанной жилкой превышает минимальное значение технологических норм (75) в 1,15 1,26 раз условный расход сырья на единицу курительных изделий меньше норматива на 6 25 улучшен основной показатель химического состава табачного сырья (число Шмука) в 1,6 4,6 раза у сортотипа Трапезонд, в 1,2 1,5 раза у сортотипа Остролист дегустационные свойства сырья не ухудшились. Инновационный способ подготовки листьев табака к сушке, включающий прием прорезания средней жилки, рекомендуется для применения в производстве табачного сырья., The influence of middle vein cutting method on the main quality indicators of tobacco raw materials is studied. Studies were carried out on the leaves of the main varieties of tobacco Trapezond and Ostrolist, on mass breakdowns. Vein cutting was carried out on the innovative equipment of the line of preparation of tobacco leaves for drying LPTS360 (GNU VNIITTI RAA, Krasnodar). The quality of tobacco raw materials with a cut vein was determined by commercial grades, technological and Smoking properties, chemical composition in accordance with the methods VNIITTI. An innovative method of preparing tobacco for drying in a single stream with the use of technological equipment, including a cutter, revealed a positive technological result. The period of natural drying of leaves with cut veins decreased by 2,5 times. The yield of the 1st commercial grade of raw materials was 74,60 87,93. The output of the fiber raw material with cut vein exceeds the minimum value of technological norms (75) in 1,15 1,26 times. Conditional consumption of raw materials per unit of Smoking products is less than the norm by 6 25. The method of cutting the middle vein of the leaves improves the main indicator in the chemical composition of tobacco raw materials (Schmuck ratio) 1,6 4,6 times in the variety Trapezond and 1,2 1,5 times in the variety Ostrolist. The tasting properties of raw materials have not deteriorated. Analysis of raw material quality indicators showed that the innovative method of cutting the middle vein is effective and recommended for use in the production of tobacco raw materials., №5-6(371) (2019)

Показано влияние способа подготовки экстрагента для диффузионного процесса на качество продуктов диффузионного отделения диффузионного сока и свекловичного жома. Рассмотрены три способа подготовки поликомпонентного экстрагента обработка сернистым ангидридом, подкисление серной кислотой и подкисление серной кислотой с добавлением суспензии гипса. Установлено, что наибольшим эффектом угнетения мезофильных аэробных и факультативноанаэробных микроорганизмов и плесневых грибов 77,5 и 83,0 соответственно обладает сульфитированный экстрагент. Диффузионный сок, полученный с использованием сульфитированного экстрагента, является наиболее стерильным: эффект угнетения МАФАнМ составляет 91,7. Выявлено влияние способов подготовки экстрагента на модуль упругости свекловичной стружки и степень ее прессования. Установлено, что прирост содержания сухих веществ в прессованном жоме при обработке сульфитированным экстрагентом составляет около 3,3, что выше, чем при обработке экстрагентом, подкисленным серной кислотой и подкисленным серной кислотой с добавлением суспензии гипса. Сульфитационная обработка экстрагента способствует повышению чистоты диффузионного сока на 1,45 по сравнению с другими способами подготовки экстрагента. Усредненная величина показателя цветности, ед. оптической плотности, составила для образцов диффузионных соков, полученных при использовании экстрагента: сульфитированного 349,65 подкисленного серной кислотой 1869,63 подкисленного серной кислотой с добавлением гипса 466,54. Установлено, что экстрагент, обработанный сернистым ангидридом, способствует повышению качества продуктов диффузионного отделения., The influence of the method of preparation of the extragent for the diffusion process on the quality of diffusion facility semiproducts diffusion juice and beet pulp is shown. Methods of preparing multicomponent extragent treatment with sulfuric anhydride, the acidification with sulfuric acid and acidification with sulfuric acid with the addition of gypsum suspension of are considered. It was found that extragent with treatment by sulfuric anhydride has the greatest effect of inhibition of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms and fungi 77,5 and 83,0 respectively. The diffusion juice, obtained using extragent with treatment by sulfuric anhydride is the most sterile: the effect of the oppression of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms is 91,7. The influence of extragent preparation methods on the elastic modulus of beet cossettes and the degree of its pressing was revealed. It was found that the increase in the content of solids in the pressed pulp when treated with extragent with treatment by sulfuric anhydride is about 3,3, which is higher than when treated with an extragent acidified with sulfuric acid and acidified with sulfuric acid with the addition of gypsum suspension. The extragent with treatment by sulfuric anhydride helps improve the purity of the diffusion juice by 1,45 compared with extragents that are processed in other ways. The average values of chromaticity, units of optical density, was for samples of the diffusion juice, obtained using an extragent: treatment with sulfuric anhydride 349,65 acidified with sulfuric acid 1869,63 acidified with sulfuric acid and containing gypsum 466,54. It was found that the extragent prepared by treatment with sulfuric anhydride improves the quality of diffusion separation products., №5-6(371) (2019)

Разработано биодеградабельное пленочное покрытие (БПП), состоящее из ксантана, карбоксиметилцеллюлозы, лецитина и воды для пищевого применения. Установлено, что в процессе хранения в опытных образцах свинины, упакованных в БПП, потери массы сократились с 2,16 до 0,21 (норма до 0,30). Срок хранения образцов охлажденной свинины, упакованных в биодеградабельную пленку, увеличился c 2 до 5 сут. Определено, что все упакованные образцы свинины оставались свежими в течение 5 сут хранения. В процессе хранения свинины в опытном образце на 3и сут отмечено уменьшение количества КМАФАнМ в 2 раза. На 10е сут хранения количество КМАФАнМ было также в 2 раза меньше в опытном образце, упакованном в БПП, чем в контрольном образце без пленки. В контрольном образце на 3и сут выявлены бактерии рода Proteus, что свидетельствовало о начале гнилостных процессов в мясе (порчи). В опытных образцах бактерии рода Proteus обнаружены на 5е сут. Определены режимы хранения свинины, упакованной в БПП: температура воздуха 02С, относительная влажность 8590, скорость движения воздуха 0,20,3 м/с. Данные параметры позволяют пролонгировать срок хранения упакованного в БПП мяса до 5 сут., A biodegradable film coating consisting of xanthan, carboxymethyl cellulose, lecithin and water for food use has been developed. It was found that during storage of pork, packaged in this biodegradable film, the weight loss of experimental samples decreased from 2,16 down to 0,21 (norm up to 0,30). The shelf life of samples of chilled pork, packaged in a biodegradable film, increased from 2 to 5 days. Sensory analysis showed that all packaged pork samples were fresh throughout the entire storage period 5 days. Reduction in 2 times of the numbers of mesophilic aerobic and optional anaerobic microorganisms in the test samples was observed during the storage of pork on the 3rd day. During 10 days of storage, the number of these bacteria was also 2 times less in the test sample packed in biodegradable film than in the control sample without film. In the control sample on day 3 revealed bacteria of the genus Proteus, indicating the beginning of putrefactive processes in meat (spoilage). The presence of bacteria of the genus Proteus was found in the test samples on day 5 only. The storage modes of pork packaged in a biodegradable film coating were determined: air temperature 02С, relative humidity 8590, air velocity 0,20,3 m/s. These parameters allow prolong the shelf life of meat up to 5 days., №4(370) (2019)

Определено влияние размера семян овощных культур на их посевные качества в период длительного хранения, изучена динамика снижения энергии прорастания и лабораторной всхожести семян. Страховые и резервные фонды семян овощных культур целесообразно закладывать на хранение после исключения из общего объема крайних фракций мелких и крупных семян., The influence of the size of vegetable seeds on their sowing qualities during longterm storage was determined the dynamics of reducing the energy of germination and laboratory germination of seeds was studied. Insurance and reserve funds of vegetable seeds should be deposited after the exclusion of the total volume of extreme fractions small and large seeds., №8 (2019)

Осина по запасам древесины среди лиственных пород занимает в России второе место. Ресурсы используются неудовлетворительно, что в настоящее время вызывает интерес исследователей. Цель исследования – получить активный уголь на основе осиновой древесины с достаточно высокими сорбционными характеристиками. Проведены необходимые исследования, в ходе которых изучалось влияние основных факторов процесса активации на выход и качество получаемого угля. Для активации использовали образец промышленного древесного угля, который соответствовал требованиям ГОСТ 7657. Уголь был получен из древесины осины на модульной пиролизной установке типа МПРУ при конечной температуре пиролиза 600 С. Для определения показателей качества как древесного, так и активного угля, использовались общепринятые методы анализа. Для определения закономерностей процессов активации применялись математические методы планирования эксперимента. Из множества факторов, влияющих на процесс активации, выбраны три основных: температура (Х1), удельный расход водяного пара (Х2), продолжительность процесса активации (Х3). Температура процесса активации изменялась в диапазоне 760…820 С, удельный расход водяного пара составлял 1,3–1,8 кг/кг древесного угля, продолжительность активации менялась от 90 до 120 мин. В качестве функций отклика приняты: Y1 – выход активного угля (%); Y2 – суммарный объем пор (см3/г); Y3 – адсорбционная активность по йоду (%). Эксперимент позволил получить уравнения регрессии, адекватно описывающие влияние основных действующих факторов на выход и свойства активного угля. Полученные результаты по активации осинового активного угля сравнивались с аналогичными исследованиями, которые проводились по активации березового угля. В результате исследования установлено: на выход активного угля как из осины, так и из березы, в большей мере влияет удельный расход пара. Суммарный объем пор активного угля напрямую зависит от температуры и удельного расхода пара. При активации осинового древесного угля большее влияние имеет удельный расход пара. Осиновый активный уголь имеет показатель активности по йоду примерно на 15…20% выше, чем березовый, полученный в тех же условиях., Aspen on wood supplies of deciduous species ranks the second place in Russia. Resources are not being used well, that is of interest to researchers at the present time. Purpose: to obtain active carbon (AC) on the basis of aspen wood with sufficiently high sorption characteristics. To do this, the necessary studies were carried out, in which the influence of the main factors of the activation process on the yield and quality of the AC produced was studied. For activation, a sample of industrial control, which corresponded to Russian standart 7657, was used. The control system was obtained from aspen wood on a modular pyrolysis-retort unit at a final pyrolysis temperature of 600°C. Conventional methods of analysis were used to determine the quality parameters of the AС. Mathematical methods of experiment planning were used to determine the regularities of activation processes. Of the many factors that affect the activation process, we have chosen three main ones: temperature (X1), specific water vapor consumption (X2) and the duration of the activation process (X3).The temperature of the activation process varied in the range of 760…820 C, the specific flow rate of water vapor was 1.3–1.8 kg/kg charcoal, the duration of activation varied from 90 to 120 minutes. As the response functions were taken: Y1 – yield of AC (%); Y2 – total pore volume (cm3/g); Y3 – adsorption activity of iodine (%). The experiment allowed us to obtain regression equations adequately describing the influence of the main acting factors on the output and properties of the AC. The results obtained for the activation of aspen AC were compared with similar studies that were carried out on the activation of birch charcoal. As a result of the research it was determined that the output of AC from both aspen and birch is more influenced by the specific consumption of steam. The total pore volume of AC depends on the temperature and specific steam flow rate. While activating, the aspen control unit has a greater impact specific steam consumption. The aspen AC has an iodine activity rate of about 15–20% higher than the birch AC obtained under the same conditions., №224 (2018)

The article presents the results of studies of sterilized milk on the presence of residual (total and free) ATP, the possibility of using sterile milk containing a significant amount of free ATP, as a full-fledged substrate for the cultivation of E. coli. The level of ATP-bioluminescence was determined by HY-LiTE®2 (Merk, Germany) luminometer in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions using special test systems. It has been established that with the sterilization of milk, somatic cells are destroyed, and only free ATP remains. By the level of free ATP, you can indirectly judge the amount of somatic cells in raw prefabricated milk taken by dairies and, as a consequence, the quality of the milk being procured. It was determined that when bacteria were introduced into sterilized milk after 6 hours of incubation, the level of free ATP decreased 5 times, the parameters of bacterial ATP increased 4 times against the background of an increase in the level of bacteria by 2 times. At the same time, it was noted that in the meat infusion agar during this time interval, the ATP of bacteria increased only by 1,3 times, in physiological salinity the indices remained at the same level.

The historical memory of the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan (1979-1989) is studied through the prism of memory books dedicated to the participants of the war and those who died in it. The present paper is the first study of the Afghan books of memory that were published over the past decades in different regions of Russia. The first part of this paper analyzes the regional books of memory published in various regions of the Russian Federation from 1991 to the present day; the second part analyzes the books of memory published in small cities of Russia as a separate cultural phenomenon. In conclusion, the author describes the main features of regional Afghan books of memory, emphasizing that the memory books are published with the active participation of various regional organizations - from local archives to representatives of municipalities - revealing that the publication of these books is part of cultural policy in the regions. Many memory books have been reprinted, which indicates the continued collection and processing of information about the military casualties in Afghanistan. The regional books of memory are one of the most important forms of preserving and transmitting the historical memory of the Afghanistan war.

Introduction. The active integration of digital technologies into the modern educational process is an urgent task for the global education ecosystem. In this paper, within the framework of the joint international educational project “Digital Toolbox for Innovation in Nursing Education (I-BOX)”, conducted under the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union, we present a new instructional design of the educational process using digital technologies on an electronic platform, based on the ASSURE model. The aim of the study is to design digital educational process using the ASSURE model with a view of its integration into electronic platforms. Materials and Methods. The development of the ASSURE model for instructional design was based on three stages. The first stage involved the analysis of available instructional models in order to determine the feasibility of application for the project. The second stage included the adaptation of the ASSURE model for instructional design as consistent with the project objectives. The third stage covered the definition and integration of modern digital technologies in the process of instructional design following the ASSURE model. Results. Based on the results of the study, the participants of the I-BOX Strategic Partnership Consortium developed an ASSURE model that can be applied for the instructional design in educational process when the use of digital technologies (video, audio, podcasts) and the placement of learning materials on an electronic platform are required. Project participants developed a guide “ASSURE MODEL: Conceptual Structure of the Project and Assessment” based on the results of the study with a step-by-step description of the ASSURE model for the e-learning process. The developed educational and audiovisual e-learning materials based on the ASSURE model will be available on the electronic platform. Discussion and Conclusion. The materials of the paper will be useful when designing the educational process on an electronic platform or in an online format. The presented ASSURE model will increase the possibilities and effectiveness of teaching students from different countries using digital technologies on electronic platforms.

The analysis of the speech genre of self-presentation is performed within the anthropocentric approach to the language and speech. The study focuses on the self-presentation of non-philological students. The research is based on the comparative analysis of the papers of first year students and graduate students of the faculties of geography and of computer science and information technology, as well as of the Institute of physical education and sports of Saratov National Research State University. A multi-aspect analysis of student self-presentations revealed the main features of the speech genre of self-presentation. Among them are the most typical cognitive models (scenarios) of self-presentation which form the basis of the corresponding speech genre. In student papers, the speech genre of self-presentation often interacts with other speech genres: appeals, messages, and gratitude. First year students demonstrate a strategy that suggests an effort to please, to appear attractive to others. Graduate students present a strategy of self-promotion, trying to prove their professional competence. The analyzed papers show that the students demonstrate the awareness that effective self-presentation is based on verbal-logical and emotional-expressive elements of speech which act as the means of linguistic persuasion. The papers abound in clichés and set expressions containing elements of formal academic style.

This paper aims to investigate the essence and method of building a financial model of healthcare in Russia. The author applies methods such as analysis and synthesis, statistical data processing, systemic and structural approaches. This article is an analysis of the basics of building a budgetary and insurance model: cost allocation (various types of medical care, individual costs) by funding sources; system of inter-budgetary relations; the structure of expenditures of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation on healthcare in 2019. The study presents the financial model of the compulsory medical insurance (СMI) system and defines the role of insurance and private medical organizations in the CMI system. The mechanism of financing state (public) healthcare institutions is shown. The procedure for financing medical organizations according to the territorial program is considered (as illustrated by the example of the Irkutsk region). The article analyzes the methodology for calculating the cost of the territorial program and identifies the problems associated with it. The author pays special attention to organizations that do not carry out activities in the field of compulsory medical insurance, outlining the specifics of financing and legal regulation, and arguing the reasons for excluding a number of diseases from the compulsory medical insurance program. The paper examines the content of the new law on the CHI reform, which provides for direct financing from the budget of the Federal CHI Fund of federal institutions providing specialized medical care. The author highlights the main problems of the building of the budgetary and insurance healthcare funding model such as congestion, inconsistency, cost intensity. The author concluded that it is necessary to revise the organization of the healthcare system and mechanisms for its financial support. The outstripping growth in healthcare costs, on the one hand, and inadequate funding of medical institutions, on the other, lead to a constant search for a compromise between equity and cost-effectiveness. Based on this, the author substantiated the goals and determined the directions for further research, such as reducing transaction costs, changing the motivation of participants, identifying cost growth factors and the possibility of eliminating them.

Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), which is still extremely common in endemic low- and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. Industrialised countries may also be affected by typhoid fever outbreaks due to booming international tourism, and natural disasters. Given S. Typhi progressive resistance to antibiotics, high epidemiological burden, and lack of adequate sanitation and hygiene in a number of regions, the introduction of new treatment protocols and the improvement of preventive vaccination are critical tasks in global healthcare. The aim of the study was to highlight the main historical aspects of the typhoid vaccine development, to summarise data on the licensed vaccines and promising approaches to the development of new typhoid vaccines. The paper describes the current epidemiological situation of typhoid fever globally and in the Russian Federation. It dwells upon the global experience in typhoid vaccine development from the production of an inactivated vaccine to the development of conjugated vaccines. The paper summarises data on Russian and foreign-made typhoid fever vaccines currently available in the global pharmaceutical market. It outlines the main trends in the development of vaccines against the disease caused by S. Typhi. The paper demonstrates the need for improving the efficacy of existing vaccines and development of new typhoid combination vaccines.

The article presents historical and modern aspects of the theory of entrepreneurship, the role of entrepreneurship in the socio-economic life of the country. The paper considers the reasons: why the state should create conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses. The study gives criteria for defining small and medium-sized businesses in Russia and in the European Union. The author studies and presents the main indicators that characterize the degree of development of small and medium-sized businesses in terms of their involvement in the economy. The article gives the classification of the main measures to support small and medium-sized businesses in countries with a developed business sector. The paper considers the main measures of state support for entrepreneurship in Russia and assesses their effectiveness.

The paper's relevance is substantiated by the fact that today a rapid growth of external debt of the most developed countries of the world (including European Union (EU) countries) is one of the most acute problems of the modern world economy and global finance. The paper aims to assess the degree of the external debt burden of various EU countries and evaluate the prospects of solving external debt problems in the EU. The article focuses on dynamics, composition, and specifics shaping the EU countries' external debt based on comparative, economic, statistical, and graphical analysis. Special attention we paid to the analysis of specifics of the EU countries' sovereign external debt composition connected with the acute problem of the rapid growth of public debt in general. The paper examines the ratio of public external and internal debt in various EU countries. It determines the EU particular countries where public external debt is shaping based on either cross-border or domestic model. The research results reveal a high degree of dependence of the EU economy on international debt finance. Gross external debt and sovereign external debt of the EU countries are still growing, and its distribution among various member states is very uneven. The structural imbalance of the EU countries' net external debt has also been revealed: the number of net borrowers is double that of net lenders. According to the basic external debt sustainability indicators, some EU countries are in a pretty tricky situation and entirely depend on the possibility of external debt refinancing.

The article analyses the views of the famous Russian sociologist and philosopher, A. A. Zinoviev (1922–2006) on the Soviet administrative elite and the stages of its social and spiritual evolution. The paper reveals the ideas of the sociologist about the ideological basis of the formation of this elite, the degree of its organic nature to society. The author investigates identified by A. A. Zinoviev, social types of managers inherent in the early and late periods of the life of the USSR. The study shows that the Leninist and Stalinist leaders, according to the sociologist’s worldview, were inspired by the spirit of communism, widely attracted people to government and controlled the growth of the bureaucracy. The article reveals the ideological and social meaning of de-Stalinization as an inevitable, but morally defective administrative step, from the position of a philosopher. The paper identifies the main characteristics of the Brezhnev and Gorbachev management elite, as a privileged stratum cut off from the people, who have lost faith in communist ideals and are ready for capitalist transformation. The author shows that the subsequent regressive evolution of the country A. A. Zinoviev considers it as a consequence of the death of the spirit of communism, that is, the state of human souls that were characteristic of the first stages of the life of the Soviet administrative elite, and raised the spiritual life of people to the unattainable heights of historical romance.

The article considers the approaches to public debt management in Russia, describes the time requirements for the use of various tools. The paper evaluates the dynamics of changes in public debt and its transformation, which consists in the transition from external to internal borrowing. The author denotes problems in the field of underfunding of budget expenditures in connection with the coronavirus pandemic. The study considers all known theories of public debt management and presents the mechanism of their implementation and their impact on the state of public finances. The author makes a summary of the necessary approaches and solutions in the field of borrowing and debt servicing. The paper also presents the direction of changes in the legislation in the field of setting service limits and the total amount of borrowing.

The subject of the study is the indirect financing of sports development abroad through tax incentives. This paper aims to analyze and summarize foreign experience of tax approaches to the sports development and to substantiate the possibility of its application in the Russian Federation. The following methods were used: content analysis of scientific papers and the legal framework related; comparing the different sports funding models and the tax instruments used in the analyzed countries to promote sports; logical synthesis to gain insights and form recommendations. Sports currently play an important role in addressing both social and economic challenges, which reinforces governmental regulation. The financing models for sports development applications abroad are examined. Models have been found to differ by the use of direct and indirect methods of sports financing methods, including tax incentives. The experience of tax incentives application for sports promotion in the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Belarus has been analyzed, similarities and differences of the ways goals are achieved have been identified. Possibilities for applying foreign experience in tax incentives for the sports development in the Russian Federation have been identified. Conclusions have been made on the need to further analysis of foreign experience in order to improve methods of indirect financing of sports development. The economic rationale for the proposed tax regulation in sports development should be ensured to prove feasibility thereof.

The article provides the results of a search empirical study of the impact of digital communications on the protest behavior of young people in the digital environment. The authors conducted the study on the basis of the State University of Management from November 2019 to April 2020. In the course of its implementation, the civil and political practices of student youth during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and mass self-isolation were studied and updated. The paper determines the most common forms of protest activity of university students, names the main reasons for their participation or non-participation in mass protest actions. It has been empirically proven that the increase in protest behavior of young people is determined by an increase in the amount of political information with a high number of likes and reposts. In order to deactivate protest moods among young people, reduce the threats of their protest behavior and improve attitudes towards the authorities, the authors developed practical recommendations that involve social monitoring of sites, forums, pages and communities on the Internet, where young people can freely express their opinions, express dissatisfaction, and receive explanations about the actions of the authorities. The study also recommends to stimulate “feedback” with the authorities, improve public opinion on the actions or inaction of the authorities, increase the influence of citizens’ assessments on the work of state and municipal authorities. The paper states the importance of tracking youth groups prone to extremism, carrying out preventive measures with students in schools, students in colleges and universities, teaching them legal literacy. To get answers to questions about the political and economic consequences awaiting our country after the end of the coronavirus pandemic, as well as about the essence of the predicted threats, the authors plan the study on a more representative sample.

This article examines the development of the theory and practice of jihad under the Circassian Sultanate in Egypt and Syria (1382–1517). The article aims to trace the development of the key aspects of the concept of jihad and reveal the peculiarities of its perception in the Mamluk state. The article highlights an essential characteristic of the theory of jihad in the Mamluk period, i.e. the interpretation of jihad as f ar ḍ al-‘ayn (the personal duty of every Muslim). A fertile ground for this paper was given by studies of M. Bonner and D. Cook, who supplemented a balanced approach to the interpretation of jihad from a historical perspective with a critical consideration of its religious and political meanings. The authors emphasise the importance of the difference between the understanding of jihad as a collective and individual obligation using the concept of minimalism and maximalism developed by Y. Waghid. The paper is based on works by Ibn al-Nahhas (d. 1411), an outstanding thinker of the Mamluk era. The interpretation of jihad as a personal responsibility of every Muslim substantiated by Ibn al-Nahhas was the basis of the volunteer movement that unfolded in Egypt and Syria in the fifteenth century. The doctrine of jihad concentrated around the most important Islamic values embodied in the concepts of “justice” ( al-‘adl ) and “truth” ( al- ḥ aqq ) and was initially used by the Mamluks and subsequently by the Ottomans as a powerful ideological tool for manipulating the Muslims’ consciousness. This paper is relevant because the conclusions of the study are valid not only for the Middle Ages but are directly related to the present. The authors of the article emphasise this by drawing parallels with modern events in countries such as Afghanistan, Syria, Libya, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia.

The purpose of the paper is to improve the methods of using test technologies in the educational process and to develop an optimal schedule for conducting tests in higher education when teaching programming languages. The article considers the advantages and disadvantages of test technologies. The author investigates the effectiveness of one-time and step-by-step testing and studies the role of testing at different stages of the educational process. In the course of the study, the author used written and computer forms of testing. The paper shows that step-by-step testing is more effective than one-time testing. The article identifies the expediency of testing that precedes the implementation of practical work. The results of the study allow us to develop an optimal schedule for conducting tests, which contributes to improving the quality of learning material and increasing students’ motivation.

The current paper has presented the study of productivity, environmental stability and adaptability of 11 Russian grain sorghum varieties of various groups of ripeness in the conditions of the Ural steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan, conducted in 2015–2019. The purpose of the study was to estimate the grain sorghum varieties according to the parameters of environmental adaptability and stability of productivity in changing environmental conditions. The weather conditions during the years of study were different in temperature and water supply, which made it possible to evaluate the lines in the contrasting cultivation conditions. The index of environmental conditions for grain yield of grain sorghum in 2015 was 0.9, in 2016 it was 1.3, in 2017 it was -1.0, in 2019 it was -1.2. The data completely characterizes the weather conditions of the years of study and their effect on the growth and development of plants. Environmental adaptability (bi) and stability (Ϭ2d) were calculated according to the methods of S.A. Eberchart and W. A. Rassel (1966) interpreted by V. A. Zykin, stress resistance (Ymin–Ymax) was estimated according to the equation of A. A. Rossille, J. Hamblin interpreted by A. A. Goncharenko, productivity range (d) was evaluated according to V. A. Zykin. The varieties ‘Kamelik’, ‘Ogonyok’, ‘Orlovskoe’ turned out to be adaptable (bi was close to 1); the varieties ‘Slavyanka’, ‘Zernyshko’ and ‘Ros’ were responsive to the improvement of growing conditions (bi > 1). Based on a comprehensive estimation of the value of environmental adaptability and stability, the varieties ‘Premiera’, ‘Belochka’, ‘Ogonyok’, ‘Orlovskoe’ were identified as the best ones. These varieties are highly intensive, responsive to the improvement of growing conditions and characterized with high productivity. The paper has collected and presented the material of the long-term study of the environmental adaptability and stability of the grain sorghum productivity in the conditions of the Ural steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The study subject of the paper is the directions of development of leasing in Russia in various forms of its manifestation. There is no generally accepted classification of types of leasing today — the system of statistical indicators characterizing the state and development of the financial leasing market is in a state of formation; the factors (external and internal) and cause-and-effect relationships that bring such an uneven development of the leasing services market in a way of changing the legal environment, new challenges of the time (economic, financial, social) have been little studied. Thereby, the study of leasing as a unique tool for investing in assets (including labor force) in various spheres of human activity is a relevant scientific and the applied problem. Within the framework of this paper, being used statistical methods for analyzing the structure and dynamics of the phenomena of public life, the features and trends that are emerging in thebRussian market of leasing services are investigated, a forecast for 2020 is being constructed. and expert agencies and summarizes the results of the comprehensive statistical analysis of one of the segments of the financial intermediation services market. The proposed methodology for analyzing a segment of the financial intermediation services market using the example of leasing can be widely used in the analytical activities of expert agencies, financial analysts, be useful in scientific and applied research conducted by research organizations and universities, as well as in the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel in financial and economic profile universities.

The paper is devoted to frontotemporal dementia (FTD), one of the most common forms of frontotemporal degeneration. The main symptoms of the disease include disinhibition, lack of empathy, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, apathy, cognitive impairment, appetite changes, and progressive changes in social behavior. In parallel, there are personality changes that are characterized by lower levels of self-awareness and by progressive psychological and social maladaptation of patients in society.The paper describes a clinical case of FTD in a female patient with marked behavioral changes and personality disorder. A 52-year-old woman was admitted to the alcoholism treatment department for alcohol intoxication and symptoms of mental confusion. According to her relatives, drinking too much alcohol every day, she was found to become rude, indifferent to others and her own duties, sharply limited the range of her activities and communication, and showed a decline in memory for current events. Psychopathological examination determined a distinct motivational-volitional decrease, the patient’s inability to mobilize mental activity, non-critical thinking, and indifference. X-ray diagnosis revealed the changes characteristic of frontotemporal neurodegeneration (atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes prevails). The described case confirms that alcohol abuse can mask organic disorders that develop in systemic cerebral atrophy.

The article describes economic and social problems of different countries resulting from the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper defines general and specific characteristics of economic difficulties in developed and developing countries. The authors carry out a preliminary analysis of the economic and social consequences of the coronavirus pandemic for the global economy as a whole. The study presents a comparative description of approaches to the formation of state financial support for businesses and households in developed countries of the European Union, China and Russia. The article identifies two main models of state support – push/pull, shows their differences in the amount of funds, the breadth of coverage of final recipients, the availability of benefits, and the degree of bureaucratization of procedures. The paper reveals the rules and procedures for providing state events to support businesses and entrepreneurs on the Russian market, and also uncovers shortcomings that significantly affected the economic situation of agents. The authors describe the consequences of lockdown for the economies of various countries. The study conducts a screen analysis of health systems and their mobilization response to the spread of coronavirus infection. The paper draws conclusions about the advantages of proactive social support for the population and business, the need to increase its targeting and the spread of effective practices in the future.

The article considers the downward spiral of deflation, its causes and consequences. The paper discusses the compression of aggregate demand and the subsequent recession. The study discloses the content of the liquidity trap created by the behavior of borrowers. The author traces the connection between the events of the “lost decades” in Japan and the stagnation of production in leading Western countries after the global financial crisis. In both cases, the large-scale use of fiscal and monetary incentives did not cause a sharp rise in business activity. The paper concludes that the operation of the market mechanism is blocked by budget and monetary policies. Obstacles to entrepreneurial activity and energy lead to the loss of necessary information generated by market agents. This circumstance prolongs the stagnation of the economy.

The modern tendencies in the Russian system of education, the emergence of competition and market relations in this sphere facilitated the reconsideration of the scientific grounds for the higher educational establishments activity. The suggested theoretical and methodological approaches to the domestic higher educational institutions’ management are subject to debate. The paper analyses the most essential terminology for the theoretical grounds of production management applicable for higher education processes. The terms "production", "activity", "production process" are clarified. The frequently used term "the education services production" is proved to be incorrect. The paper specifies the educational service in the context of the higher educational establishment activity, taking into consideration that the educational service should provide the student with the appropriate knowledge, training management, teaching support and student’s own educational activity control. The educational production process with which the student interfaces is divided into three subsequent stages: preparatory, main and final. The essence of each stage is defined. The students’ and teachers’ educational activity subject and result identification ways are suggested. These ways are aimed at making ultimate decisions for educational establishment production management optimization and other aspects improvement.

The aim of the study is to analyse the mechanism for increasing staff engagement through broadcasting corporate values and internal PR. The article substantiates the relevance of informing as a verbal means of positive content. The paper gives an approximate list of proclaimed and denied values. The authors consider corporate events with the aim of conveying the mission, values and ideology of the company to all employees. The study notes the role of regular informing for uniting employees into a single team, forming a sense of pride in the company for the staff. The article reviews the option of monitoring the level of awareness through a feedback questionnaire, notes the need for analysis of incoming data. The paper focuses attention on the formation of personnel identity and loyalty, the use of company symbols, the creation of corporate values and traditions.

This paper addresses travelogues by English author Mary Holderness who spent the years 1816–1820 in the settlement of Karagoz in the Crimean Peninsula. Scholarship has used this source but rarely, mostly for cultural-anthropological facts. This paper provides an integral analysis of these travel writings as the most detailed account of Crimean ethno-confessional communes from the period. The works by Holderness are studied in the context of contemporary Western knowledge of the Crimea and specific ethnographic ideas in early Romanticism. The “involved observer’s” experience allowed Holderness to collect unique information about the economy and ethnography of the country. The source provides various accounts on the economic activities and taxation specificities, traditional costumes and cuisine, matrimonial relations and funeral rituals, entertainment and superstitions, religion, and other features of Crimean Russians and Tatars, Greeks and Germans, Bulgarians and Armenians, Karaites, and other ethnocultural communities. These materials allow one to disclose the features of the British perception of other peoples. Thus, foreigners tended to generalisation and typisation, making conclusions about the general trends of the national character relying on a few cases known to them from their own experience. The traveller put her fellow countrymen at the top of the “stairs of peoples” going from “barbarism” to “civilization,” while Crimean ethno-confessional communes occupied the stairs below them. She “supplied” them with various combinations of such features as primitive religiosity and superstitions, bad morals and disinclination to work according to Protestant ethics, laziness and stealing combined with a good heart, hospitality, empathy, etc.

Introduction. The area of intercultural communication with its system-forming theory, empirical research and implementation is gaining currency both in academic research and in the professional training of students. Regarding the latter aspect, there is a need (a) for developing a concept for the training of master’s students with knowledge of foreign languages; (b) for the introduction of new educational practices that successfully combine intercultural communication, foreign language and the modeling of communicative behavior in foreign language communication with its further reproduction in language practice in the students’ native language as well as (c) for the introduction of an educational project using modern technologies in the practice of institutions of higher education. The paper discusses the concept, structure and content of an educational project relying on the experience of higher education in Russia and Germany and aims to work towards an understanding of the social significance of future professional activities, primarily concerning the specific problems as well as of the adequacy of social and professional contacts in intercultural communication. Materials and Methods. Based on the subject, object and objectives of the study, the project’s methodological plan was implemented in the following stages: project planning, development of the fundamental features of the concept; determination of the project’s content; project modeling; introduction to the training of master’s students of various specialties at institutions of higher education. The methodological basis of the project consisted of the analysis of intercultural communication between representatives of the German and the Russian linguocultural community as well as the exchange of experience between them and their comparison. Results. Following the study and the exchange of experience between the institutions of higher education of Russia and Germany, the need for an integrative educational course was revealed, aiming at the improvement and optimization of intercultural communication skills at the level of both professional and personal communication with the goal to prepare master’s students for their future as researchers and practitioners. The educational project presented in the paper drawing on an eponymous integrative course will increase the efficiency of the training of master’s students from various specialized fields and prepare them for successful communication processes with representatives of other linguocultural communities. Discussion and Conclusion. The contents of this paper will be useful for researchers interested in optimizing the preparation of master’s students with knowledge in foreign languages by applying international experience.

The paper deals with the ancient Armenian epic Vipasank known from the book of the 5th century historian Movses Khorenatsi (Moses Chorenensis). The author considers its plot both contextually, against the backdrop of Caucasian peoples’ mythology, and historically, by drawing parallels with real-life figures that might have served as prototypes for the legendary epic kings and heroes. It is noted that obvious character analogies and linguistic similarities do not suggest any genetic relatedness between the Armenian and the neighbouring Caucasion traditions but are a result of cultural borrowings and language contacts. The author points out the culture-driven evolution of traditional beliefs that caused changes in the original epic plot. The story of Artavasdes, the son and the successor of the legendary king Artaxias who defeated the Alan army and stole the Alan princess Satenik, serves as an example of this development. The entire logic of the epic suggests that in its archaic version, Artavasdes was the son of Argavan, head of the vishapazuns (“dragonids”), which is proved by multiple text allusions and the plot development. Based on the peculiarities of Indo-European poetic language, first noted by Ferdinand de Saussure, the paper highlights its tendency to encrypt the names of gods or heroes by repeating sounds and sound combinations. The author gives a close analysis of one obscure passage of the Vipasank epic and draws a hypothesis that it contains an anagram of the name of Artavasdes, which, after the adoption of Christianity, must have alluded to the secret relation between Satenik and Argavan. This, in turn, enables the author to trace back the evolution of the image of Artavasdes in epic tradition and to explain its ambivalence.

Chronic pain (CP) is still one of the urgent problems of modern medicine. The paper provides a review of the main pharmacotherapeutic approaches from the standpoint of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) guidelines. When preparing this material, the authors have analyzed the publications available in the resources: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and еLIBRARY. The paper presents the main pathogenetic mechanisms of pain syndrome development in osteoarthritis (OA), including synovial inflammation and associated immune disorders. It considers the types of development of pain syndrome and the main prognostic outcomes according the mechanism of pain, providing a rationale for the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or chondroprotectors (CPs). In accordance with the ESCEO guidelines, it is noted that when starting OA therapy, CPs should be considered as the first step (in their long-term prescription and pharmaceutical quality), then NSAIDs should be added (topically), then (if ineffective) orally, by excluding patients with hip OA. It is known that the intramuscular administration of CPs (chondroitin sulfate (CS) in particular) can increase their bioavailability. The use of glucosamine sulfate (GS) is recommended for patients over 60 years of age. According to the recommendations of the 2019 ESCEO experts, CS and GS should be used as a disease-modifying OA drug from the first step and at all subsequent stages.

The article deals with the problems of perishable goods handling process at Russian airports on delivery in international supply chains (ISC). The investigation was carried out on the basis of operational analysis. The initial stage of the study, which was performed applying statistical analysis, revealed that the major category of perishable goods which establish air transportation demand into Russia is the fresh exotic fruits. The investigation was performed taking the mango supply chain as an example, due to its non-standard thermal and storage requirements. The second stage resulted in the perishable goods airport handling quality criteria set formation: the number of mandatory cargo while handling operations, the required time for these operations, the amount of paper work, the number of multi-temperature chambers at the airport and their area, ULD temperature storage system availability. The study revealed that about 90% of perishable goods, which are imported to Russia, are handled at the airports of Moscow aviation hub because other airports in Russia lack the temperature storage facilities infrastructure. This restriction raises the price of perishable goods logistics on the territory of the country considerably as well as reduces their quality. Four international airports of strategic importance outside the boarders of the central federal district which have the potential of forming central hubs for perishable goods handling as well as processing of transit and transfer flows were chosen in the context of this study. Among them are the airports of Novosibirsk, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg and Krasnoyarsk. The airports of Moscow aviation hub were offered specialization on the subject of perishable goods export-import flow handling. The materials received from airlines, major cargo terminals at Russian airports, transport companies, specialized international air transport enterprises and logistics associations were exploited as the data for this study. The research registered that the deterrence to the speed of supply chain operation is the time of cargo ground service at Russian airports which considerably exceeds the cargo ground service time in the exporting country. The delays are connected with the poor development of perishable goods handling cargo terminals and also with loads of paper work because the system of electronic workflow and automated checking of markings doesn’t exist. The model of electronic workflow in the International Supply Chain which utilizes pre-flight and pre-loading preliminary information about the cargo was offered. Block Chain system for checking the correct presentation of documents at all stages of the supply chain was introduced which reduces the total time of cargo ground handling process.

The metamodern period presents new challenges to modern organizations. The philosophical concepts of modernity and postmodernity, which have a kaleidoscopic effect on the mentality, values and behavior of economic agents, transform the economic eco-system. The article considers the problems of metamodern organizations. The author has reasoned proven the need to change the management paradigm of management of industrial enterprises and service sector. The paper highlights the main directions of increasing the competitiveness of the metamodern organization. The key element of the manager is the flexibility of managing business processes and their dynamic transformation. The article reveals the tools of signal technologies that form the possibility of meeting and creating the needs of a mono-economic agent. The paper presents a model for managing consumer behavior using modern digitalization technologies.

Introduction. The article is focused on differences in quality assurance-related obligations and responsibilities between Marketing Authorisation Holders (MAHs) and manufacturing authorisation holder (manufacturers) in pharmaceutical industry. In case of outsourcing and technical agreements there is a need to differentiate responsibilities related to quality assurance between the above mentioned categories.Text. The guidelines for the pharmaceutical sector of the European Union (EU) provide guidance on the responsibilities of the MAHs in relation to the GMP rules, which are scattered throughout the various chapters of the GMP and its appendices. In addition, certain provisions on this topic are contained in the EU directives. With this in mind the European Medicines Agency (EMA) issued in January 2020 a draft Reflection paper on Good manufacturing practice and Marketing Authorisation Holders. The draft clarifies that while certain activities of an MAH may be delegated to the manufacturer, MAH retains ultimate responsibility for the performance of a medicinal product, its safety, quality and efficacy. The important obligation of MAH in this context is to facilitate GMP compliance by establishing a robust two-way communication system with national competent authorities, manufacturing sites, Qualified Persons (QPs) certifying batches before release, and other interested parties. The MAH ought to communicate to manufacturing personnel, normally through QPs, production processes and related quality control procedures, including subsequent variations, described in registration dossiers.Conclusion. A general one conclusion: in view of rapid developments in the EU GMP Guide, the Eurasian Economic Union GMP requirements ought to be updated. In respect of specific responsibilities of MAH pertaining to GMP compliance the EMA draft Reflection paper merits attention as a guidance regarding separation of obligations and responsibilities between MAH and personnel of manufacturing sights.

Georgia’s turn to the West signifi cantly aff ected its geopolitical and foreign policies. The author shares the view expressed by Georgian scholars that the country’s continued commitment to the Western vector is a direct consequence of ideas expressed by political elites (constructivist theory) and their self-identifi cation as “European,” coupled with Western-style liberal democracy as a social order preference (liberal theory). Georgia’s political elites are driven by the concept of “Europeanness” and thus focus primarily on the state’s aspirations to be integrated into the “Western world,” which is pushing the state towards European and North-Atlantic integration. Georgian elites believe that institutional reunifi cation with “European family” under the NATO defence shield will not only deter Moscow but will fi nally put an end to Moscow’s attempts to bring the post-soviet state under its control. Moreover, due to the tensions between the generalized West and Russian Federation, the Kremlin’s aspirations to stop what it perceives as a geopolitical expansion of the West to the east, Georgia’s approach has become even more radical. The paper argues that the concept of “Europeanness” has been transformed into “radical Europeanness,” meaning that the political elites maintain economic cooperation with non-Western countries, but there is no proactive foreign policy beyond that, even with its most important strategic partners, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey. In spite Tbilisi enjoys trade relations with these countries, the existing level of political and military cooperation between them conceals signifi cant bilateral challenges. Additionally, this approach is perfectly refl ected in Georgia’s relations with China, when the country’s political elites pushed for free trade, without attention to the political and geopolitical aspects of economic cooperation. Thus, Georgia – China relations are also the part of research interest in this paper, as the free trade regime between the two countries is subject to serious scrutiny after the Donald Trump administration made it clear that Washington would not welcome Chinese economic and geopolitical expansion in Georgia.

The article provides an overview of the most influential papers on the topic of “male infertility”. The selection criteria were the practical significance of the article and the impact factor of the journal in which it was published, according to SCImago Journal Rank (SJR). As a result, we created the list of 10 papers published in the I quarter (January – March) of 2020. The review included articles on the following issues: the effectiveness and safety of antioxidants, zinc and folic acid in the treatment of male infertility; the effect of obesity on sperm DNA-fragmentation; the possibility of obtaining of spermatogonia in children and adolescents with Kleinfelter syndrome; comparison of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and intracytoplasmic morphologically selected spermatozoa injection (IMSI); the reaction of the female reproductive system to the seminal fluid; viral profile in seminal fluid of men receiving the antiretroviral therapy, the effect of sleep duration on fertility and the risk of diabetes mellitus in children, conceived using assisted reproductive technologies.

The paper discribes the method of remote voting at shareholders meetings via the Internet. The methodology of the study is based on the theory of agent costs. It means that costs associated with the exercise of control are important to investors within making investment decisions. The author considers conditions to the digitalization of voting processes: the Russian legislative framework; Internet access in the country; development of digital voting services; the provision of remote voting services by registrars and the Information Disclosure Center of JSC National Settlement Depository. The paper presents results of the analysis of the practice of using electronic voting services in Russian public companies. It has been proved that the creation of the Internet voting infrastructure has contributed to the activity growth of shareholders’ participation in Annual General Meetings. This, in turn, has a positive effect on the quality of corporate governance in these companies. The theoretical and practical significance of the study is to generalize the practice of using electronic voting technology in Russian corporations.

The present paper deals with the use of cast iron cauldrons in medieval urban settlements east of the Carpathian, controlled by the Golden Horde, employing as a case study the archaeological finds uncovered within the medieval site of Old Orhei (Orheiul Vechi, Republic of Moldova). Therefore, the objective of the paper is to provide novel data on this category of cooking vessels, uncovered during archaeological excavations carried out within this site in the valley of Raut River, during the campaigns of 1947–2018. This information will complete the database on the morphology and chronology of cast iron vessels, as well as the territorial spread of this category of artifacts in the western part of the area ruled by the Golden Horde in the fourteenth century.

The paper provides a review of the data available in the literature on the relationship of pain to the risk of OA progression. Network analyses and numerous studies, including those conducted at the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, have confirmed that pain syndrome is one of the significant predictors of knee OA progression. The major class of medications for OA pain includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The paper gives data on the efficacy of meloxicam in OA patients, which is widely used in both Russia and other countries of the world. Meloxicam is characterized by a good safety profile in the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and renal systems. It is the drug of choice in patients with musculoskeletal diseases, in particular OA. Good results in severe pain syndrome have been shown by a step-by-step regimen of meloxicam when the injection formulation of the drug is used in the first days of treatment, and then, to consolidate what has been gained from therapy, its oral dosage form is administered in terms of concomitant diseases.

The goal of improving the efficiency of public administration is a priority in the implementation context of the Digital Economy of the Russian Federation Program. The paper provides the formation of a strategy for managing public service personnel based on the principles of a management staff diversity and employees involvement to solve problems of increasing the level of personnel potential. The purpose of the study is to determine the requirements for public service management, to identify a new set of tasks for the top management of a company that transfers most of its activities to digital platforms. The author presents an approach to improving a company’s performance in the digitalization of economy and society. The implementation of the strategy for management excellence is based on the principle of “smart simplicity” and the formation of new professional qualities of the head of the public service. The paper gives a feature of using the 360-degree competency assessment methodology. It presents the world and domestic experience of changing the strategy of personnel management in a modern organization that has embarked on the path of digital transformation. The main requirements to the competence of the Executive who should have knowledge in professional and technical fields being able to think globally and have a wide managerial experience and vision, to have foresight being proactive to turn the company strategy into a new quality. A list of key indicators has been formulated that can be used for monitoring personnel management activities aimed at the successful implementation of a managerial excellence strategy.

The paper is devoted to study of the modern innovative environment in the Republic of Belarus, its most important characteristics, problem areas. A conceptual apparatus has been given in the paper that determines an innovative environment, institutional conditions that contribute to its formation, priorities for development of research activities have been given and specified in the paper with due account of the requirements for modernization of the economy. The paper presents a definition of the innovation system which is given by distinguished western scientists and researchers who have been seriously engaged in its study. The aim of the research is qualitative, quantitative analysis of the innovation environment of the Republic of Belarus and also a comparative analysis of the innovation environment of the Republic of Belarus, its main components (legal, financial support, institutional specific features of function- ning) against the background of Russia and Kazakhstan. The paper contains SWOT-analysis which is used to find possible directions of innovative development of the economy of the Republic of Belarus on the basis of the existing national economic system and taking into account the peculiarities of the national mentality. Attention has been attracted to the fact that such factor of innovative development as “innovative behavior of employees” which is one of the key factors of competitive advantage in the world's leading companies is very important for evaluation and analysis of the innovation environment. The paper presents an own model of the national innovation system which consists of three subsystems: human capital, technological infrastructure and innovation support subsystem. Process of creating innovative products has been shown in the paper and these products make it possible to understand interrelation of the innovative ideas market and the market of innovative product. It is proposed to use a categorical apparatus of legal acts of the Republic of Belarus to describe and characterize the markets of innovative ideas and innovative products. The analysis has been performed while using legislative acts, resolutions of the Government of the Republic of Belarus, analytical articles, conference materials, electronic resources, official statistics of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus.

The identification of cases of deliberate or fictitious bankruptcy of industrial sector organizations in the management of state enterprises and organizations is of great importance in ensuring economic security. The paper is devoted to the methodology of timely prevention of bankruptcy of state industrial enterprises and organizations and law enforcement practice in the field of bankruptcy. In the framework of risk management, the article analyzes the existing mechanisms for monitoring and identifying possible deterioration of financial and economic activity and the probability of bankruptcy of state industrial enterprises and organizations. The purpose of the work is to determine directions of the system development of combating unfair management decisions during the bankruptcy procedure, as well as the establishment of tools to prevent the bankruptcy of state industrial enterprises and organizations. There had been used the formal legal method in the paper, methods of complex and interdisciplinary analysis, as well as General scientific methods, including the dialectical method and the method of system analysis. As a result of the study, the main problems of law enforcement and managerial practice in detecting offenses during bankruptcy procedures are considered and the necessary areas of management and regulatory regulation are identified, an approach to identifying the threat of bankruptcy and implementing anti-crisis measures when managing state industrial enterprises and organizations is determined. The study may be of interest to public authorities in determining the methodological and regulatory framework, as well as strategies to improve the efficiency of management of state enterprises and organizations, and ensure economic security.

In this paper, after a review of studies on interregional migration of the population during the existence of the Soviet Union is performed, the effectiveness of migration management systems is examined. In the analysis the closed materials of the Soviet period are used. This made it possible to re-examine the factors that influenced population migration in the USSR. The analysis of results that coincide with the ones obtained in previous studies, as well as arguments that contradict with the discussion performed in Soviet times. Particular attention is paid to the following issues: (1) whether it is possible to confirm the nature of the population redistribution in accordance with the development priorities of the Soviet government and (2) how effectively the political incentives applied in Soviet times worked. An analysis of population migration during the Soviet period is carried out using the gravitational model. The analysis carried out in this article showed that of the dummy variable of the Far North and the amount of governmental investment obtained strongly significant coefficients even at the end of the Soviet era. It can be suggested that the analytical units used in past studies (economic regions or cities) involved problems in examining for the effect of various factors. However, the investigations at the time had to be performed under conditions in which no other data existed, and given the background of that period, there was no alternative. In this sense, the efforts of our predecessors undertaken under such restrictions are worthy of praise, and the author does not criticize such previous researches. The paper focused on the verification and refinement of previously formulated hypotheses and interpretation by the results obtained using the new data. However, it can be noted that with regard to the analysis of the Soviet era, there are still unused opportunities for research using more detailed data

The paper discusses the work of the correlation algorithm for automatically tracking objects of interest in a two-channel optical-electronic system in a complex background-target environment and the presence of intentional interference. Conditions in which the contrast of the desired object in both channels is negligible but not equal to zero are considered difficult in the paper. Intentional interference refers to masking interference of natural and artificial origin, which helps to reduce the contrast of the object in both channels. By two-channel means an optical-electronic system, which includes channels of the visible and infrared ranges. It is believed that the multi-spectral images of both channels are reduced to a single time and scale, which allows them to be integrated using various methods. The purpose of this paper is to prove that the likelihood of disruption of automatic tracking is reduced when complexing the source images of the visible and infrared ranges, when the contrast of the desired object in both channels is negligible. For research the mathematical apparatus of the theory of random functions and simulation with subsequent statistical data processing are used. It is shown that the probability of disruption, characterized by the ratio of the correlation coefficients of two fragments of images, one of which contains the desired object, and the second not, depends on both the correlation coefficients and the values of their mean square deviations. The simulation shows that the breakdown of tracking occurs both when the mean square deviations of these correlation coefficients are equal, and at their different values, moreover, an increase in their difference increases the probability of a breakdown. The article shows that the likelihood of a breakdown in a two-channel optoelectronic system will decrease when using two channels, compared to working only in the visible or infrared channel. The obtained results substantiate the promise of using image complexing in multichannel systems of automatic tracking of objects in a complex background-target environment and the presence of deliberate interference.

Objectives of the paper: 1) To analyse Emil Staiger’s theoretical position and to reveal the reason I consider it anti-modern; 2) To compare his position to the one maintained by some ideologists of socialist realism in the same decade, and to outline similarities and differences. I pay more attention to the antimodernist and concept of Michail Al. Lifshitz; 3) To ground my opinion that the ideology of socialist realism in the 1960-ies is also anti-modern; 4) To expand the analysis with a brief introduction of Hans Sedlmayr’s attitude, and to explain why it is anti-modern as well; 5) To give an answer to the question what the social function of the anti-modern attitude is. I use a critical comparative approach to the original sources, asking for the social functions of the analysed concepts. The paper is a part of a monograph in progress on the works of Emil Staiger and on some anti-modern concepts in the reflexion on literature and on visual art in West and in the East of Europe in the 20th century.

This paper belongs to the relevant field of empirical risk research in sociology and studies personal risk identification and evaluation in an atmosphere of uncertainty. While empirical data regarding risk perception is quite sufficient, studies have found no sound methodological foundation for reviewing and interpreting risk identification and evaluation, as well as ways in which people adapt to risks throughout their lives. Therefore, we propose a multi-paradigm concept of the system that individuals use to navigate their lives. This concept can be used as an underlining methodology for studying the specific features of identifying, evaluating, and adapting to risks in an atmosphere of uncertainty. We believe that, within the sociological paradigm, the nature of the adaptive process of “navigating uncertainty” lies in structuring it both on the personal and on the institutional level. The analysis of data collected during several regional studies and one national study provides empirical justification of the vital impact that subjective expectations and preferences have on decisionmaking in an atmosphere of uncertainty where the result of such decision-making is not clearly predictable. By evaluating the tolerance of various threat types, we can draw justified conclusions regarding the subjective importance/value of the respective entities. Our study shows that there is a solid cluster of the most vital values, threats to which are least permissible. Such values may be described as “irreplaceable” and “inalienable”; while the less vital values (but threats to which are still considered impermissible) are described as “replaceable” and “alienable”. The results of analyzing the links between the subjective damage perception, along with other elements of the individual’s life navigation system, on the one hand, and the choice of specific strategy to give the uncertain environment some structure (adaptation strategy) will be presented in the next paper.

The paper describes the cultural and historical context between 19th and 20th centuries which witnesses a rise of a particular “anarchic” tradition (we take the precaution to distinguish such a creative stance from the theoretical and/or polemical "anarchist" production). Our intention is to inscribe into this context Vassily Shukshin's novel “I came to set you free” and some of his short prose. Showing the importance of the anarchist movement for the political and cultural turmoil of this era, we stress the strong connection that in Western countries as well as in Russia linked the anarchist perception of world and/or society to that of the avant-garde. The Russian situation owes its specific nature, among other factors, to the representation of Stepan Razin who epitomizes the spirit of revolutionary anarchy for the modernist artists and writers. The poetry and prose od Velimir Khlebnikov, Vassily Kamensky, Alexander Shiryaevets in the 1910s–1920s, the novels of Alexey Chapygin (1927), Stepan Zlobin (1951), Vassily Shukshin (1971) constitute a filiation, the presence whereof throughout the Soviet period is in itself a problem to tackle for a literary historian. In the last part of the paper we present a brief analysis of the Shukshin texts; we conclude that not only the Razin's figure brings his prose close to the “anarchic” tradition; the same could be said of his favorite characters, “chudiki”, extravagant searchers of freedom, as well as of such themes as fighting against the time (a frequent subject in the “anarchic” literature of Khlebnikov, Platonov etc.).