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The purpose of the research is comparative analysis of the dynamics of intestinal helminth and protozoa infections in domestic dogs in Perm, and establishment of a relationship between the prevalence of infection with certain pathogens.Materials and methods. Samples of feces from domestic dogs from Perm were material for the study. Feces were examined by the combined Kotelnikov-Khrenov method and method of successive washing. The results were processed statistically using the Statistica 10.0 software.Results and discussion. The prevalence of infection with parasites over a 15-year period ranged from 15.38% in 2006 to 44.30% in 2008, and 26.54% in average. The leading position is occupied by Sarcocystis spp. (Lankester, 1882) – 5.92%, Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782) – 5.50% and Isospora canis (Nemesri, 1960) – 2.6%, while the rest of the parasites account for an insignificant amount of identified cases. Statistical analysis of the ten most common parasites among dogs in Perm by years showed a direct relationship between the lungworm Oslerus osleri (sin Filaroides osleri, Cobbold, 1876) and the heteroxenous Coccidia Sarcocystis spp. (rs = 0.572; P < 0.05), as well as a negative correlation between Cryptosporidium spp. (Tyzzer, 1907) and Isospora ohioensis (Dubey, 1975) (rs = -0.526; P < 0.05). When studying Toxocara infection in dogs in different seasons of the year, an increase in the infection prevalence was noted in February with a minimum in July-August. For isosporosis, we identified the spring (March) and more pronounced autumn (September) peaks in infection. Sarcocystosis reached minimum levels of the infection prevalence in September with peaks in May-July. Any correlation between the degree of T. canis, Sarcocystis spp. and I. canis infection in domestic dogs has not been found, which indicates an independent circulation of these pathogens in the urban environment, which does not allow for long-term forecasts of levels of infection, and this must be taken into account when organizing the work of veterinary service.

The parameters of acute toxicity of azomethine "C-18" and blood indicatorsin young cattle, naturally invaded by nematodiruses before and after treatment with this remedyand various anti-helmintic drugs, were studied. The therapeutic dose of azomethine in calvesaffected with nematodirosis was titrated. In the first experiment, the acute toxicity of azomethine "С-18" was studied in white outbred mice and rats. As the result of the studies, the average death dose of azomethine "С-18" was not established. The maximum dose administered was 2000 mg/kg. There was nolossin laboratory animals. In the second experiment, the effect of azomethine "С-18" on the blood indicators of helminth-infested cattle was investigated. It was established that in the blood of calves naturally infected with nematodiruses there were: erythropenia, hypohemoglobinemia, leukocytosis, eosinophilia, lymphocytopenia, giproteinemia, hypoglycemia, increased transaminase activity. After deworming these animals withtetramizole granulate, 10% albendazole suspension and azomethine "С-18" broken hematological parameters were completely restored up to physiological norm on the 30-th day. In the third experiment, the effect of different doses of azomethine "С-18" on the hematological indices of healthy cattle were studied. The animals were orally administered azomethine "С-18" in doses of 50.0 and 100.0 mg/kg. After that hypoglycemia, increased alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced urea content were found in serum ofcalves. In the fourth experiment, the anthelmintic efficacy of various doses of azomethine "С-18" in cattle affected with nematodirosiswas studied. It has been established that azomethine "С-18" in doses 2; 5; 10; 15 and 20 mg/kg showed approximately the sameintensity of efficacy, which ranged from 95.3 to 97.9%. The extensity of efficacywas 87.5%. The therapeutic dose was 2.0 mg/kg.

The purpose of the research is analysis and compilation of literature data on involvement of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans in the spread of livestock animal pathogens. Materials and methods. We have analyzed literature data from foreign sources over the past 30 years, which are indexed in the PubMed, Crossref, Web of Science and Scopus databases, about S. calcitrans as a potential vector of livestock animal pathogens. Results and discussion. A literature review is presented on assessment of economic impact by the stable fly S. calcitrans on animal husbandry, as well as possible involvement of the S. calcitrans imago in the transmission of viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths which are animal pathogens.

The purpose of the research is to study the species composition of intestinal parasitosis agents in ruminant animals in citizens’ private farms in Vysokogorny and Laishevskiy districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Materials and methods. The work has been executed in the Epizootology, Parasitology and Radiobiology Department at the Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Science named after N.E.Bauman and in citizens’ private farms in Vysokogorny and Laishevskiy districts of the Republic of Tatarstan during autumn-winter period in 2016-2017. 586 fecal specimen, including 364 samples of cattle, 168 samples of sheep and 54 samples of goats, have been studied by the modified method of flotation. Animals extent of invasion were determined as well as average number of helminth eggs and eimeria oocyst in 1 g of feces were calculated with the help of VIGIS count chamber. Kheisin key was used to identify eimeria types. Statistical analysis of numeric material was carried out with the help of Microsoft Excel spreadsheet processor. Results and discussion. Eggs of helminth classes Fasciola, Moniezia, Nematodirus, Trichocephalus as well as eimeria oocyst had been founded in cattle and small ruminants fecal specimen. On investigated areas the degree of infection by fascioles was 28.2%, by moniezia 41.5%, by nematodirus 52.7%, by trichocephalus 28.3%, and by eimeria 51.3%. Small ruminants were infected with fascioles in 56.5%, moniezia in 52.7%, thysaniezia in 15.7%, nematodirus in 58.1%, trichocephalus in 38.5%, and eimeria in 21.3%. Taking into consideration prevalence of parasitosis of ruminant animal in private farms of Vysokogorny and Laishevskiy districts of the Republic of Tatarstan it is necessary to make up a plan of antiparasitic measures inclusive of climate pattern and developmental biology of agents.

The purpose of the research: to characterize the modern methods of determining the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides, regulators of development and repellents against ectoparasites of carnivores. Materials and methods. The analysis of the literature date and the results of our research to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides, regulators of development and repellents against ectoparasites of carnivores. Results and discussion. Details describes modern methods for determining the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides, repellents and regulators of development against ectoparasites of carnivores as well as in conditions in vitro. The methods of determining the insecticidal and acaricidal properties of the active compounds (substances) by forced contact of insects and mites with surface treated topically applying acaricides, rate determination occurrence state knockdown and lift height of mites on treated material, accounting sucking ticks velocity contacted with test substances. The repellent activity of substances with respect to ixodid mites is studied by the method of cut off concentration, the concentration gradient method, etc.

Objective of research: to study the mechanisms of induced tomato plant resistance to rootknot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and potato to cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Materials and methods: The biogenic elicitors — chitosan and signal molecules — SA, JA for the modulation of immune plant responses were used. In experiment 1, tubers of potato cultivars Istrinskii (PCN-susceptibility) and Krinitsa (PCN-resistant), were treated with aqueous solutions of the immunomodulators at the specified concentrations. A low molecular weight soluble chitosan and acetylation degree of 15% and signal molecule — SA was used as an elicitor. In experiment 2, system tomato M. incognia was studied. Water solutions of chitosan, signal molecules: SA, JA were used for treatment of tomato seeds for 2 h and then the seeds were planted in sterile soil. The control plants were treated with water. Cultivation of plants was carried out by the standard technique. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse long enough for the nematodes to complete their life cycle. Development of nematodes in the processed plants estimated on morphophysiological and population characteristics. Biochemical indicators of roots and leaves of tomatoes estimated for 14 days after infection of plants. Previously identified major biochemical indicators of the plants in the genome that contain genes that determine the resistance of plants. The effects of biogenic elicitors on plant resistance were also evaluated by some metabolic changes related to natural plant resistance to tomato and potato to plant nematodes. These indicators were studied in clarifying mechanisms of induced resistance. Results and discussion: Biogenic elicitors induce systemic resistance of plants to plant parasitic nematodes — Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera rostochiensis (decrease in the parasitic invasion of the roots; an inhibition of the vital activity of the parasite; a decrease in fertility and the amount of agents sources (larvae and eggs) capable of infecting the plants). The addition of signal molecules (salicylic and jasmonic acid) to elicitors increased their activity as immunomodulators. In present investigation, the mechanisms of induced plant resistance nematode were studied. The data obtained suggest that the mechanisms natural and induced by biogenic elicitors tomato resistance to the nematode have the same origin. These features meet all requirements of the new generation of methods of plant protection and the use of biogenic elicitors to raise plant resistance to parasitic nematodes may be promising.

Objective of research: to present the actuality and novelty of application of fish and grass “rotation” because this allows to reveal new data on pond drainage planning which is the most effective in sanitation of the fish farm. Materials and methods: to determine the most effective cycle for the summer drying of ponds, we studied ecological and epizootological features of fishing ponds, which had been used after drying within 1 and 5 years. As research object served 8 fish ponds: 4 drained ponds under crop (40 ha), 4 — overflowed (40 ha) and filled with one-year carps (2,5-З thousand ind./ha) and silver carps (1,2-1,4 thousand ind./ha). Results and discussion: The results of comparative research on anti-epizootic efficacy of pond drying at different periodicity of 1 and 5 years with the use of fish and grass “rotation” are provided. Data on decreased invasion of fishes (carp, silver carp) by parasites, absence of causative agents of infection, improved blood indicators, increased fish production at annual pond drying (with the use of fish and grass “rotation”) compared with the pond drying of 5 year periodicity are presented. Advantages of economic efficacy of the annual frequency of pond drying are confirmed: twice increased commercial fish production; reduced expenses for purchase of food (own barley and wheat production), drugs, disinfectants, fertilizers that allow increasing economic revenue and making profit.

Objective of research. To elaborate a framework for integrated protection of agricultural crops from oat, sugar beet, Golden potato, alfalfa and clover nematodes. Materials and methods. The effectiveness of different anti-nematode measures was studied in 1991-2016 in Vinnyza, Kiev, Sumy, Chernigov and other regions of Ukraine. As research material served samples of soil, plants; eggs, larvae, imago; beet, oat, Golden potato, alfalfa and clover cyst nematodes. Preparation of temporary and permanent slides, determination of the species composition of cyst nematodes were carried out by standard methods [3, 6]. Results and discussion. The framework of integrated protection of agricultural crops from oat, sugar beet, Golden potato, alfalfa and clover nematodes has been elaborated. To prevent mass reproduction of cyst-forming nematodes, the saturation of crop rotations with host plants must not exceed 40% — with cereal grains; 20% — beet and oilseed Brassica (canola, radish, and mustard); 15% — potatoes; 20% — perennial legumes. Involvement of crops and green manure in the by-products cycle has a positive effect on the level of soil fertility and activation of life activity of natural antagonists of Heteroderidae

Objective of research: The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of Ligula intestinalis plerocercoids on linear growth of roach Rutilus rutilus in the Chivyrkuysky bay of the lake Baikal. Materials and methods. Roach was caught on a permanent station in the Monakhovo creek of Chivyrkuysky bay of the lake Baikal at the same time interval (June 25-July 5) in 1997-2005. The analysis of roach infection with L. intestinalis plerocercoids was performed based on incomplete parasitological dissections of 807 host specimens at the age of 0+ to 10+. Standard body length (the distance from the tip of the snout to the anterior end of the caudal fin) was used to characterize the linear growth of roach. Results and discussion. L. intestinalis plerocercoids wasn’t found out in underyearlings (0+) of roach. The host began to be infected with this tapeworm at the age of 1+. The maximum infection level with L. intestinalis plerocercoids was observed in roach at the age of 3+. That one was significantly reduced in the age of 4+. The infection level of roach with L. intestinalis continued to decrease in the next age groups, going down to a minimum at the age of 7+. The roach wasn’t infected with this tapeworm at the age of 8+–10+. A significant reduction of the infection level in the roach in the age classes 4+ and older after the maximum at the age of 3+ was probably associated with parasite-induced mortality of the host during the growth of the age group 3+ to 4+. A standard body length of roach specimens infected with L. intestinalis at the age of 1+ and 2+ was greater than that of uninfected ones. In contrast, the standard body length of the roach specimens infected with this tapeworm was less than that of uninfected ones in subsequent age classes (3 + -6 +). Differences of standard body length between roach specimens infected with L. intestinalis and uninfected ones were statistically significant in the above-mentioned age groups (1 + 6 +). The effect of L. intestinalis plerocercoids on the linear growth of the roach in Chivyrkuysky Bay of the lake Baikal was manifested in an increase of body length of infected host specimens compared to uninfected ones in young age groups (1+ and 2+) and, vice versa, in one’s decrease in age groups 3+–6 +. We proposed to call this effect “reversive”.

Objective of research: To study the activities and properties of nucleoside- diphosphatase (NDPase) in cestode Bothriocephalus scorpii. Materials and methods: Cestodes were homogenized with 10 vol. of extraction medium. NDPase was detected in mitochondria and microsomes with substrates (IDP, GDP, UDP). Inorganic phosphorus was determined by the method of Kochetov (1980). The effects of 10 anthelmintic drugs on the activity of NDPase were studied. Results and discussion: It was found that the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of cestodes B. scorpii have nucleoside diphosphatase activity. The activity of nucleoside diphosphatase depends on substrates and Mg2+ ions. The impact of various effectors and ions (Ca2+, Mn2+, Zn2+) on enzyme activity was determined. Effects of 10 anthelmintic drugs on activity of nucleoside diphosphatase were studied. The anthelmintics Bitionol and Trichlorophen have been proved effective.

Objective of research: To study the role of phoresy of the louse Mallophaga on the population of the louse-fly Hippoboscidae. Material and methods: In 1997–2015 more than 10000 birds were caught; from them about 2000 louse-flies Hippoboscidae were collected and studied. Results and discussion: 12 cases of phoresy of the louse Mallophaga on the louse-fly Hippoboscidae were recorded: 7 cases of phoresy of Columbicola columbae on pigeon louse flies Pseudolynchia canariensis collected from pigeons (Columba livia); one case — phoresy of the louse Ricinus rubeculae on the louse fly Orniyhomyia fringillina from the robin (Erithacus rubecula); one case — phoresy of the louse on the louse fly O. avicularia from the rook (Corvus frugilegus); one — phoresy of the louse on louse fly O. avicularia from the cuckoo (Cuculus canorus); one — phoresy of the louse on the louse fly Ornithoica turdi from the nightingale (Luscinia luscinia); one case — phoresy of the louse on the louse fly O. chloropus from Luscinia svecica.

Objective of research. Data on the species composition of the fauna of multicellular parasites and the infection rates of the pope ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus Linnaeus, 1758 from Mordovian floodplain of the Saratov reservoir (the middle part) are pesented. Materials and methods. 53 ruffe individuals were investigated in spring and summer 2012 – 2015 by incomplete parasitological post-mortem examination (Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya, 1985). 19 species of multicellular parasites belonging to 7 classes: Monogenea - 1, Cestoda - 1, Trematoda - 11, Nematoda - 3, Acanthocephala - 1, Bivalvia - 1, Crustacea – 1 were registered. The largest group are flukes; more than half of species (8) are larval forms, which is the result of bottom living of the host. The significant diversity of larval stages of helminths (8 species of trematodes and 2 species of nematodes) shows the involvement of the ruffe as an intercalary, supplementary and/or reservoir host in the circulation of parasites in fish, birds and mammals. 7 species of parasites infest the ruffe on the food chain; 12 species – using the active infestation way. Results and discussion. The studied parasite fauna contains one species narrowly specific for the ruffe (monogenea D. amphibothrium (Wagener, 1857) and 2 species typical for percoid fishes (cestoda Proteocephalus percae (Müller, 1780) and trematoda Bunodera luciopercae (Müller, 1776). 2 alien species Nicolla skrjabini (Iwanitzky, 1928) (marita) and Apophallus muehlingi (Jägerskiöld, 1898) (mtc.) whose natural habitat is limited by the rivers of the Azov-Black Sea and Baltic Sea were registered in the fauna of multicellular parasites of the ruffe from the Saratov reservoir. The most common ruffe parasites are Diplostomum and Ichthyocotylurus metacercariae metacercaria infesting fish by penetrating through the body covers. These metacercariae as well as Apophallus muehlingi metacercariae are pathogenic to fish.

The article provides a complete description of parasitic diseases, such as echinococcosis and toxoplasmosis. According to the rating of the risk of contamination by food parasites, which was published by the World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in 2014, these parasitoses occupy 3rd and 4th place. We give a historical overview of these diseases, as well as the features of clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment., В статье дается полная характеристика таких паразитарных заболеваний, как эхинококкоз и токсоплазмоз. Согласно рейтингу риска заражения пищевыми паразитами, который опубликовала Всемирная организация здравоохранения и Продовольственная сельскохозяйственная организация ООН (ФАО) в 2014 году, эти паразитозы занимают 3-е и 4-е место. Показаны исторический очерк данных заболеваний, а также особенности клиники, диагностики и лечения., У статті дається повна характеристика таких паразитарних захворювань, як ехінококоз та токсоплазмоз. Згідно з рейтингом ризику зараження харчовими паразитами, що опублікувала Всесвітня організація охорони здоров’я та Продовольча сільськогосподарська організація ООН (ФАО) у 2014 році, ці паразитози займають 3-тє та 4-те місця. Показано історичний нарис даних захворювань, а також особливості клініки, діагностики та лікування.

Object of study: Studies of lung helminths from various groups were performed. Elaboration of biological and taxonomic classification of these species has been proposed. Materials and methods: 16 species from families Cervidae, Bovidae, Leporidae and humans were studied for lung helminths in Russia (South and central), Armenia, Bulgaria, Poland. The helminths found were studied using a scope of traditional and elaborated helminthological methods. Results and discussion: In lungs of mammals studied 23 helminth species have been found including 1 of Taeniidae (Echinococcus granulosus), 4 of Dictyocaulidae and 18 of Protostrongylidae. We have divided species composition of these lung helminths into three biological groups. The first biological group included nematodes from Dictyocaulidae family. Life cycles of those helminths are monoxenous (they are geohelminths). The second group includes helminths from family Protostrongylidae. Their life cycles include intermediate hosts — land snails and so they are dixenous (biohelminths). The third group includes an agent of a quite dangerous zoonosis — Echinococcus granulosis larvae. These cestodes also develop per dixenous type, but their intermediate hosts are vertebrates with definitive hosts also vertebrate, mostly carnivores. Taxonomic classification for family Protostrongylidae haelminths is also proposed.