Search

The authors carried out the study of the influence of 3D printing modes on the structure and chemical composition of 30HGSA steel (chromansil) samples produced by the method of additive electric arc surfacing. To study the influence of the electric arc surfacing mode on the chemical composition of the steel under study, an optical emission analysis of the samples was carried out. The influence of the surfacing mode on the resulting structure was assessed over the entire height of the deposited walls at magnifications of ×50, ×100, ×200 and ×500. Optical emission analysis identified a change in the material chemical composition associated with the loss of chemical elements. It was found that the degree of loss of C, Cr and Si increases almost linearly and is directly proportional to the surfacing heat input (Q, J/mm). The exact influence of an increase in the surfacing heat input on the Mn content was not found, but a relationship between the degree of its loss and the voltage (U, V) during surfacing of samples was identified. Microstructural studies of all samples did not reveal a large number of systemically formed structural defects characteristic of cast and welded products (pores, shrinkage cavities, etc.), which confirms the high quality of the metal in goods produced by electric arc surfacing. Analysis of micrographs taken in different areas of the samples allowed determining that the metal microstructure does not undergo significant changes under different surfacing modes; the main tendencies in changes in the structure along the height of the sample are preserved. All samples demonstrated the formation of a highly dispersed structure, regardless of the 3D printing parameters. The most favorable metal structure, suitable for subsequent use in the production of goods using additive manufacturing, was recognized as the structure of the sample deposited using mode No. 5 (I=160 A, U=24 V, Q=921.6 J/mm). This mode can be used for further study of the problems of additive electric arc surfacing of 30HGSA steel.

The review analyses Inconel 718 (IN718) alloy, which is the nickel-based superalloy and has great application in industries due to its superior mechanical properties even at elevated temperatures by means of the solid-solution strengthening and precipitation strengthening. However, because of the tool over-wear, poor part surface integrity, high hardness and low thermal-conductivity properties, it is difficult to manufacture finished products with using conventional machining methods. It is especially urgent for the products of complex designs. In this regard, justification is given for the widespread use of modern additive manufacturing (AM) for the fabrication of the products from IN718. The most popular is AM based on the selective laser melting (SLM) technique, which can fabricate complex geometries with superior material properties. At the same time, the metal parts fabricated by SLM suffer from excessive residual porosity, residual tensile stress in the near-surface layer, and the formation of a relatively rough surface. In addition, the SLM-inherited surface defects can cause stress concentration to initiate cracks, reducing the fatigue strength of the printed parts. The review focuses on identifying potential solutions to the surface-finish complex additive manufactured to improve the surface properties to meet the industry requirements. Therefore, the improvement of the IN718-alloy-parts’ surface properties printed by the SLM becomes especially relevant. Currently, different surface post-processing technologies are being developed to obtain the expected surface quality of the SLM-components. As demonstrated, the finish surface enhancement treatments led to significant improvement in the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, increase in fatigue life, and tensile strength of the metallic materials. Therefore, adapting surface post-processing technologies has become a growing area of interest as an effective tool for improving the functionality and service lifetime of SLM IN718-alloy components. The review aims to analyse the main results of the most systematic studies of the currently developed surface post-treatments aimed to improving the surface-structure quality and properties of the IN718 parts fabricated by SLM. These results contribute to a better understanding of the role of the various-parameters’ effects on the surface improvements during the surface post-processing and changes in the structure–phase state, and physical, chemical and mechanical properties. Examples of the effects of a series of surface post-processing methods are presented: laser polishing, mechanical magnetic polishing, cutting finish-machining operations, shot peening, sandblasting technique, ultrasonic-impact treatment, and electrochemical polishing.

Depending on the 3D-printing orientation, the anisotropy of the elastic characteristics of the Inconel 625 alloy generated with selective laser sintering from powders is investigated. The impact of the original powder combination and the following heat treatment (post-printing treatment) on the anisotropy of the alloy elastic characteristics is assessed. As demonstrated, the suggested treatments can lessen the anisotropy of the alloy elastic characteristics. Based on knowledge of the elastic constants of the single crystal and x-ray texture features, the results of a theoretical estimation of the elastic and shear moduli, Poisson’s ratio, and their anisotropy in the horizontal and vertical directions of 3D printing are provided. As demonstrated, the obtained theoretical values differ by 6–10% from the corresponding experimental values. The calculated stress–strain state can be more accurately calculated with the use of the estimated elastic characteristics and their anisotropy. The strategy for 3D-printing complicated components from Inconel 625 alloy may be made more effective.

The article is devoted to the study of the history of the emergence and development of additive technologies in world artistic ceramics. The article analyzes information on the history of the emergence of additive technologies. The principle of operation of 3D printing equipment, features of its use, the most common areas of use and materials used in 3D printing have been considered. An analysis of the specifics of the technical characteristics of 3D printers and technologies for 3D printing with ceramic masses has been shown that the use of ceramic materials as raw materials for 3D printing is a progressive trend due to the emergence of the possibility of forming ceramic objects and products that are practically indestructible reproduction and replication using traditional methods. In this article, the authors have been analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of manufacturing ceramic products by 3D printing. It has been established that the main difference between the production of three-dimensional plastic or metal elements and ceramic elements is the main feature of the ceramic manufacturing technology, namely that the printout is not a ceramic product before firing in the oven, that is, without firing, it is simply an element printed from clay materials (that is, such a printout before firing is called the "green part" – an unprocessed element). Currently, there are no 3D printers that can immediately produce ready-made ceramic products, all elements printed from ceramic materials require drying and firing. But, despite this nuance, printers that print with clay materials are called ceramic 3D printers. As 3D printing can accurately realize the creative thinking of artists and designers, 3D printing technology is increasingly used in the creation of ceramic products and contemporary ceramic works. The authors of the article emphasize that three-dimensional printing with clay provides ceramists with completely new opportunities for creating ceramic products with a complex configuration, texture, etc. Ceramic artists from all over the world are already actively using this technology in their work. Therefore, part of the study is devoted to examples of the use of 3D printing technology in world artistic ceramics, as well as to the description and analysis of the most interesting achievements in this direction of creativity, according to the authors.

In recent years, additive technologies have become increasingly important for the production of parts with complex geometries, enabling the rapid and efficient creation of objects with different shapes and configurations in industrial sectors such as medicine, aerospace and construction. The focus of the study was the analysis of arc processes for additive manufacturing, particularly through non-consumable electrode welding in an inert gas environment (TIG) and its applications as a heat source. Modern methods of 3D printing metal products, such as SLM (Selective Laser Melting), EBM (Electron Beam Melting), and LMD (Laser Metal Deposition), allow the production of parts with good quality indicators: accuracy, surface roughness, mechanical properties, and others. However, these methods are expensive due to the technological complexity of the equipment, and a weakness of these methods is their low productivity compared to arc methods. The results presented in this article show that the productivity of arc methods in additive manufacturing is several times higher than that of SLM, EBM, and LMD, and arc methods are more cost-effective due to lower equipment costs and reduced energy consumption. The article presents the schemes of arc methods of additive manufacturing. One of the promising directions in the development of hybrid technology, namely the use of the TIG heat source for sintering metal powders, offers an effective way to reduce the cost of additive manufacturing by replacing the laser as a heat source, while allowing the continued use of various types of metal powders, reinforcing materials, and metal-ceramic blends.

This article raises the topic of modernization of existing technological processes of procurement production in terms of eliminating the expensive and lengthy stage of designing and manufacturing metal molds and the introduction of 3D printing technologies. The article provides information about 3D printing technology based on the extrusion method. Information is provided on the main stages of designing the tooling for the «Insert» part, taking into account the features and limitations associated with printing on 3D printers. As part of the study, the roughness and shrinkage of test samples are analyzed, which are made on a 3D printer from various composite materials.

The article analyses the current trends in the development of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. In recent years, the development of additive technologies is one of the industry priorities. Additive technologies, first of all, make it possible to implement effectively any design and engineering ideas in high-tech industries, such as aircraft construction, engine and engine building, rocket engineering, modern electronic devices, etc. The expansion of the range of materials for additive technologies will facilitate their introduction into mass production. Meanwhile, the development of breakthrough scientific and technical solutions in the field of AT is impossible without new powder materials. Currently, there is an evident fundamental problem, namely, the lack of comprehensive scientific research aimed at developing new powder materials for additive technologies, adapting these materials to the requirements of modern additive manufacturing machines and studying the properties of products obtained by additive technology with various variations of technical parameters.

Bilayer samples comprised of hard metal-matrix composite top layer and ductile 10 mm Ti–6Al–4V plate are produced with 3D printing by conical electron-beam method using specially prepared core (powder) wire that allows forming hard top layer of metal-matrix (Ti–6Al–4V) composite (MMC) reinforced by means of fine TiC particles with thickness up to 4 mm. Ballistic tests performed with 7.62×51 AP ammunition show a good ballistic resistance of this protective structure, i.e., it is not perforated. Only minor penetration and partial fracture are occurred exclusively in the surface MMC layer. Either no traces of plastic deformation are found at the boundary with the base layer or inside it that indicates that the MMC layer absorbs the entire impact energy of the projectile. Based on studies of the fine structure and texture of the interface between the layers, a reasonable assumption is made that wavy geometry of MMC layer provides additional deflection and scattering of stress waves generated during impact. Comparing the results of ballistic tests of various metallic materials, it is concluded that the 3D-printed bilayer material consisting of the upper Ti–6Al–4V + 40% TiC layer and the base Ti–6Al–4V layer has an undeniable advantage in ballistic performance when it is tested with cartridges of this type.

In this paper, a new approach for additive manufacturing metal-matrix composites based on Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy reinforced with titanium carbide particles, as well as layered structures consisted of such composite and Ti–6Al–4V alloy layers is considered. The approach is based on 3D printing with a conical electron beam using a special cored wire, whose composition corresponds to metal-matrix composite. The issues of production such a wire, the features of the 3D printing process, when using it, as well as the features of formation of the microstructure and phase composition of the printed composite material are described. The issues of titanium-carbide particles’ wetting with Ti–6Al–4V melt during process of 3D printing, as well as possible thermogravitational effects (floating or drowning) for solid TiC particles within the melt are considered in detail with additional experiments. The influence of individual components of the wire composition on the formation of the microstructure and its uniformity over the cross section of the printed layer is shown. The possibility of controlling the formation of homogeneous structural state and obtaining sufficiently high values of the hardness (of above 600 HV) of the metal-matrix composite layer printed on the Ti–6Al–4V baseplate is shown.

Aerospace applications can benefit from additive manufacturing (AM), which is highly advantageous for prototyping and rapid manufacturing. It also offers cost and weight savings, as well as integrated design capabilities. As of now, there are only a few AM standards available, many materials and equipment are involved, resulting in many variables that hinder certification and adoption. As a result, nonstandard testing is making AM in the airborne materials less appealing due to its costly and time-consuming nature. The main objective of this work is to manufacture the Selector Valve Body parts of military and civil aircraft through Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process using AlSi10Mg powder. Further, this paper has been carried out the metallurgical properties, non-destructive and destructive testing as well as the clear explanation about the certification procedures. Moreover, this underscores the need for the developing guidelines, and standards that cover all aspects of manufacturing from design to manufacturing to operation. A comprehensive analysis from liquid penetration test shows defects are within the permissible level. In addition, it exhibits higher yield strength, ultimate strength, and elongation of (259±4) MPa, (323±4) MPa, and (12.5±1.5) % respectively, along with factual evidence that the precipitation hardened AlSi10Mg indigenously developed and produced is equal in properties to the equivalent precipitation hardening aluminium alloys produced by internationally renowned manufacturers.

The review offers a comprehensive analysis of additive manufacturing (AM) processes in the application of high-entropy alloys (HEAs). HEAs have gained considerable attention in recent years due to their unique mechanical and physical properties. We provide the historical background and a clear definition of HEAs, outlining their development over time. The focus is concentrated on examining the utilization of AM processes in HEAs. Specifically, three prominent AM techniques are discussed: electron-beam processes, laser-processed HEAs, and wire-arc additive manufacturing. Each technique is explored in detail, including its advantages, restrictions, and current applications within the HEAs field. An attention is stressed on the significance of AM-process parameters during the fabrication of HEAs. Parameters such as laser power, scanning speed, and powder-feed rate are analysed for their influences on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the final product. The post-processing techniques for additive-manufactured HEAs are considered. The importance of steps such as heat treatment, surface finishing, and machining in achieving the desired material properties and dimensional accuracy in AM-produced HEA components is underlined. Overviewing the HEAs, their application in AM processes, the influence of process parameters, and post-processing considerations, this work can act as a useful source of information for researchers on the way to amendment of the understanding and implementation of AM in the HEAs.

The technological and structural properties of spherical granules and the peculiarities of their production processes using industrial technologies of gas atomization, plasma rotating electrode process and plasma‑arc atomization of neutral and current‑carrying wires and rods are considered. It was found that among the considered methods of obtaining spherical granules, the most promising in terms of productivity, energy efficiency and simplicity of the equipment used is the method of plasma‑arc atomization, which, due to the presence of a large number of technological and structural parameters of the process, allows adjusting the particles size distribution and technological properties of the granules in a wide range. Experimental studies have shown that the particles size distribution, shape factor and technological properties of granules made of titanium alloys and stainless steel obtained by plasma‑arc atomization of current‑carrying wire materials at the E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the NAS of Ukraine, together with LLC «R&D PLAZER center», are at the level of the best foreign analogues. A promising direction of increasing the energy efficiency and productivity of the process of obtaining spherical granules for additive manufacturing and granule metallurgy using the technology of plasma‑arc atomization of current‑carrying rods with a diameter of more than 50 mm at reversed polarity by plasma torches with a hollow copper anode is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing relevance of 3D printing of finished metal products in recent years is due to the reduction of costs for manufacturing, machining, changing the standard sizes and nomenclature of parts, the possibility of obtaining solid parts with complex internal geometry. One of the most promising 3D printing processes, which provides a wide range of productivity (0.02 - 25 kg/h and more) with the possibility of surfacing a wall with a thickness of 2-20 mm, is additive plasma-arc surfacing (APDN) with wires and powder materials. The work examines the current state of research on additive manufacturing of metal parts from steels and alloys, determines the state and prospects for the development of APDN. It is shown that APDN allows performing 3D printing using a wide range of implant materials, in particular, compact and composite (powder) wires, powders of light alloys and refractory metals, composite powders and mechanical mixtures of powders of alloys, metal ceramics, carbides, borides, etc. New opportunities for the application of APDN include development of technologies for growing products from materials with gradient functional properties, from dissimilar materials, with accompanying modification of the deposited metal by additional processing, improving the properties of the deposited metal due to the use of hybrid processes. The state of innovative developments of APDN technologies and equipment carried out at the E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and their industrial implementation is highlighted. 32 Ref., 5 Tabl., 22 Fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the interest in the application of metal additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is grown massively in the various fields of the industry and surgery. AM has significant multiple advantages compared to traditional subtractive technologies for making highly customized parts with complex geometries without causing noteworthy extra costs. Now, several powder-based AM technologies for metals’ 3D printing are in progress, in particular, selective laser sintering (SLS), selective laser melting (SLM), and electron-beam melting (EBM). In the past few decades, increasing research and developments are devoted to the wire-feeding-based 3D printing production of parts made of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy, which is widely investigated in different fields such as aerospace, automotive, energy, and marine industries as well as the prosthetics and the production of orthopaedic implants. Due to the feasibility of economical producing large-scale metal components with relatively high deposition rate, low machinery cost, high material efficiency, and shortened lead-time compared to powder-based AM, wire-feeding-based AM (WFAM) is attracting significant attention in the industry and academia owing to its ability for the production of the large components of the medium geometric complexity. In recent years, three options of WFAM are intensively researched, which differ by the wire-melting heating sources: wire + arc additive manufacturing (WAAM); wire-laser AM (WLAM), and wire electron-beam additive manufacturing (WEBAM). The purpose of the present review is systematic analysis of the mechanical properties of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy samples 3D-printed by WFAM with various heating melting sources, namely, arc, laser, and electron beam. Particularly, considering the literature data for the period of 2013–2020, such important properties as yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness are analysed for the samples in the as-printed and post-processed conditions.

During the last years, the interest in the application of the additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, becomes extremely popular in the various fields of the medicine including the dentistry. Currently, metal and ceramic materials are most often used for dental prosthetics manufactured by 3D printing. The yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics has become the best alternative for metal-based dental restorations. In this regard, the main goal of this review deals with studying the effect of the 3D printing parameters on the macro- and microstructure and, accordingly, on the mechanical properties of the sintered YSZ, and on this basis, to give the practical recommendations to clinical dentistry and further prospects. As most researched in recent years, the 3D printing methods of such ceramics are the Laser-Stereolithography (Laser-SL) and the Stereolithography-Digital Light Processing (SL-DLP) based on the vat-photopolymerization technology and are discussed here. The physical foundations and the technological parameters of these AM technologies are considered. The main attention focuses on the effects of the thermal conditions during the 3D printing on the solidification microstructure (density, grain size, and crystalline phase composition), which is controlled by the manufacturing technologies. In addition, the true hardness and the biaxial flexural strength of the 3D printed YSZ samples are discussed. At last, the advantages of 3D printing ceramics in dentistry are mentioned.

Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a metal additive manufacturing process commonly used to deposition medium to large, near net-shaped parts. It can efficiently use materials and deposit objects with fewer assembly parts. The main disadvantage of WAAM is the surface quality. This work investigates the geometry shift defect that could be formed due to the wear of the welding contact tip. As a result of the wear, the filler wire deviates from the nominal position, and errors occur in the positioning of individual layers of printed parts. The main objective of this work is to investigate the influence of surface irregularities on the mechanical properties of as-deposited thin-walled WAAM parts. Finite element modeling of static and cyclic tensile and compressive tests showed that the surface waviness formed during layer-by-layer deposition increases the stress level under static loading applied transversely to the deposited layers. Surface waviness also significantly reduces the life of parts under cyclic loading. Replacement of a worn contact tip causes the layers to shift, and the resulting load eccentricity increases the stress level. Uneven stress distribution throughout the cross section means reduced material usage efficiency. During compressive loading, the load eccentricity destabilizes, causing the specimen to deform after exceeding the yield strength in stress concentration zones. The relationship between unmachined and machined walls with equivalent stresses was obtained, allowing the influence of surface waviness on the strength and durability of structures to be considered at the design stage.

Introduction. Actual use of plant raw materials in the production of medicines is caused by a variety of bioactive substance complexes in their composition. These drugs have a wide range of therapeutic effects and in this regard, the properties and compositions of various plant materials are currently being actively studied. Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry) has been the focus of scientific research for many years to identify various healing properties, and in 2015 its fresh and dried fruits are presented as a plant raw material in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition. The variety of biologically active substance complexes of Aronia melanocarpa fruit allows its use in different fields (food and pharmaceutical industries). For this reason, the development of the composition and technology of effervescent tablets containing a complex of biologically active substances and possessing the following advantages: rapid release of active ingredients, high rate of BAS assimilation, usability and pleasant flavor are of interest.Aim. The aim of the present study is to develop the composition and technology of effervescent tablets with a biologically active complex from dried Аronia melanocarpa fruits.Materials and methods. Extracts enriched with anthocyanins were obtained from dried chokeberry fruits. As excipients in the technology of effervescent tablets, sodium carbonate, tartaric acid, lactose monohydrate, povidone (Plasdone™ K-29/32), polyethylene glycol 6000 and aspartame were used. Under laboratory conditions, granules (acidic and basic) were obtained by the method of punching wet masses, where extract (granulate 1) and ethyl alcohol 96 % (granulate 2) were used as a moisturizer. Numerical indicators of medicinal plant raw materials, technological properties of granulate and tableting mass, as well as quality indicators of effervescent tablets were determined according to the methods described in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition.Results and discussion. Numerical indicators of dry fruits of Aronia melanocarpa (crushing of raw materials and the content of foreign impurities, total ash in plant raw materials and ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid, content of extractives) were determined, and the good quality of the raw materials used in the subsequent stages of drug development was confirmed. An extract enriched with anthocyanins has been developed. The composition and technology of effervescent tablets with separate granulation of acidic and basic components has been developed. Extract and ethyl alcohol 96 % were used as moisturizers, and aspartame was used to improve taste characteristics. A draft specification for the quality indicators of effervescent tablets based on enriched extraction has been proposed.Conclusion. In the course of the research work, the numerical indicators of medicinal plant raw materials were determined and its quality was confirmed, which enabled its use for further extraction. Extraction conditions were chosen, extracts were obtained. Excipients have been selected, the composition and technology of effervescent tablets based on the extracts of Aronia melanocarpa fruits have been developed, a draft specification for effervescent tablets has been proposed in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, XIV edition.

Introduction. In modern practice, suppositories are prepared by hand rolling method or fusion. 3D printing can overcome the disadvantages of traditional suppository manufacturing methods and solve the problems of personalization. 3D printing makes it possible to manufacture drug-loaded suppositories without the use of molds or other physical support. The current studies have a number of limitations, and the printing of one suppository requires a long time. This report proposes a method of 3D modeling and 3D printing to produce personalized suppositories by fusion.Aim. Various sizes and shapes suppositories silicone molds development by molding method from hydrophilic, lipophilic and amphiphilic bases.Materials and methods. Suppository bases: cocoa butter (Luker, Colombia), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 (Merck KGaA, Germany), PEG-400 (Merck KGaA, Germany), Witepsol H-15 (Chimmed Group, Russia); pharmaceutical substance: paracetamol (Hebei Jiheng (Group) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, China); filaments for 3D printing: polyethylene terephthalate (PET-G natural, LLC "PrintProdakt", Russia); silicone two-component platinum, hardness Shore 30A (China); solvents: Acetonitrile Grade HPLC (Merck KGaA, Germany). The design of the both casting and master molds of suppositories was carried out using the KOMPAS-3D version 17.1. Master molds were printed by Picaso PRO 250 and Picaso X Pro 3D printers. Mold segments were obtained by filling master molds with a mixture of two-component silicone. Suppositories were obtained by molding method. Their average weight and standard deviation were determined. Paracetamol concentration in suppositories was carried out by UV spectrophotometry on a UV-1240 mini spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Япония). Silicone molds were soaked and washed in hot water with surfactants. Washouts from the molds were taken by soaking the mold.Results and discussion. The torpedo-shaped form was chosen as the model form of suppositories. For the chosen form, three volumes of suppositories were designed: 3.32 ml; 1.5 ml and 0.25 ml. Silicone molds were designed and manufactured for all volumes. The cast suppositories were examined for compliance with the regulatory documentation for the dosage form, the average weight and mass uniformity were evaluated. Suppositories with paracetamol were made. A procedure for cleaning the obtained silicone molds has been developed.Conclusion. The resulting silicone molds make it possible to obtain suppositories in accordance with the regulatory documentation for the suppositories. Silicone molds have significant advantages compared to analogues of metal or polymeric molds.

This paper discusses the effect called undesirable extrusion dynamics that occur during material extrusion printing or fused deposition modeling. This effect is revealed during high acceleration and deceleration of printing head and results in over-extrusion on corners of parts and printed layer unevenness. To minimize this effect, modern control systems use Advance algorithms for dynamics control. However, such disadvantages as inertia, reduced printing speed, need for manual calibration, as well as uncertainty of the influence of material, nozzle geometry, and printing process parameters on the algorithm performance do not allow this group of solutions to be applied on an industrial scale. The paper presents a study of the influence of printing characteristics, such as material type, extruder type, printing temperature, layer and nozzle geometry, on extrusion dynamics through a series of experiments. The experiments were carried out on a Creality Ender 3 printer. The obtained experimental data will allow us to deepen the understanding of extrusion dynamics influence in FDM printing; they are also used in the present study to modify existing dynamics control algorithms. The paper proposes a modification of Advance algorithm based on machine learning. It is proposed to implement an algorithm containing two trained neural network models. One model predicts changes in printing head motion to minimize residual defects and increase average print speed. The second model predicts the compensation parameter for specific printing conditions without the need for manual calibration. A neural network model was trained to determine the compensation parameter depending on the type of material, layer thickness, nozzle geometry and printing temperature. The model was trained based on experimental data. The developed algorithm was introduced into Linear Advance algorithm of the Marlin firmware and tested on Creality Ender 3. The experiments showed that the developed model can successfully predict the required compensation and can be applied during the printing process. The proposed algorithm helps to facilitate and automate the process of extrusion dynamics compensation which will expand the possibilities of FDM printers’ application in industrial conditions. The obtained algorithm can improve the accuracy and printing speed which will subsequently help to increase the economic independence and competitiveness of small design organizations and enterprises in Russia that use 3D printers. This research expands the possibilities of rapid prototyping and may help to ensure the rapid creation of pilot batches.

Standardization is essential for innovation (on the impacts on design, manufacturing, and operation processes) and its dissemination, both within a country and internationally. A phenomenological information model has been developed for the system of standards, which will be used as an information base for integrated quality management systems, environmental safety, and energy saving depending on the type of products, requirements of technical regulations, and conformity assessment procedures. Phase portraits of the life cycle system of complex products were constructed, and a general expression for the Lyapunov exponents characterizing the overall behavior of the dynamic system in phase space was obtained. The presence of particular areas to which, regardless of the initial conditions, all phase trajectories rapidly evolve has been established. The critical conditions for the control parameters were found. A diagram was constructed that determines the stability of the system states of the life cycle of complex products. It was found that the processes of the life cycle of complex products are carried out in two stages: in the first, there is a rapid evolution of components and parameters of technical and software tools, as well as energetic elements of functional subsystems, which is reflected in a specific attractive section of phase portraits, in the second, further slow development along it.

This article provides an overview of the latest developments in the field of hybrid additive manufacturing of metal parts. The concept and various kinds of additive manufacturing are discussed. Special attention is paid to hybridization of additive technologies and various processes of forming: die forging, deep drawing, and others. The background and significance of the technologies, as well as their applicability in production are presented. The combination of additive manufacturing with forming processes is carried out with a dual purpose: to expand the area of application of additive manufacturing and overcome its limitations associated with low productivity, metallurgical defects, surface roughness and lack of dimensional accuracy; new application of traditional forming processes.

The article discusses the process of using additive technologies in the manufacture of formbuilding equipment. It is supposed to reduce the manufacturing time and labor costs of workers by using non-traditional technological systems in the manufacture of the form-building equipment’s model, which has qualitatively new properties and capabilities and also significantly increases the level of automation and intensification of production processes. When designing a technological process high information and computerization, a certain level of electrification and energy supply are required, therefore, the design of new technologies is based on rational technological processes, using accumulated experience, and a new system approach developed on the basis of the unity of production design technology using CAD/CAE/CAM systems. The extrusion method of three-dimensional printing using the FDM technology with the use of a new modified material of the PA12CF brand was adopted as the basis for the production of form-building equipment. This material is a polyamide-12 composite plastic reinforced with carbon fibers. The use of additive technologies using modern computer modeling based on the unity of technological systems is an urgent task. These technological systems will significantly increase productivity, reduce the production area occupied by equipment, reduce the duration of the production cycle, reduce the number of workers employed in production, and make it possible to switch to technologies that do not require paper-based design documentation. At the same time, additive technologies are open to their further development and have great potential to evolve and be modified in accordance with the changing external conditions on the labor market.

Introduction. Arterial hypertension is one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Drug treatment of arterial hypertension is associated with a number of difficulties: often requires combination therapy, also a possible change in either dosages or drugs during treatment during the patient's life. Three-dimensional printing allows to create individual medicines on-demand.Aim. Study suitability of Kollidon® VA 64 as a matrix-polymer for the preparation of immediate release ramipril printing tablets.Materials and methods. Substance: ramipril; excipients: Kollidon® VA 64, Kollidon® CL-F, Soluplus®, PEG 1500, sodium carbonate anhydrous, Poloxamer 188, sodium stearyl fumarate, mannitol; reagents: hydrochloric acid, acetonitrile for ultra-HPLC, sodium octanesulfonate for HPLC, orthophosphoric acid 85 %, sodium perchlorate analytical grade, triethylamine, standard: ramipril USP (№1598303). Ramipril filaments were prepared by hot melt extrusion on the extruder Haake™ miniCTW (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The tablets were printed on a hand-made 3D printer. The printlets were studied for friability and hardness. Uniformity and quantitative determination of ramipril and impurities in tablets and filaments were determined by high performance liquid chromatography on a Shimadzu Prominence LC liquid chromatograph. Stability of ramipril was studied on a DSC 3+ Mettler Toledo by differential scanning calorimetry. Also, the stability of ramipril was determined by the Raman spectroscopy on an analytical system ORTES-785TRS-2700.Results and discussion. Ramipril filaments with a diameter of 1.75 mm were obtained by melt extrusion at a temperature of 105 °C. They were homogeneous in quantitative content of the active substance. From the resulting filaments, tablets were printed in five configurations with three filling densities: 30 %, 50 % and 100 %. Degradation of ramipril in filaments and tablets is not observed. The melting point of the selected mixture is lower than the melting point of matrix-polymer. It makes possible to lower the processing temperature. Tablets with 100 % filling provide an immediate release of ramipril.Conclusion. Kollidon® VA 64 is suitable as a matrix-polymer for the development of immediate release ramipril printlets. Kollidon® VA 64 provides the necessary physical and processing properties of the filament required for FDM printing.

In this work, a short review on methods for the synthesis of ultrafine powders of micron- and submicron size is presented. A sonoelectrochemical method was used for the synthesis of Cu powder. It is shown that this technique is quite simple, economical and environmentally friendly. Influence of parameters of the process on the particle size distribution and morphology of copper powder is studied. The resulting powder can be used for in-situ alloying in laser powder bed fusion and as an antibacterial filler. В данной работе представлен краткий обзор методов получения порошков микронных и субмикронных размеров. Для синтеза порошка Cu использовался соноэлектрохимический метод. Показано, что этот метод достаточно прост, экономичен и экологичен. Изучено влияние параметров соноэлектрохимического процесса на гранулометрический состав и морфологию медного порошка. Полученный порошок можно использовать для легирования in-situ при лазерной наплавке порошка и в качестве антибактериального компонента.

In fact, a new arms race could start in the world as a side effect of the so-called “4th Industrial Revolution” – the main innovative trend of which is the widespread use of technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, quantum computing, additive manufacturing, robotics, Internet of things, cloud technologies etc., and the countries involved in military conflicts cannot neglect this circumstance. As a small country, Armenia needs an economy-army coalesced “intelligent” system that will respond adequately to any, even the slightest threat to the country's security. This approach requires the development of indigenous defense industry. It is obvious that the development of Armenian defense industry is in the inevitable point of intersection of the new wave of economic transformations and the breakthrough of the “4th Industrial Revolution”, as the initiator of positive changes in the economy, from which positive externalities must be spread throughout the economy by a chain reaction. The article discusses the issues of defense industry development in Armenia in accordance with new challenges of Industry 4.0.

Dynamic development of 3D printing technology contributes to its wide applicability. FDM (Fused Deposition Method) is the most known and popular 3D printing method due to its availability and affordability. It is also usable in design of technical objects – to verify design concepts with use of 3D printed prototypes. The prototypes are produced at lower cost and shorter time comparing to other manufacturing methods and might be used for a number of purposes depending on designed object’s features they reflect. In the article, usability of 3D printing method FDM for designing of technical objects is verified based on sample functional prototypes. Methodology applied to develop these prototypes and their stand tests are covered. General conclusion is that 3D printed prototypes manufactured with FDM method proved to be useful for verifying new concepts within design processes carried out in KOMAG.

Abstract: The image of the global aviation industry is dramatically changing. This derives in the first instance from dynamic development of the military and civil aircraft market, where a significant growth in demand and an increase in airliner deliveries over the next 15 years by at least 80% was forecasted. Aircraft manufacturers' revenues in services business, including maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) are boosting, too. All this provide favorable conditions for the development of new production technologies in the aviation sector, including Additive Manufacturing (AM) and Augmented Reality (AR). Though the research and development in the field of AM an AR began in the 1980s, only in the last decade AM and AR technologies have reached the necessary level of maturity to be widely used in design, manufacturing and assembly processes in aeronautics, including civil and military aircraft. There are good prospects for their use in aircraft’ maintenance, repair and overhaul as well. The transition from the initial period of formation of AM and AR technologies to the stage of technological growth and rapid development of relevant markets is evidenced by a number of factors. First of all, they include establishment of "dominant" technological designs based on AM and AR (certified additive production methods, new materials based on AM and machines for their production, special Augmented Reality headsets, etc.), as well as beginning of serial production of many AM-components and AR-platforms for the aviation industry. The participation of major aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing and Airbus in AM and AR R&D projects, the formation of "new" supply chains, the development of public-private partnerships (e.g. NAMII in the U.S.), as well as the formation of consortia and alliances of companies that develop and produce systems and parts for aircraft based on additive technologies and augmented reality, are also indicators of the transition to a new stage of development of these technologies and markets.

The influence of structural irregularity of lattice structures on the propagation of elastic waves in these structures was analyzed. The modeling was performed within the framework of solid body mechanics using the beam model of plane lattice structures. It was assumed that these structures are made of curvilinear elastic beams of varying curvature. Such structures can be made by additive manufacturing. The computations were performed by the finite-element method using the FIDESYS software. The propagation of waves was investigated for two types of lattice structures: elevator and star-shaped lattices. The results of computations show that the wave in these structures is propagated slower than in the classical structure with straight beams. The wave in the star-shaped lattice is propagated slower than in the elevator lattice. The results for the lattices with uniformly curved beams were compared with the results for the grids made of beams of varying curvature. The effect of wave frequency on the propagation of elastic waves in lattice structures was analyzed. The conceptual model of a device for wave frequency measuring was proposed for monochrome waves. The results can be used for design of filters, dampers of vibrations, and devices for wave frequency measuring.

The microstructure of samples of austenitic stainless steel and Al-Si alloy, obtained by the wire based additive method under various conditions was investigated. The effect of the beam current, the deposition intervals and the electron beam post-processing on the microstructure is shown.

In fact, an innovative arms race has begun in the world, the main factors of which are technologies of the so-called “4th industrial revolution”- artificial intelligence, machine learning, additive manufacturing, robotics, Internet of things, cloud technologies etc., and countries involved in military conflicts cannot overlooked this circumstance. As a small country, Armenia needs an economy-army coalesced "intelligent" system that will respond adequately to any, even the slightest threat to the country's security. This approach requires the development of indigenous defense industry.It is obvious that the development of Armenian defense industry is in the inevitable point of intersection of the new wave of economic transformations and the breakthrough of the “4th industrial revolution”, as the initiator of positive changes in the economy, from which positive externalities must be spread throughout the economy by a chain reaction. The article discusses the issues of defense industry development in Armenia in accordance with new challenges of Industry 4.0.

The article describes the role of additive technologies in the development of innovative thinking among students, spheres of use of 3D-printers and prototypes created by means of 3D technology. It is specified that additive technologies allow to accelerate operations on design and prototyping considerably, allow students to estimate results of their research, to increase interest in learning, to change methods of presentation of their research for protection. The article presents the most perspective and available for use in education technologies. The FDM technology being the most available prints using the plastic thread melted in a thermohead, but has rather low resolution depending on the speed of plotting of layers. The SLA technology becoming more available to a wide circle of users lately uses photopolymeric resins for printing, has high accuracy and speed of printing that allows to create small and high-precision details and to imitate different materials. The article mentions the active use of 3D-printers in foreign training centers. It describes the creation of the own 3D-printer in Belarusian National Technical University, the creation of laboratory of computer simulation and rapid prototyping in Polotsk State University, the use of 3D-printers in Belarusian State Technological University, Belarusian State University, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Brest State Technological University. The positive impact from implementation of additive technologies in educational and R&D life of higher education institutions of Belarus and need of their wide use for educational process is specified. The article points that use of additive technologies at universities will change a mentality of students, their approach to study and creation of new ideas.

An informational and analytical review of the fundamentals and trends development of digital production is made. The variants of terms of digital production are indicated. The global technological concepts of digital production development such as additive technologies (manufacturing), Industrial Internet of Things, “big data” and cloud computing are marked and described. The economic indicators of development of these technologies are represented. The computer engineering technologies of the most important fundamentals of digital production such as computer-aided design and engineering analysis, directly responsible for implementation of research and development, are distinguished.

The paper presents the results of modelling of temperature fields, stresses and deformations in formation of additive multi-layer structure of aluminum alloy 1561, low-alloy structural steel of 09G2S grade and titanium alloy of Grade 2 grade. Based on the experimental results obtained earlier at the E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute during application of additive deposits of these materials the computer modelling was carried out for improvement of technology of additive process. In course of calculations there was analyzed an effect of algorithm of sequence of additive layers deposition, namely deposition of cylinder casing on circle and on spiral, on distribution of temperatures in deposition and its resistance to external loads. It is determined that the spiral deposition technology is reasonable to be used in formation of cylinder casings by additive method and apply less heatconducting structural materials, i.e. structural steels and titanium alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]