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The epidemic situation and etiological factors of enterovirus infection in Russia and Vietnam were analysed and compared. The identified strains of enteroviruses of 47 types, which circulated in Russia in 2018–2019, belonged to different species: Enterovirus species A (CV-A2, CV-A4, CV-A6, CV-A8, CV-A10, CV-A16, EV-A71), as well as Enterovirus species B and Enterovirus species C. The strains isolated from 87 children from southern Vietnam hospitalised in 2018–2019 into infectious hospitals while having enterovirus infection with exanthema were also studied. All identified strains were represented by Enterovirus species A: EV-A71 — 59 strains, CV-A10 — 20 strains, CV-A16 — 5 strains, CV-A6 — two strains and CV-A2 — one strain. Out of 59 viruses EV-A71, 53 strains belonged to genotype C4 and 6 strains belonged to genotype B5. The sequences of EV-A71 strains of genotype C4 from South Vietnam formed a monophyletic cluster with the sequences of EV-A71 viruses which circulated during 2016–2018 in different provinces of China, and they were very close to EV-A71 strains of the same genotype from the Yunnan Province. These strains were genetically different from Russian viruses and Vietnamese viruses identified in the years 2003–2005 and 2011– 2012. Most of the cases of enterovirus infection from southern Vietnam (78%) caused by EV-A71 virus of genotype C4 were reported in three provinces located in southern Vietnam in the Mekong Delta. The epidemic process and the etiology of enterovirus infection in Russia and Vietnam have common features. At the same time, the epidemic situation in these countries is not the same. The incidence of enterovirus infection is influenced by geographic, climatic, economic and demographic factors that differ in two countries. In the majority of territories of Russia, the climate is temperate or cold, seasonal rises in the incidence rates of enterovirus infection usually occur in the summer, when people go on vacation, spend a lot of time outdoors and swim in open reservoirs. In Vietnam, a constant high-level temperature, a high population density and a large proportion of children determine the higher incidence of enterovirus infection, especially in the southern provinces of Vietnam, compared to Russia. The fact that more than 20% of the Vietnamese population lives in the Mekong Delta, which is the largest river in Indochina, has a significant impact on the epidemic process of enterovirus infection in South Vietnam. The Mekong River which flows through China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam, and carries huge streams of water, including rainstorm waters and sewages, from all of these countries into the southern provinces of Vietnam, which have the highest incidence rates of enterovirus infection in the country. The results of the research underline the importance of active epidemiological and virological surveillance of enterovirus infection, which plays the key role in informing the public health authorities about the changes in the epidemic situation in order to take appropriate measures and develop the prevention strategies. The goal of anti-epidemic and preventive measures is to reduce the incidence of enterovirus infection and the economic burden of this infection for Russia and Vietnam.

Introduction. The pentavalent rotavirus vaccine has been registered in Russia, however, the vaccination coverage remains low, and an annual increase in the incidence of rotavirus infection is unavoidable. In this regard, molecular monitoring of rotaviruses in order to search for new variants possessing epidemic potential is an urgent task. Material and methods. PCR genotyping and VP4 and VP7 genes sequencing were used to characterize rotaviruses circulating in Nizhny Novgorod in 2012–2020. The phylogenetic analysis of the strains was carried out using the BEAST software package. Results. The spectrum included 17 genotypes with predominance of G9P[8] (37,4%). Detected in this study genotypes G1P[4], G1P[9], G2P[8], G4P[4], G4P[6], G8P[8], and G9P[4] were not previously identified in Nizhny Novgorod. The circulation of DS-1-like strains possessing genotypes G1P[8], G3P[8], G8P[8], or G9P[8] and a short RNA pattern had been shown. Rotaviruses of the common genotypes were genetically heterogeneous and belonged to different phylogenetic lineages and/or sublineages (P[4]-IV-a; P[4]-IV-b; P[8]-3.1; P[8]-3.3; P[8]-3.4 and P[8]-3.6; G1-I; G1-II; G2-IVa-1; G2-IVa-3; G3-1; G3-3; G4-I-c; G9-III; G9-VI). Discussion. These results extend the available data on the genotypic structure of rotavirus populations in Russia and show the genetic diversity of viral strains. G3P[8] DS-1-like viruses were representatives of the G3-1 lineage, new for the territory of Russia, and had the largest number of amino acid substitutions in the VP7 antigenic epitopes. Conclusion. The emergence and spread of strains with new genetic features may allow rotavirus to overcome the immunological pressure formed by natural and vaccine-induced immunity, and maintain or increase the incidence of rotavirus infection.

Purpose of the study. High-tech products are complex products created on the basis of the application of unique production processes, or products that realize their consumer functions using the latest physical and technical effects. The aim of the study is to develop a new method for assessing the readiness of high-tech products for production. The creation of high-tech products is a very complex and expensive process, which involves the formation of a scientific and technical reserve with the wide use of scientific achievements. For example, the process of creating a scientific and technical reserve in the interests of conducting research and development work includes the stages of the formation of scientific, scientific & technological and industrial-technological reserves. Therefore, the assessment of the readiness of high-tech products for industrial production has specific features.Materials and methods. In the conditions of insufficient funding to create a scientific and technical base and the fundamental impossibility of carrying out fundamental scientific research on a "wide spectrum," the current task is to form such a rational research composition that would allow the creation of high-tech products with high quality and a high degree of the readiness for industrial production. At present, the methodological tools for assessing the readiness of high-tech products for industrial production is at the first stage of development, although the relevance of such estimates arises in the process of justifying almost any experimental design work. This ensures an improvement in the quality of the products created. Improving the quality of high-tech products is a multifaceted problem. The main quality components are the technical level in the product documentation, the degree of implementation of this level in the manufacturing process of the product. The research is based on the theory of economic science. A method is proposed for assessing the readiness of high-tech products for industrial production, including all its stages: from the formation of the conceptual technological scheme of the product to the calculation of the level of production and technological readiness. An important feature of the developed method is the use of a mathematical apparatus, including the classical method of expert evaluations, taking into account the author's version of its modification in relation to the problem under consideration.Results. The developed method is based on the presentation of a promising product of high-tech products in the form of a set of functional and technological blocks that include a variety of different technologies and the use of expert assessments to assess the level of readiness of production technologies and the technological readiness of the product for industrial production. The proposed method has scientific novelty, which determines the representation of a promising product of high-tech products in the form of a set of functional and technological blocks, each of which includes a number of different technologies (both existing and new) that allow for their joint use (operation) required characteristics of high-tech products.The conclusion. Practical use of the developed method of evaluation seems to be the most effective in the framework of modern concepts of managing high-tech enterprises. The offered method can be used at preparation of industrial-technological reserve for perspective products of high-tech production. The efficiency of the developed method for assessing the readiness of high-tech products for industrial production is demonstrated on a numerical illustration and tested in the process of managing the production of this product.

В статье рассматриваются возможности малой распределенной генерации по обеспечению требуемого уровня остаточного напряжения на промышленных нагрузках при коротких замыканиях в системе электроснабжения. Определяется способность оборудования оставаться при таких возмущениях в работе с помощью математического моделирования.

Thus, the main causes of «hand technique» anastomosis by invagination are technical defects of the intervention in telescopic anastomosis by invagination and the ischemic disorders in colorectal anastomosis by invagination. 48 patients were operated on the colon and rectum with «hand technique» anastomosis. Invalidated «manual technique» anastomosis after 70 days of the formation were fully functional, and processes of healing and morphological transformation of mucosa were completed.

Objective: to study the effect of roncoleukin and gelofusin on cerebral circulation in victims with severe brain injury. Subjects and methods. A hundred and forty-seven patients with severe brain injury were examined. The patients were divided into 4 groups: 1) 41 patients received the standard treatment (a control group); 2) 35 patients had the standard treatment added by roncoleukin by a scheme; 3) 35 had the standard treatment and ron-coleukin supplemented with gelofusin; 4) 36 received the standard treatment and gelofusin solution. All the patients underwent monitoring: rheoencephalograms on days 1—3 and 10—14, daily determination of plasma viscosity by a VK-4 viscosimeter, and an immunogram. Results. Severe brain injury causes a 2—3-fold reduction in cerebral circulation and an increase in arterial and arteriolar tones. Along with a marked immunoprotective effect, roncoleukin improved cerebral circulation. The other agent (gelofusin) made blood rheological properties better. Co-administration of roncoleukin and gelofusion improved cerebral circulation more significantly than when the agents were used alone. There was normalization of arterial and arteriolar tones. Conclusion. The proposed treatment can be recommended for wide use in patients with severe brain injury. Key words: roncoleukin, gelofusin, brain injury.

Introduction. Enteroviruses (EV) are characterized by: species and type diversity, polymorphism of clinical manifestations, a tendency to epidemic spread, and are often the cause of disease outbreaks, which determines the relevance of monitoring EV strains in various clinical forms of infection, including in conditions of anti-epidemic measures. The aim of the study: to characterize the prevalence and diversity of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) types in children with acute intestinal infection (AII) in the period 2018–2023, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. The RT-PCR method was used to study 7302 samples of feces from children hospitalized with a diagnosis of AII in the infectious diseases hospital of Nizhny Novgorod. Genotyping of EV strains was carried out using fragment Sanger sequencing of the genome region encoding capsid protein 1 (VP1) and the online resource BLAST. Results. EVs were found in 5.0 ± 0.3% (1.7–7.8%), both in mono- and mixed infections with other enteric viruses. The long-term dynamics of the frequency of EV detection and the incidence of EV infection in children in the Nizhny Novgorod region was characterized by a sharp decrease in indicators in 2020 against the backdrop of the introduction of anti-epidemic measures. When genotyping 299 strains, 41 types of NPEV of 4 species were identified. The spectrum included the main pathogens of exanthema and neuroinfections and rare types found in “minor” or intestinal forms of infection. During the study period, a redistribution of NPEV species was established. Before the pandemic, the ratio of Enterovirus A : Enterovirus B : Enterovirus C species was as follows — 41.0 : 46.7 : 12.3%; during the 2020 pandemic season the ratio was 0.0 : 37.5 : 62.5%; after the lifting of restrictive measures — 47 : 29 : 23%, which may be due to the different effectiveness of the restrictive measures on the mechanisms of transmission of EVs of different types. Conclusion. The genetic diversity of NPEVs detected in children with AII complements information on the typical composition of the territorial enterovirus population. In children with AII, when the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was blocked, there was a decrease in the frequency of detection of viruses of the Enterovirus B type, the absence of detection of Enterovirus A and the constant presence of Enterovirus C.

BACKGROUND: The knee joint is a frequently visualized anatomical region in clinical practice. Accurate interpretation of CT scans necessitates a comprehensive understanding of anatomy and a sound grasp of fundamental technical principles and imaging protocols. To safeguard the patient's well-being, it is of paramount importance to prevent erroneous studies resulting from suboptimal equipment quality, setup issues, and patient positioning. These difficulties can be circumvented by the use of phantoms to pre-adjust the equipment and the provision of training to medical staff in scanning techniques. AIM: The aim of the study was to develop a technique for creating an anthropomorphic medical phantom of the knee joint that would accurately reflect the X-ray density of the corresponding human tissues, thus enabling the use of computed tomography studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The knee joint phantom comprises a series of models representing the femur, tibia, fibula, patella, collateral ligaments, lateral and medial menisci, tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, and patellar ligament. Ligament models were 3D-printed from resin, bones were cast from silicone, soft tissues were modeled with a homogeneous structure of silicone-like materials and made by casting into silicone molds. The skin was similarly modeled. In the study, the anode voltage range of the CT scanner varied from 80 to 140 kV, and the slice thickness was equal to 1.25 mm. RESULTS: The developed anthropomorphic knee joint phantom demonstrated the X-ray density of the modeled anatomical structures, with ligaments exhibiting a range of 80–120 units on the Hausfield scale, bones exhibiting a range of 320–370 units, and soft tissues and skin exhibiting a range of 20–60 units. The use of additive technologies made it possible to achieve a high degree of similarity between the phantom forms and the knee joint. Further research may be directed towards the creation of a more complex model of bone tissue, comprising a separate cortical layer and spongy substance. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an anthropomorphic knee phantom allows for the acquisition of high-quality CT images without the need for prior scanning of patients.

Background. Modern development of psychological science in the field of studying work processes and formation of professional skills is impossible without reliance on the fundamental theoretical and methodological foundations of the concept of temporal paradigm developed by Y.K. Strelkov. It is important to analyze the temporal approach in the context of understanding subjectivity not only in relation to the category of time, but also to other important concepts, such as space, energy, movement, which are inseparable from the consciousness and experience of the subject. Objective. The article aims to analyze the development of the main directions of Y.K. Strelkov's scientific thought in the formation of the temporal paradigm of modern psychological science. Another aim is to determine the ways of development of the temporal approach in the context of modern psychological knowledge. Methods. Theoretical, methodological, and comparative analysis of the temporal paradigm of Y.K. Strelkov in the context of modern psychological science. Sample. The material was obtained on a sample of representatives of different professions: aviators, navigators, pilots, drivers, operators, dispatchers, and athletes of various qualifications. Results. Scientific and methodological bases of Y.K. Strelkov's concept formed the basis for the development of engineering psychology, occupational psychology, psychology of sport, transport psychology, psychology of professional skill development. It has laid the basic scientific and philosophical foundations, key concepts of the temporal paradigm in psychology, empirical approaches and research methods in the evaluation of temporal phenomena. Examples of the important role of temporal analysis in different professions are demonstrated. The necessity to elaborate and develop many psychological concepts, models, concepts used in modern psychological science was shown. Conclusion. Further development of modern psychological knowledge in the field of studying professional mastery is possible within the framework of Y.K. Strelkov's temporal paradigm. The ideas formulated by Yuri Konstantinovich formed the basis of modern multifunctional diagnostic-developmental complexes of professional development. Operational and semantic structures of professional experience served as a methodological basis for the concept of "system image representation" in the development of professional skills in athletes.

Formative assessment holds a pivotal role as a fundamental methodological category for evaluating students’ expertise levels before embarking on a new educational course. This monitoring approach revolves around the concept of prior knowledge, acting as the cornerstone for the development of new knowledge formats. The formative assessment procedure is designed to incorporate various methods, including tasks and surveys, with questionnaires being a key component. This study introduces a blended questionnaire tailored for first-year Master’s degree students majoring in linguistics. The questionnaire consists of four logically structured parts, systematically evaluating learners’ prior knowledge in the educational domains of General linguistics and Theory and Practice of the English language, with a specific focus on Modern English usage. Beyond theoretical inquiries, the blended questionnaire includes practical assignments, recognizing that linguistic knowledge is intricately linked to practical language skills. Thus, theoretical understanding is exemplified through actual linguistic representations. In addition to assessing prior knowledge, the questionnaire addresses students’ opinions on the formative assessment procedure’s educational utility. This extends to identifying their strengths and weaknesses in applying linguistic knowledge, aiding future curriculum planning and fostering a culture of overall assessment competency. Recognizing the significance of formative assessment for teachers’ professional growth, the study explores its role in constantly refining testing methods and updating materials to gauge students’ prior knowledge effectively. The obtained results underscore the need for further research in formative assessment, calling for the development of new identification methods and innovative formats for knowledge acquisition based on manifestations of prior knowledge. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on formative assessment’s multifaceted role in shaping effective educational practices and enhancing both student and teacher learning experiences.

From the modern point of view, dyslipoproteinemia and its clinical manifestation – atherosclerosis – is a complex multifactorial process, which is based on inflammation, and, as a consequence, oxidative stress.The aim of the study was to identify the dynamics of the concentration of diene conjugates and malondialdehyde in the blood and liver of rats of different ages under oxidative stress caused by modeling dyslipoproteinemia with subsequent mechanical injury of skeletal muscle.Materials and methods. The study was carried out on white mongrel healthy male rats 24 months old (120 individuals) and 6 months old (120 adults). All old and young animals were divided into four subgroups within their group, 30 animals each. The animals of the first subgroup in the groups of old and young rats are intact rats. Animals of the second subgroup in each group had a mechanical dissection in the area of the middle third of the calf muscle of the hind limb. Animals of the third and fourth subgroups of each group were subjected to dyslipoproteemia modeling. After the specified time, the animals of the fourth subgroup of both groups were injured in the middle third of the calf muscle of the hind limb.Conclusions. Mechanical injury of the calf muscle in combination with dyslipoproteemia is characterized by intense oxidative stress and leads to an increase in the concentration of malondialdehyde and diene conjugates in the liver and blood tissues of rats, and in old animals these processes are more pronounced than in young ones.

To achieve high results in sports, both motor and cognitive skills are important. However, the formation of cognitive components of sports activity can be influenced by personality traits, for example, such a multidimensional trait as perfectionism. The aim of the research was to determine the relationship between various parameters of perfectionism and the cognitive component of skill in sports. The study involved 311 athletes aged 14 to 32 years (M = 19.5; SD = 2.03). The following instruments were used in the study: The Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale 2 and The Three-Factor Questionnaire of Perfectionism (for diagnosing perfectionism); Questionnaire of Metacognitive Involvement in Activities (for diagnosing metacognitive involvement); and The Mental Image Inventory in Sports (to determine the frequency of using mental images). It has been shown that the athletes with more pronounced perfectionism are able to better understand and evaluate their performance; they can more accurately notice mistakes and more often use mental images in the training process. Also, as a result of a series of regression analyzes, it has been found that such parameters of perfectionism as “high personal standards” and “regime organization” affect the frequency of using cognitive and motivational images, as well as metacognitive involvement in the activities of the athletes who took part in the study. Thus, perfectionism has a significant impact on various parameters of the cognitive component of skill development, which in turn can affect the performance of an athlete in training and competition.

The interaction of warm-blooded organisms with the environment is always reflected in the homeostatic equilibrium of metabolic processes. The dynamics of redox processes occurring in the body is primarily reflected in hematological indices. The aim of the investigation was to study reactive changes of morphological and biochemical blood composition in rats against the background of quercetin load. Objectives: to analyze the dynamics of morphological and biochemical composition of animal blood at the background of intragastric loading with quercetin in the form of oil solution during 30 days. The study was performed on 80 white mongrel male rats weighing 190-210 g, which were divided equally into control (intact) and experimental groups. The study of reactive changes in the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood of rats under the influence of quercetin was conducted in the dynamics before the experiment, as well as on 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days of experiment. It was found that against the background of additional loading with oil solution of quercetin in rats there were reactive changes in the morphological composition of the blood, which are reflected in the increased number of red blood cells, concentration of hemoglobin and leucocytes within the physiological norm, as well as changes in the biochemical composition of the blood, expressed in increased concentration of albumin and decreased concentration of albumin fractions in the rats of the experimental group compared with intact animals.

BACKGROUND: Doppler twinkling artifact is a rapid change of colors seen in CFI-mode in the presence of kidney stones and calculi. Therefore, numerous researchers use the twinkling artifact as a diagnostic sign. However, this phenomenon is under-researched, because most assumptions concerning its causes are made based on pure visual observations of the scanners screen leaving the important steps of signal transformation hidden behind the black box curtains of ultrasound machines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Raw radiofrequency ultrasound signals were recorded in the phantom studies. The recorded echoes were received from objects that create the Doppler twinkling artifact and artificial blood vessels and soft tissues imitators. The data were collected between June 2016 and March 2021. Sonomed-500 with the 7.5 L38 and 3.4 C60 probes served as the research machine for the signal capture. Data records: We present the database containing raw radiofrequency ultrasound signals from the beam former output of the research ultrasound machine. The dataset consists of CFI and B-mode echoes recorded from twinkling objects. Therefore, this database can be useful for those who test, develop and study ultrasound signal processing algorithms. Furthermore, the database is freely available online. The 10.5 GB database consists of echoes received from five phantoms. Raw radiofrequency signals were stored in the binary files; scanning parameters were stored in text files. The database is available at: https://mosmed.ai/datasets/ultrasound_doppler_twinkling_artifact. Code availability: The public can visualize the database content with the specially written program TwinklingDatasetDisplay available at: https://github.com/Center-of-Diagnostics-and-Telemedicine/TwinklingDatasetDisplay.git. Usage notes: The database can be used to test and develop signal-processing algorithms, such as wall filtration, velocity estimation, feature extraction, speckle reduction, etc. Furthermore, the public is free to share (copy, distribute, and transmit) and remix (adapt and do derivative works) the dataset considering appropriate credit is given.

Mechanical eye injury and damage to the blood-ocular barrier cause inflammation resulting in oxidative stress, which, in turn, triggers myocardial ischemia, since the heart's need for oxygen exceeds its supply. A rapid decrease in the oxygen concentration in ischemic tissues causes a switch from oxidative to anaerobic metabolism, when energy deficit initiates a chain of physiological processes. The discovery of the molecular mechanisms underlying the manifestation of oxidative stress in the cardiac tissues will enable the development of effective therapeutic approaches to such condition. Objective: to analyze the dynamics of glutathione peroxidase (GP) activity in cardiac tissues of rats in response to oxidative stress caused by mechanical eye injury.Materials and methods. In our experiment, we used 150 healthy white mature (8-month old) male rats weighing 190–210 g and kept under standard conditions in a vivarium. GP activity was evaluated before the experiment and then on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14. Nonparametric statistical analysis was used in this study. Conclusion. GP activity in cardiac tissues of rats during oxidative stress caused by mechanical eye injury was most effectively stabilized by standard treatment for mechanical eye injury plus injections of quercetin.

BACKGROUND:Effective and safe tools assisting triage decisions for COVID-19 patients could optimize the pressure on the healthcare system. COVID-19 often has respiratory manifestations, and medical imaging techniques provide an opportunity to assess the diseases severity. AIMS:To estimate the sensitivity and specificity of lung ultrasound for different degrees of pulmonary involvement in COVID-19 patients by a systematic review of English articles using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Search terms included lung ultrasound, chest ultrasound, thoracic ultrasound, ultrasonography, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, diagnosis, diagnostic value, specificity, and sensitivity. Only studies addressing lung ultrasound diagnostic accuracy for patients with suspected COVID-19 using thoracic computed tomography, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, or laboratory data as a reference standard were included. Independent extraction of articles was performed by two authors using predefined data fields with subsequent assessment of study quality indicators. The random-effect model was used to analyze and pool lung ultrasound sensitivity and specificity across the included studies. Sixteen studies met our inclusion criteria, but only three of them divided patients into distinct and defined groups depending on the disease severity. We used the remaining studies data to assess the secondary outcomes: the values of sensitivity and specificity of lung ultrasound for COVID-19 regardless of the patients clinical status. Heterogeneity for primary and secondary outcomes was observed that remained when pooling for different scenarios (screening, assessing severity) and cohorts of participants. Lung ultrasound had the highest accuracy for confirmed COVID-19 patients with severe disease (sensitivity 87.6% 12.3%, specificity 80.5% 7.1%), and the lowest accuracy for the patients with mild disease (sensitivity 72.8% 7.1%, specificity 74.3% 2.7%). CONCLUSIONS:Lung ultrasound can be used in patients with confirmed COVID-19 to detect serious damage to the lung tissue. The diagnostic value of the method for assessing mild and moderate lung lesions is relatively low.

Background. The popularity of using virtual reality in various areas of life is growing steadily every year. The use of virtual reality in sports, including sports of the highest achievements, has both advantages and disadvantages that will be considered in this paper. The Objective is to study main aspects of using virtual reality in sports, including the historical aspect of the method, the main current areas of using the method, the existing advantages and limitations of the method for using in sports practice, including sports of the highest achievements. Results and conclusions of the study. It is shown using virtual reality technologies in sports has a whole range of advantages, including removing restrictions imposed by real sports: preventing sport injury; creating environmental conditions (weather, humidity, rivalry, etc.), lack of dependence on sport equipment, weather or location, and the ability to engage in hard-to-reach and expensive sports accordingly. However, there are a number of problems that make it difficult to use virtual reality in sports, in particular, using sport equipment and assessing skill transfer.

Introduction. Mental rehearsal of motor skill performance improves its coordination and effectiveness. However, mental image has been considered to be a hypothetical basis for voluntary movements even before its practical use begins. The present paper provides an original view on the current motor imagery understanding as a resolution of conflicts inherent to earlier concepts. The compatibility between historical and modern motor imagery theories is discussed. Thereby, revision of some of existing recommendations concerning mental imagery use in sports is underpinned. Theoretical Basis. Ideomotor theory was the first concept considering mental imagery as a basis for voluntary movements. T. Laycock and W. B. Carpenter described motor consequences of uncontrolled expression of a dominant idea. In the context of H. Herbart’s, R. H. Lotze’s, and E. Harless’ work, this phenomenon can be viewed more broadly in the light of systemic role of mental imagery in controlling movements. A number of instrumental studies of involuntary motor activity during movement imagination provided experimental confirmation of such phenomena and supported scientific interest in the ideomotor theory when it was criticized by the behaviorism. In the modern period, to resolve existing contradictions, M. Jeannerod has suggested considering the motor image as a conscious representation of neurophysiological processes underlying the corresponding movement, which is formed in the absence of inactivating afferent response of effector organs. Results and Discussion. The modern understanding of the motor imagery focuses on its equivalence to the actual movement in terms of the underlying central neurophysiologica processes and their functions, including formation of skills with the repetition of a corresponding movement. Following P. F. Lesgaft’s idea, an individual’s cognitive analysis of movements and understanding of its logical structure by means of mental imagery play an important role in motor learning, especially in its initial stages. Herewith, research shows that cognitive and motor processes are closely intertwined.

The authors suggest methods of calculation of the intermediate cycle cycle a traffic light based on the basic expert calculation. Focus on: the permissibility of completion of journey of the intersection to vehicles (TC), whose drivers when you turn on forbidding signal does not have the technical ability to stay in the field, regulated by the requirements of traffic Regulations; the dependence of the location of conflict points between vehicle flows, which is the final passage of the intersection and traffic flow beginners movement when switched on allowing signal of the traffic light, on the order of phases of work traffic lights object; practical recommendations on the choice of mutual correlation of time intervals between signals prohibiting «yellow» and «red with yellow». Proposed test calculation, correcting the result.

The issue of attention is one of the leading in sports psychology. Quite often, athletes’ failures in competitions are ultimately connected with the attention processes, i.e. distraction, switching or loss of concentration. Simultaneously, each particular kind of sport is distinguished by a specific competitive situation and accordingly presents a number of requirements to athletes, including attention features. Archery is no exception. Thus, in shooting sports, concentration and stability of attention are often deemed as the most significant features of attention. The paper is devoted to the study of the attention dynamic properties in archers. Attention features of athletes were assessed depending on the sports major, gender, age, experience and level of competence. 65 archers from different regions of Russia took part in the study, including 34 males and 31 females, the average age being 16.29 ± 1.74. Experience ranges from 1 year to 8 years, average experience is 4.46 ± 1.93. The research results showed that archers are characterized by high indicators of stability of attention, and also high efficiency of solving attention problems. The professional success of archery was associated with the ability to distribute attention when necessary. At the same time, there were no significant differences in the features of attention for recurved and compound archers, which indicates the uniformity of tasks related to attention in the sporting practice of archers. Summing up, it is necessary to include skills in the distribution of attention in the program of psychological training of archers.

Background: Candidal infections occur in individuals with humoral or cell immunity deficiency. Any disorders of iron metabolism promote immune deficiency and abnormal sensitivity to infections. Potential modification of biological properties of Candida spp. in disorders of iron metabolism has not been discussed. Aim: To clarify the effects of iron metabolism disorders on the modification of biological properties of C. albicans. Materials and methods: Growth kinetics of reference strain (24433 АТСС) and clinical isolates of C. albicans (n = 20) depending on the concentration of Fe2+ ions in the broth and serum of blood donors with various types of iron metabolism (n = 2) was studied by turbidimetry. We also assessed the expression of the adhesion gen (als3), hemolytic phospholipase C genes (plb1, plb2, plс) and aspartic protease gene (sap1) in serum of donors with various iron levels. Results: Growth parameters of all C. albicans strains studied depends on the iron levels in the medium. The calculated constant of affinity to Fe2+ (Ks) for C. albicans strains was in the range from 179.5 to 1863.3 μM. Clinical isolates are more iron-dependent (179.5 < Ks < 1000 μM), compared to the reference strain ATCC 24433 (Ks = 1199.5 ± 28.3 μM). The optimal concentration of iron for the growth in the broth is 30 to 50 μM. The serum from individuals with normal iron metabolism inhibits the growth activity of C. albicans and is associated with overexpression of all virulence genes studied. Incubation of C. albicans with iron-deficient and iron-loaded sera results in an increase in the growth rate up to 0.017 h-1 and 0.012 h-1, respectively, but is associated with a reduction in expression of the major virulence genes. Conclusion: Biological properties of C. albicans are modified depending on the iron metabolism of the host. In those with normal iron metabolism, immune system suppresses Candida growth. Excess iron levels may promote candidiasis, whereas in iron deficient states the outcome of infection depends on the immune status of the host.

Objective. To prove pathogenically the reasonability of multimodal anesthesia in patients with lung cancer to improve the efficacy of pain management.Materials and methods. 74 patients (59 men and 15 women) aged 46 to 60 years with lung cancer were examined and treated. 42 patients (the main group) underwent surgery under multimodal anesthesia accompanied with epidural blockade, and 32 patients (the comparison group) were subjected to a surgical intervention under inhalation and intravenous anesthesia with mechanical ventilation. The surgeries including atypical lung resection, lobectomy and pneumonectomy were performed. In preoperative, intraoperative and early postoperative periods, the systemic hemodynamics parameters were determined; adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, cortisol, insulin and glucose were measured in plasma, and acidbase balance parameters — in arterial blood. Pain intensity was assessed by the visual analog scale. Data processing was carried out using Microsoft Exсel 2000, STATISTICA6.0 and Biostat software. Normality of distribution was assessed by KolmogorovSmirnov test. Since the ordered sample did not follow the normal distribution law, the data are presented as a median (Me) and interquartile amplitude (25 and 75 percentiles).Results. It has been found that the most significant pathogenic factor in patients being operated due to lung cancer under the standard anesthesia is the expressed activation of the sympathoadrenal system due to the impact of surgical stress. This is manifested by disorders of the central hemodynamic parameters, such as metabolism, nociception and oxygen balance. In surgeries carried out under multimodal anesthesia, the minimal changes of basic homeostasis parameters are registered; these changes are shorttermed, compensated and reversible. Pain syndrome upon completion of surgery and in the early postoperative period is either absent or mild.Conclusion. It is more expedient to perform surgeries to remove malignant tumors in the lungs under the multimodal anesthesia, because these interventions are distinguished by high traumatic rate and having a «fine line» between compensation and decompensation of the basic vital functions in the perioperative period.

Статья посвящена анализу некоторых теоретико-методологических подходов, обладающих значительным эвристическим потенциалом для изучения сложноорганизованных памятников историко-культурного наследия. В качестве теоретической основы берется органицизм и его методологические производные — гештальт-культурологический, культурогенетический и архитектонический подходы. И хотя такая теоретико-методологическая комбинация подходов кажется на первый взгляд неожиданной и непривычной, тем не менее, она представляется авторам эффективной и оправданной, поскольку использование этих подходов задает достаточно четкие и ясные ориентиры для моделирования сложноорганизованной многослойности памятников культурного наследия как целостных единств, возникших в ходе череды различных исторических метаморфоз. В статье содержится ряд примеров рассматриваемых памятников с различной степенью их структурной неоднородности. Среди примеров материально-смысловой неоднородности артефактов выделяются ее «двухслойные», «трехслойные» и «четырехслойные» проявления. Отдельное внимание уделяется артефактам, структура которых отличается высокой степенью сложности и неоднородности. Обозначаются специфические стороны каждого из подходов, выраженные в объективированных и естественнонаучных аспектах организмического подхода, связанного с именами Гёте и Гердера; в акценте на сферу воображаемого и психологического в гештальт-культурологическом подходе, истоки которого напрямую связаны с органицизмом, а также с идеями Х. фон Эренфельса, многие из которых были развиты представителями гештальтпсихологии, а также с фундаментальными трудами О. Шпенглера и Г. Д. Гачева, составившими основу проблемного поля гештальт-культурологии; в анализе историко-генетических последовательностей и смыслопорождения в культурогенетическом подходе, разрабатываемом в трудах В. М. Массона, А. В. Бондарева и др.; в глубинных структурных сдвигах смыслосферы исторически преобразующегося памятника в ходе его истории в архитектоническом подходе, основным выразителем которого является И. В. Кондаков. Подчеркивается важность задействования культурологического уровня изучения культурного наследия, располагающегося в системе культурознания между фактографическим культуроведением, затрагивающим самые различные науки, так или иначе изучающие культуру, и абстрактной культурфилософией, имеющей мировоззренческий характер и наивысшую степень обобщенности и абстрактности, которые при всей их мировоззренческой и теоретико-методологической значимости трудно переводимы в прикладную плоскость.

The aim is to analyze the long-term results of the avian influenza virus surveillance monitoring of influenza virus in birds of one of the key Northern Eurasia points Lake. Uvs Nuur, the Republic of Tyva. Methods. The analysis of the available sources and our own research results is conducted. We used MEGA 5.2 software to construct a phylogenetic dendrogram. Tree topology is constructed by the method of maximum likelihood. Genetic distance matrix is calculated using the Kimura two-parameter metric method. Results. We conducted a biogeographical analysis of the Great Lakes basin, and an overview of the literature and the original results of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza circulation and molecular epidemiology at Uvs Nuur Lake. Conclusion. Long-term observations at Lake Uvs Nuur revealed the important role of the biogeocoenose for the preservation and evolution of influenza A virus in wild bird populations. Planned ecological and virological monitoring is the basis for correct conclusions about the dynamics of epizootic process, infection control, as well as for the evaluation of the epidemic and pandemic potential of novel viral strains.