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The variants of heterotypic comorbidity of anxiety disorders (AD) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, speech and language development disorders, specific learning disabilities (dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia), migraine, tension type headache in children and adolescents are discussed. In cases of heterotypic comorbidity the patients with AD referrals to specialists may be primarily associated with their emotional problems. Meanwhile, the comorbidity of AD with these diseases leads to a deterioration of their clinical manifestations and a worsening of the prognosis, and anxiety symptoms often not only persist, but also increase with age. It should be borne in mind that AD in children with neurodevelopmental disorders contribute to a decrease in the quality of life, academic failure, have a negative impact on peer relationships and the family environment, and in young adulthood, patients have an increased risk of depression and substance abuse. Therefore, early intervention and a comprehensive therapeutic approach with a dynamic assessment of the patient's condition are becoming important. When choosing pharmacotherapy, it is advisable to choose medictions that have a complex effect on the pathogenetic mechanisms of the underlying disease and concomitant AD, which include Tenoten for children.

The article presents a review of scientific publications devoted to the study of the characteristics of the clinical picture and the dynamics of the main symptoms in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The authors present current data on the prevalence of this disease, leading clinical manifestations and the most common comorbid pathology. Research data on the impact of ADHD in adulthood on educational and professional activities are presented, and the economic and criminological aspects of ADHD are considered. The main methods of psychotherapeutic correction and pharmacological therapy are presented.

To limit the spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19, which has received the status of a pandemic, a lockdown was temporarily introduced. In conditions of isolation, children and adolescents suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were faced with forced changes in their daily routine in the form of a transition to distance learning, a decrease in physical activity, an increase in time in front of TV screens/computer monitors/tablets, etc. The review provides current evidence on the associations between social restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with ADHD. The main factors that can influence the severity of the disease in children and adolescents are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the role of parental behavior and its influence on the manifestations of ADHD in children in isolation. The results of numerous observations and online surveys of relatives and children suffering from ADHD have demonstrated a multidirectional trajectory of the disease depending on numerous factors, including relationships with parents and immediate family. Despite the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the effects of isolation during critical periods of childhood have the potential to increase the burden of mental illness. Treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic should be pathogenetic, taking into account the main symptoms of the disease. When choosing pharmacotherapy, priority should be given to drugs with verified effectiveness and a reliable safety profile.

The problem of comorbid disorders in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered, which occur in at least 60% of patients and lead to additional difficulties in intra-family, school and social adaptation. Children and adolescents with ADHD have a wide range of neurological and somatic disorders caused by complex polygenic pathogenetic mechanisms. Among the pathologies associated with ADHD in this cohort of children, neurotic and anxiety manifestations, motor disorders: dyspraxia, discoordination, impaired gross and fine motor skills, tics, behavioral disorders, enuresis, tension cephalgia are common disorders. Treatment of ADHD should be pathogenetic, taking into account the main symptoms of ADHD and manifestations of comorbid disorders, since it is quite long. When choosing pharmacotherapy, it is preferable to use drugs with verified efficacy not only in the correction of ADHD, but also concomitant behavioral, motor and emotional disorders. Also an important aspect in the pediatric clinic is the use of drugs with a reliable safety profile.

Aim: To study anxiety in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their mothers and to evaluate the efficacy of a dyad approach (simultaneous treatment of the mother and the child) to ADHD treatment., Material and Methods: Thirty-four adolescents, aged 12-15 years, with ADHD and their mothers were studied. All participants of the study received anxiolytic treatment: children were treated with noophen (500 mg per day 45 days) and their mothers received adaptol (1500 mg per day 45 days). In the comparison group with the same clinical/psychological characteristics, anxiolytic therapy with noophen was used only in adolescents., Results: Symptoms of anxiety were found in 61.7% of adolescents with ADHD and in 79.4% of the mothers. After the dyad therapy, an improvement was noted in 73.5% of adolescents and 69.7% of the mothers. There was an improvement in 63.3% of patients in the comparison group., Conclusion: The results demonstrate the high efficacy of the dyad approach in treatment of ADHD with comorbid anxiety disorders.

The article provides an overview of the literature data for the past 10 years on the prevalence, specificity of manifestations and approaches to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current data on the nature and mechanisms of the method of neurofeedback training (NFBT), as well as the available data on the use of the method for treatment of ADHD are presented. The evaluation of the effectiveness of existing variants of the method in the treatment of ADHD is given, and promising areas for further research are identified.

The article presents an overview of scientific publications devoted to the study of epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations and basic approaches to the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. An analysis of the results shows a high frequency of comorbidity between ADHD and emotional disorders (anxiety) that determines the severity of the main clinical symptoms and leads to severe social maladaptation. Inclusion of anxiolytics and nootropics in treatment of ADHD is required.

The authors present the results of a survey of 103 patients aged 25 to 45 years with burnout syndrom. The results showed that most patients with the syndrome of burnout have clinical manifestations of asthenia, varying degrees of severity. According to psychological and psychophysiological examination in this group of patients were found attention and memory dysfunction. This study evaluated the efficacy of memoplant in the treatment of this pathology. The high efficiency of memoplant (improvement in 69.7% of cases) was detected, confirmed by the data of the clinical, psychological and neuropsychological research.

Comorbid anxiety disorders are observed in many patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): 25-33% compared to 6-10% in pediatric population. Therapeutic effects of Adaptol have been studied, indicated for children and adolescents with ADHD as monotherapy, in dosages of 25-35 mg/kg for 1-3 months. The positive influence of Adaptol on the core symptoms of ADHD was confirmed: reduction of hyperactivity and impulsivity was registered after 1st month, while clinical manifestations of the attention deficit were decreased on the 2nd-3rd months of the treatment. Anxiolytic activity became apparent from the 1st month and continued to increase on the 2nd-3rd months of the treatment. Simultaneously significant reduction of the oppositional-defiant disorder manifestations were observed.

Frequency of comorbid disorders and neuropsychological state, executive functions (EF), were studied in two groups of patients aged from 5 to 14 years: 53 patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the association with enuresis and 71 patients with ADHD without enuresis. The most cases of enuresis (50 out of 53 patients) were represented by primary nocturnal enuresis. The significant increase of total number of ADHD cases with comorbidity for oppositional-defiant disorder, anxiety disorder, tics or encopresis (77.7%) was found in the first group compared to the second one (60.6%). The presence of enuresis in ADHD was associated with the significant increase of frequency of anxiety disorders (54.7% versus 39.4%). Moreover, in the group of patients with ADHD and enuresis, the frequency of oppositional-defiant disorder and encopresis was higher in the age of 5-9 years while the frequency of obsessive-compulsive disorder and tics increased in the period of 10-14 years as compared to patients without enuresis. The assessment of executive functions with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test did not reveal any differences between patients of two groups.

One-hundred and seven patients, aged 7-12 years, with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were studied. All children were examined with psychoneurologist, additional methods included electroencephalography (EEG), ultrasound dopplerography of brachiocephalic vessels (USDG), rheoencephalography (REG), craniography and spondilography of the cervical spine. Perinatal adversities were recorded in 81.3% of children; pathological pregnancy (gestosis-26.6%, threat of miscarriage in 21.5%, treatment of latent urogenital infections -27.1% and others) and pathological deliveries (powerless labor-54.2%, asphyxia-21.5% etc) were also often observed; 43.9% of patients were discharged from the maternity hospital with diagnosis of hypoxic-traumatic CNS lesion. Mild mental retardation during the first year of life was reported in 41.1% of children, in 21.5% it remained for 3 years. The neurological study revealed coordination disturbances (31.8%), cervical insufficiency (67.9%), pyramidal insufficiency (33.6%). The changes correlating with perinatal pathology were shown by EEG, USDG and REG. Spondilography of the cervical spine confirmed the signs of the survived natal trauma in 45.8% of cases. All children received the complex therapy including drugs which improve the cerebral dynamics, nootropics, electrophoresis of spasmolytics in the cervical spine, psychotherapy sessions. Forty patients in addition received atomoxetine (strattera), the inhibitor of noradrenalin reuptake. The physician and parents as well reported the positive dynamics of patient's state as assessed the neurological status and performance on neuropsychological tests on attention concentration.

A clinical and epidemiological study including 2,397 children of school age living in the areas with different levels of or without iodine deficiency has been carried out. An increased frequency of cases with IQ not more than 80-85 scores was observed in iodine deficient areas. Iodine deficiency was a cause of clinically diagnosed borderline development delay only in 7% of children. Attention deficit syndrome (without hyperactivity) and anxiety-depressive disorders as well as asthenic symptoms were observed most frequently. Basing on the literature data and own observations, the author suggests a hypothesis on the pathogenetic basis of these disorders.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common behavioral disorder found in children. Comorbid disorders, including oppositional/aggressive behaviors and emotional disorders, may be present in the majority of children diagnosed with ADHD thus complicating an optimal choice of pharmacotherapy. We evaluated the comorbid disorders in an out-patient sample of 76 children with ADHD (59 boys and 17 girls) aged 5-11 years using the Russian version of Kiddie-Shedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Present and Lifetime Version. In all cases, a diagnosis met ICD-10 diagnostic criteria. Only 23 (30,3%) subjects had pure ADHD and 53 (69,7%) suffered from at least one comorbid disorder, i.e. oppositional defiant disorder (43,4%), anxiety disorder (39,5%), tics (9,2%), nocturnal enuresis (17,1%) and encopresis (5,3%). The recently published data of double-blind placebo controlled studies are reviewed indicating that in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid disorders atomoxetine is superior to placebo in treating ADHD and alleviating the symptoms of comorbid disorders.

We studied prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in senior schoolchildren of Nefteyugansk (Khanty-Mansysky autonomic region) it was 8% (13% among boys and 3% among girls). Clinical examination of 122 children, aged 6-11 years, revealed that risk factors for ADHD were perinatal CNS injures, familial predisposition, unfavorable social and psychological influences. Neuropsychological, neurophysiologic (electroencephalography) and biochemical study showed mild neurological disturbances, some peculiarities of motor and emotional spheres and higher mental functions. Moreover, there were such biochemical alterations as a decrease of magnesium level in the plasma and erythrocytes and a reduction of Mg(2+)-ATPase activity. The use of MAGNE-B6 allowed us to correct many of the disturbances.

The results of neurological examinations of 818 children of the late pre-school age distinguished for different levels of the biological development (determined on the basis of morphological criteria) are presented. Most children examined were healthy. A connection between the characteristics of the neuropsychic state and the level of the biological development was disclosed. These characteristics were the best in children whose biological age corresponded to the officially-registered one. A risk of certain neurological pathologies in children with different levels of the biological development was determined. All this shows that a greater attention should be paid to the protection of the nervous system in children with a delayed or an accelerated biological development.

Neurological and neuropsychological examination of 60 children (aged 5-6 years) from day-care centers has made it possible to identify a group of children at risk in relation to school disadaptation (31.7%). Minimum pyramidal, extrapyramidal, or mixed insufficiency was observed in 28.3% of children. An analysis of the severity of disorders of higher mental functions in "high risk" children has helped differentiate three forms of minimum cerebral dysfunction. The authors have outlined the perspectives of the corrective purposeful therapy in each of the forms.