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Introduction. The relevance of the study of theoretical and methodological problems of capital dynamics and the factors that determine it is due to the permanent existence of imbalances and problems in the field of investment in Russian economy. Theoretical analysis. Capital is one of the main factors of production and economic development that determine the level of labor productivity, innovation and social progress of society, and acts not only as a tool for production, but also as a source of income and well-being for society as a whole. This is not only accumulated material and financial resources that are used to produce goods and services in order to make profit or income, but also self-reproducing value that has the potential for capitalization, contributing to the increase in value, the generation of positive effects. Empirical analysis. Key determinants that formed current trends are identified, and an analysis of the impact of institutional factors, monetary policy, foreign investment, and the volume of money on the dynamics of capital is carried out. Conclusion. The article presents recommendations on the need to revise government regulation measures and develop mechanisms for transforming savings into investments, as well as the formation of a diversified policy that will change the existing capital structure and achieve its positive dynamics necessary to ensure further growth and development of the Russian economy.

A unified set of processes for the enrichment forecasting and strategic planning of the enterprises of mechanical restlessness has been proposed based on the algorithm of the functioning of the mechanism for controlling the enrichment renewal process, which is based on the division of the main workers and workers at work places, focusing on activating labor potential, health care provision of a system of rich coordination of individual actions and functions The industrial-state sector of mechanical engineering has a focus on achieving an integral economic effect in material and intellectual production. The model of rich forecasting of the economy has been expanded and implemented, focusing on the specifics of machine-building enterprises based on the parameters of updating the capacity of their capital and the inclusion of dialectical interaction between the two meant: options for strategic directness of machine-building enterprises and informed forecasts of the reaction of the rich medium to these processes. The purpose of this article is to develop the methodology for managing the renewal of capital in machine-building enterprises based on a vicarious storage system. Scientific novelty and practical value. The model of structure formation in a rich creative process has been proposed for the upstream and downstream directions in order to introduce control over the totality of parameters for the renewal of capital in the machine industry. The algorithm was developed for the formation of an integral economic effect of renewing the capital’s capacity, which is based on the very parameters of the generation potential and external officials, which allows us to create a single a system for optimal management of the manufacturing process and to ensure the expansion of the fixed capital renewal of machinery and equipment enterprises by optimizing the strategic management process.

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In this article, authors critically analyze the concept of derisking. Derisking is actively promoted by the Western expert community as a new strategic basis for US-China trade relations. Derisking refers to the transition from the policy of radical breakdown from the trade partnership with China to the rhetoric of risk reduction, which implies limiting dependencies and risks arising from them. It does not imply a complete rupture with a partner. Based on the extensive historical material study, as well as applying modern conflictological methods of risk analysis, authors come to the conclusion that derisking management strategy does not have the conceptual optics necessary for analyzing political dimension of international economic relations and is unable to explain what is the source of risks in reality.Conceptual non-viability of derisking is due to disregard for the uneven capital development regularity, which determines the interstate relations. Global economy is a space of unfading conflict within the economic competition, and therefore eternal risk activity. The constant presence of risks in international relations makes conflict either a source that generates risks, or their result. On the example of the US-China trade relations, authors demonstrate how an attempt to elevate a partner who was designated for the outsiders’ fate generates a response from the risk-beneficiary to return the outsider to his native bosom by minimizing the consequences of risk for himself at the expense of others.In fact, behind the derisking strategy, lies desire to increase the intellectual rents’ price paid for Western patents and technologies. The reaction to the possibility of losing one’s monopoly position creates an impulse to shake up relations and change their dynamics in the right direction for oneself. These impulses expose inherent systematical contradictions and determine the outbreak of a new round of a hot trade war. While staying in the negative unity relations, participants have no other choice but to achieve the goals of enrichment, which are the same for all participants, through denying each other, and aspire every time to establish unequal economic exchange in their favor.

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Introduction. The main function of commercial banks in the economy is to help mobilize the savings of the population, directing them to the most effective use that increases the total amount of investment and the potential for economic growth. Thus, banks are one of the main structures for ensuring financial stabilization in the state and creating conditions for supporting macroeconomic growth.Goal. The study aims to propose an optimal mechanism for managing the resources of a commercial bank.Materials and methods. Objectively, necessary conditions for creating an effective banking system are the possibility and practical implementation of the transfer of financial resources between business entities, providing service consumers with freedom of choice between various objects for placing temporarily free funds, as well as providing the same (equal) rights to everyone who creates demand for financial resources, the presence of a developed banking system. The use of coefficient, graphic, comparative and other methods of financial analysis allow the authors to most qualitatively formulate proposals regarding increasing the efficiency of resource management of a commercial bank.Results and discussion. The development of the financial system leads to increased competition between commercial banks for resources and effective areas for their placement. This may lead to a gradual decline in the profitability of banking activities.Conclusion. As a result of the study, a system of the highest quality and effective management of banking resources was developed and proposed.

The article is devoted to the disclosure of the main trends in scientific views on the category of «human capital» and the development of the theoretical foundations of the study of human capital. The study of the genesis of scientific approaches to the theory of human capital is critical for understanding its evolution and determining the directions for further development. A chronogram of the historical stages of evolution of the theory of «human capital» within the framework of the leading schools of economic theory has been built. It is defined that the complexity of the connection between a person and the performed labor is caused by its subject-objectivity: a person is a subject of the labor process, independently determining what to do, from what to do and for what to do; at the same time, a person is an object of the labor process, since the main task of social production is to satisfy human needs. It is this complexity that causes numerous contradictions that naturally arise in the production process. They in turn are the reason for the ongoing debate about the essence of human capital, its purpose and the factors that form it. It is substantiated that the main factor in the formation of human capital is investment in the carrier of human capital – a human person. The importance of investment in human capital is so great that it exceeds investment in fixed capital. It is generalized that the fundamental basis of the process of social production, without which this process is impossible in principle, is human labor. The theoretical substantiation of the category of «human capital» has come a long historical way of development. Scientific and technological progress and humanization of social relations have become the main factors in the transformation of the factor of production «labor force» into the factor of production «human capital». It is summarized that human capital is a reserve of health, knowledge, skills, abilities, motivations, determined by scientific and technological progress and humanization of social relations, formed as a result of investments, which provides income to their bearer, contributes to the growth of labor productivity and well-being of society.

In the article, within the framework of the resource approach, based on the results of a questionnaire survey, the assessment by the Dagestan youth living in St. Petersburg of their adaptive potential, expressed in the presence of both material and non-material resources, is revealed. The relevance of this study is due to the fact that the success of social adaptation of internal migrants in a new environment largely depends on the available adaptive potential and its constituent resources, as well as the possibilities of its mobilization and building up. Accordingly, it is possible to correct the process of social adaptation by managing the development of certain resources, transferring them into capital. The author provides a distinction between the concepts of “potential”, “capital”, “resource”. The author’s operationalization of the concept of adaptation potential of migrant youth, developed on the basis of the classification of adaptation resources proposed by Yu. M. Pasovets, is presented. The novelty of this study lies in the first attempt to identify the adaptive potential of the Dagestan youth living in St. Petersburg, and its constituent resources. It was revealed that the success of the adaptation process is most influenced by personal-cultural and social (individual) resources. It is concluded that involvement in social activities can be an additional mechanism for successful adaptation, but this potential is practically unrealized due to the low involvement of young people in this type of activity. Accordingly, the results obtained can be used primarily by leaders and activists of public organizations representing the Republic of Dagestan in St. Petersburg to involve youth in public activities, and the data obtained can also be used to correct the process of social adaptation of Dagestan youth at the municipal level and the level of the subject of the federation.

The relevance of international integration issues stems from the tendency of similar economic systems to unite in order to achieve mutually beneficial effects against the background of deglobalisation processes that have become an integral part of the capitalist world in recent decades. The tense geopolitical situation affecting the whole world against the backdrop of the international trade crisis calls into question the further hegemony of the Western world in the context of non-equivalent capital exchange. One of the approaches to analyse the effectiveness of the established global way of doing business is the worldsystem. This study examines the Eurasian Economic Union through the prism of the worldsystem approach. The aim of the research is to identify problems and possible prospects for the development of integration in the context of the world-system. In addition, research considers the issues of mutual investment and labour migration in the EAEU member states, reveals the specifics of the economy of the Union, points out the existing problems facing it and the possible ways to solve these problems in order to further develop integration processes between the member states.

Introduction. Revealing the content of the capital forms multiplication process is significant for modern economic science in theoretical and applied aspects. The political and economic peculiarities of the study are to reveal the essence of capital as a benefit that generates income in various forms. Theoretical analysis. The authors’ point of view is an alternative to the generally accepted point of view on capital as a self-increasing value, as a certain social attitude based on the exploitation of wage labor, and the allocation of forms corresponding to the stages of its circulation as priority functional forms of capital. The authors introduce a new category into scientific circulation – capital forms multiplication. According to the authors’ interpretation, it is an objective process of constant generation of various new forms of manifestation and movement of capital. Empirical analysis. The authors’ approach allows us to single out such a property of capital as autopoiesis, understood as self-building, self-reproduction, self-regulation. The authors’ capital forms classification is presented, where, along with traditional forms of capital (cash, trade, etc.), new types of capital are highlighted and valorized – intellectual, knowledge, information, network, symbolic (image, brand). In recent years, the autopoiesis of capital has manifested itself in the multiplication of such forms as emotional and aesthetic capital. Results. The capital multiplication process is revealed on the basis of its many forms’ analysis, which tend to grow.

Industry is the substratum of material production and the economy as a whole. Numerous discussions about the need for new industrialisation make us turn again to the analysis of the state of industrial potential and results of industrial development in Russia. The study aims to explain the performance of the Russian industry in terms of the most relevant and aggregated indicators characterising its functioning, and to formulate its long-term development tasks. The methodological basis of the study is the theory of industrial development. Methods of planning and industrial analysis are used. The evidence is the data for 2012–2022 retrieved from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and the Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System. The research concludes about the ‘contracted’ development of the Russian industry. The growth rate of the gross value added is more significantly impacted by the dynamics of fixed capital rather than that of labour. Yet the labour contributed greatly to the creation of the new value, which indicates the predominance of labour-intensive technologies, or obsolete capital-intensive technologies. The study empirically confirms that some periods saw a ‘paradox of rapid industrialisation’, that is, a substantially lower rate of economic growth against a higher growth of industry and modernisation of its fixed assets. The general conclusion is that when conducting industrial policy, it is necessary to influence the state of the labour and capital factors in the manufacturing sectors. The industrialisation of the Russian economy needs to be oriented towards the technological substitution through the creation of new fixed assets; in addition, the losses of greatly reduced labour potential should be compensated. A promising avenue is the organisation of analytical planning for the state-owned industry and indicative planning for private industries along with the adoption of a law on the state sector.

This paper discusses some observations and conclusions made by Astolphe de Custine, a French traveler and writer, during the summer months he spent in Russia in 1839. He traveled a lot around Russia and visited not only the largest cities of the empire but also the provinces. There are quite a few works about de Custine and his book Russia in 1839 in Russian historiography. However, it is important to pay attention not only to his generalized judgments about Russia but also to the specific details that are included in his famous book. The book contains few sketches of Russian provincial life, but a lot of road impressions of Custine’s travels in the Russian provinces. The road tradition encompasses the conditions, circumstances and situations that accompanied the long-distance overland movement. This topic is located at the intersection of historical knowledge, anthropology, and ethnography. It is connected with the social dimension of daily life. The road tradition of Russia attracted close attention of foreign travelers, who voluntarily or involuntarily compared it with their native road circumstances and situations to which they were more accustomed. Custine noticed the peculiarities of traffic and carriages, road improvement, scenes on suburban highways, and much more. The material reviewed and commented on in this paper makes it possible to clarify Custine’s attitude to the road tradition of Russia. It would be wrong to assume that he did nothing more than criticized the Russian provincial road infrastructure. Some of his observations are quite accurate, which is confirmed by other historical sources, and therefore are of interest to us now. However, in the case of a parallel road between St Petersburg and Moscow, which allegedly existed for the convenience of the Russian tsar, he turned out to be mistaken. In that instance, Custine’s habit of moralizing, shining with his thoughts and formulations on various occasions, played a mean trick on him.

At the present stage of development of global economic processes, intellectual assets play a special role as the main tool for monetizing the assets of enterprises in business and developing the economy in the country. In the context of the so-called new economy, cybernetic period, information age, every business owns intellectual assets, regardless of whether they have become separate into the economic and legal planes or not. Until recently, firms were rather sluggish in valuing these assets, often defining them as hidden business assets. Now, intellectual assets for business are quickly becoming the defining tools that allow you to distinguish your services and products from similar services and products of competitors. The challenge facing firms today is to develop an individual internal review plan for each service or product offered by the company, and integrating a new or an improved strategy for identifying intellectual assets into the overall business plan. In view of the above, in modern scientific thought, the need for a generalized definition of the concept of «intellectual asset», its classification and measurement methods, as well as the development of a taxonomy of this definition, is especially relevant. It is in this direction that conceptual, methodological, and practical difficulties arise. Thus, the aim of the article is to analyze the existing approaches to the concept of «intellectual asset» and generalize the essence of such approaches. In accordance with the set goal, a study of the theoretical foundations of the scientific category of «intellectual asset» has been carried out and based upon the findings, a generalized classification of intellectual assets has been presented. Based on the analysis of the results of both domestic and foreign studies, the importance of intellectual assets in creating competitive advantages for enterprises and their successful development is substantiated. In the process of conducting a scientific study, conceptual approaches to determining the essence of the concept of «intellectual asset» are analyzed, its classification is defined. It is found that each author gives his own understanding of the essence of this economic category. However, a review of sources does not provide an exhaustive understanding of the place of the term «intellectual asset» within the system of widely used terms: «intangible assets», «intellectual property», «nonmaterial assets». It is determined that all intellectual assets have a nonmaterial form, which is unique in nature and allows to provide economic benefits. A generalized classification of intellectual assets has been provided. It is determined that intellectual assets are an important element of the modern economy and play an important role in the competitiveness of enterprises and contribute to their successful development. Intellectual assets make it possible to increase the level of capitalization, and in the absence of sufficient financial resources and collateral, to provide the investor with additional guarantees of return on capital. That is, intellectual assets are a kind of reserves for future income. The main conclusions that can be drawn on the basis of this analysis are as follows: intellectual assets are nonmaterial assets that have value and can be identified; they are the basis of competitive advantages of enterprises and contribute to their successful development; intellectual assets can be classified according to various criteria, including the scope of use, the degree of clarity of definition and the degree of protection; for effective management of intellectual assets, it is necessary to develop a generalized definition of the concept of «intellectual asset», its classification and measurement methods, as well as to develop a taxonomy of this definition, since it is in this direction that conceptual, methodological, and practical difficulties arise. To improve the efficiency of intellectual assets management, enterprises need to: realize the importance of intellectual assets for their business; develop an intellectual asset management system that will include such elements; identification and valuation of intellectual assets; formation of a strategy for managing intellectual assets; development and implementation of measures to improve the efficiency of the use of intellectual assets; creation of a culture of intellectual asset management that will support its effective implementation.

The article seeks to determine the extent to which the national cultural code of the Spaniards is influenced by the designations of people’s place of residence or birth. The historical, cultural, etymological, psycholinguistic and conceptual analysis of such nominations as capital, ciudad, villa, pueblo, aldea, burgo reveals their role in the formation of the national and social identity of the Spaniards, as well as in their mythological, conceptual and linguistic picture of the world. The history and semantics of Spanish toponyms, the mythologems associated with them, as well as the structure of Spanish cities and the way of life there, which are reflected in the language people use, further justify the multicultural nature of their linguistic consciousness. Nearly 80 % of the country’s population perceive themselves as city residents, which is decisive for the social self-identification of Spaniards, as not only the residents of Madrid and other capitals of autonomous communities suffer from the ‘capital resident complex’, but also those who inhabit the ancient capitals of both Christian kingdoms and Muslim Spain of the «Al Andalus» era. The Spanish concepts of ciudad, villa, pueblo, capital and the history of the mythologem of Madrid are regarded as deep-rooted historical and cultural phenomena. Mentioning the symbolic cities of Sagunto, Numancia and Zaragoza, which also play a crucial role in the worldview of the Spanish, is equal to describing the heroism and resilience of the Spanish people. The «carnival element» and the love for puns, which clearly characterize both the national linguistic consciousness and the way the Spaniards speak, nurtured another mythologem — a small Andalusian town of Lepe acquired the status of «capital of jokes».

Introduction.The concept of sustainable development is a complex and systemic category that includes economic, environmental, social, environmental components. Despite the existing system of indicators and indicators of sustainable development, as well as attempts to adapt it to the socio-economic and institutional characteristics of the regions, a critical analysis of this system is needed with further improvement of analytical tools.Goal. Development of methods of information and analytical support of sustainable development, allowing to increase the reliability of indicators reflecting the preservation and multiplication of natural, social and intellectual benefits, which are the starting point of economic growth.Materials and methods. The study uses a deductive approach, considers the use of an index method integrated into the system of operating financial and economic indicators that allow for the optimization of disaggregated and aggregated procedures related to the formation of a set of indicators of sustainable development.Results and discussion. In the course of the study, the problem of the existing approach to the aggregation of indicators of sustainable development and their correlation with macroeconomic indicators is highlighted. The analysis of the existing indicators, indicators of sustainable development is carried out, the existing imperfections and difficulties in their calculation and interpretation are shown. The paper proves the relationship between such categories of sustainable development as cost, utility, and sufficiency of resources, which is reflected in the graph proposed by the authors of the coupling curves of cost, utility and sufficiency of the good.Conclusion. It is concluded that fair value is the most important instrumental criterion in assessing sustainable development. The authors have proved and justified that the choice of private indicators of sustainable development should be based on the concept of utility and focus on the territorial features of the functioning of economic residents, which further determines the level of materiality of the proposed indicators and can be used as the basis for the formation of consolidated assessment indicators of sustainable development.

In this article, we look into segments of the contemporary global financial order as a framework inherently supportive for corruptive behavior. By analysing secondary sources and normative instruments, we mark the financial operations and mechanisms that can support the realisation of the lucrative aspect of corruption, induce the risks for the development of corruption generated by various financial operations, and indicate the problem of the normative articulation of these risks in anti-corruption acts are. The goal of the work is to contribute to the effective normative suppression of this phenomenon, as a threat to national security. The presented findings provide a basis for the conclusion that the normative confrontation with corruption requires a critical approach to the legality of money circulating through operations in the financial order, and special control of the origin of capital at the level of the central bank.

Capital is a complex definition and differences in its interpretations lead to ambiguous perception of information by specialists from different scientific fields, incl. accounting. In the course of the work, it was revealed that the views of representatives of economic schools on the concept of “capital” became more complicated due to both positive perception and criticism of previous scientific works, depending on the current economic conditions. This allowed the author to present his own opinion on the impact of different approaches to the interpretation of this term on the development of accounting methods, its evolution in accounting and balance sheet theories, which was the purpose of this study. The definition of “capital” in accounting has come a long way of development, starting from the digraphic stage, characterized by the appearance of a double entry. Since this work on the study of the development of the concept of Capital was carried out in the context of the classification of accounts, taking into consideration the economic and legal interpretation of business transactions; its result was the author’s vision of the evolution of accounts and the place of Capital in this system. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that, based on the historical-logical approach and the method of system-chronological analysis, the development of the definition of Capital in accounting and balance theories has been studied with the justification of its special function — an indicator of the increase or depletion of resources that generate economic benefits and profits remaining at the disposal of the owners of the organization. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the generalization of existing knowledge and the improvement of the conceptual apparatus of the definition of Capital. The results of this work can be used to improve individual financial reporting taxonomies. In the process of research, such methods as grouping, system-chronological analysis, comparison, generalization were used.

The aim of the article is to analyze the existing approaches to determining the essence of the intellectual capital of an organization and its structure. According to the results of the carried out analysis of interpretations of the category of «capital of enterprise», it is determined that such a capital is considered as resources (financial, material, intangible) that, in turn, form the enterprise’s assets; the accumulated values in the form of fixed assets, intangible assets, marketable securities, inventory assets; the accumulated values both in the form of money and the tangible, intangible and financial components. The results of the further study of the interpretation of the category of «intellectual capital» by domestic and foreign researchers showed the existence of the following basic approaches to the consideration of intellectual capital: as the sum of knowledge of employees that can be assessed and can bring additional profit to the enterprise; as a result of employees’ intellectual work – intellectual products together with resources of the enterprise; as intangible assets of the enterprise; as economic relations that arise in the process of both formation and use of the intellectual resources of the enterprise. The authors draw the conclusion that the category of «intellectual capital» acquires a fairly broad meaning. It includes the human capital of the organization, which is its most dynamic and complex component and provides the basis for the formation of structural capital. In other words, intellectual capital means all the intellectual resources and capabilities of the enterprise, which constitute the source of the future income and represent a factor in terms of the growth of market value. Prospects for further research in this direction are consideration of intellectual capital in the context of its impact on the formation of enterprise potential.

The article analyzes the role of collective management enterprises as an example of practical application of Marxist economic theory in today’s market economy. The goal of the research is to search for suggestions appropriate for solving the problem of fair distribution of labour product illustrated by functioning of enterprises with collective forms of property in present day economy. This problem was elaborated in works by theoreticians of Marxist and neo-Marxist economic schools and in current conditions of private market economy. A positive aspect of the Marxist theory was identified in the sphere of fair distribution of labour product and aspiration for production democracy. Topicality of these problems in current social and economic conditions was demonstrated. Arising of the concept of public enterprises and its realization within the frames of different economic models was analyzed illustrated by such countries as the US, Great Britain, Italy and some others. Economic results of such enterprises were studied and their higher economic efficiency in comparison with enterprises of other forms of property was shown. The demand for justice in social and economic sphere of production in market economy was highlighted. Special attention was paid to the role of enterprises with collective forms of management in economic systems of Russia and China, the efficiency of collective enterprises was analyzed and legal aspects of their functioning were studied. As a result of the research certain drawbacks in collective enterprise work were revealed, for instance, undeveloped interaction with the banking environment, insufficient legal base of their functioning and poor information of the population. The article proved the importance of enterprises with collective form of management as a factor of labour productivity rising and underlined significance of the social aspect of their work. Topicality of the issue of social justice in labour product distribution was shown in the context of positive heritage of the Marxist theory. On the basis of the research key practical suggestions aimed at developing the system of enterprises with collective form of property were formulated.

The article is aimed at substantiating the process of formation of human capital through the development of the dual system of education. The article analyzes the main factors that affect the development and formation of human capital of an agricultural enterprise. The accumulation of human capital through the formation of an effective system of training, material and moral stimulation and motivation of staff, which gives the enterprise an advantage in the relevant market segment, is substantiated. The issue of the place of the individual in the development of the strategy of human capital formation is considered both in the individual development trajectory and at the enterprise level. In this regard, the main factors of innovative development of economy in the current conditions of economic management are analyzed. The efficiency of the dual training system is calculated through the analyzed standard methods for assessing human capital and it is revealed that this system is influenced only by wages. Therefore, it is proposed to take into account other costs incurred by the enterprise, such as the «social package» – the compensation provided to the employee, except for wages. Indicators of efficiency of human capital of enterprise are proposed, with the help of which managers can constantly monitor and increase the level of human capital, which will result in an increase in the value and income of enterprise. The issue of public-private partnership in the field of vocational education, which the State should use, was raised. The costs of forming human capital in such a partnership are distributed between the individual, enterprises and the State, where everyone assumes a certain share of risks. The main task is the transition of education from the public sphere to the public-private sphere.

Youth is the hope of the nation in the present and in the future. Youth who are interested in working in the agricultural sector are the noble ideals of the Indonesian nation as the embodiment of an agrarian country. This study was aimed to determine the interest of youth in agriculture. This research was descriptive qualitative. Data collection was obtained through in-depth interviews with 1050 participants in the Youth Entrepreneurship and Employment Support Services (YESS) PROGRAM training during the period July to December 2022 in Pacitan Regency East Java. The results of this study indicated that there are still many young people who are interested in working as farmers and wish to be agricultural entrepreneurs and keep abreast of today's ever-changing developments. Digital is existing social media. It is hoped that in the future, there will be more training that provides psychological encouragement and capital support in agricultural businesses.

The internal corporate financial control service (IFC) is an integral functional element of the management system of both the company as a whole and its individual business processes, along with accounting and economic and financial analysis. It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the activities of the specialists of this unit. In the current economic and political situation of the withdrawal of domestic companies from the orbit of the world market and the departure of foreign firms from Russia, the activities of the company’s controllers and analysts are of a real paramount importance, therefore the very methodology of organizing control should be weighed against its adequacy to the current situation in our country and abroad.This article reveals the role of internal corporate financial control in the search for measures to stabilize the financial and economic activities of companies. The authors consider the main goal and objective of their work to be the study of the adequacy of the existing control system to modern challenges. To do this, they revealed the causes and consequences of the new goal-orientation and targeting of the IFC service, characterized its reference points, and showed the results of the intensification of intra-corporate financial control measures activation observed in the modern practice. The methodological section of the study describes the process of generating signal indicators developed on the basis of our own internal analysis-control algorithms that take into consideration the industry specifics of financial and economic activity. The indicators determined by the authors make it possible to activate the measures of internal corporate financial control and obtain practical results in the form of developing an anti-crisis plan for optimizing costs and expenses, leveling the identified risks.

The article is devoted to the analysis of merchant charity in the bodies of Yaroslavl city self–government in 1870-1914. The author reveals the social composition of the Yaroslavl City Duma, confirming the idea that has developed in historiography about the merchant character of the city duma in Russia in the period considered in the work. The paper examines the personal composition of the Yaroslavl City Duma, concludes about the presence in the Duma of entire dynasties of merchant families of the city. The author considers capitals as the main form of merchant charity in the city government, the ways of their gift and functioning, as well as the main initiatives and activities of the Yaroslavl merchants in this area of activity: the opening of almshouses, orphanages, assistance to poor residents of the city. The conclusion is made about the mutually beneficial cooperation of Yaroslavl city self-government and merchants in the field of public charity, as well as about the wide scale and diversity of entrepreneurs’ efforts in this area conducted through the city council. The city budget, limited in expenditures, needed charitable capital, and the merchants, who sought to participate in public life, recognition of them as benefactors who sought to improve the lives of the lower classes of the city.

The hereditary fund is a new and not fully explored form of a legal entity. Having appeared in 2018 as a bright prospect of existence in the national legal field of trusts, the inheritance fund very quickly showed all its few pluses and numerous minuses, reflecting the haste of its introduction into the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. It is worth emphasizing that the development of national inheritance law is necessary. The desire to use foreign experience in this development is reasonable and justified. However, the blind copying of trust legislation, together with the use of an inappropriate form of a Russian legal entity, namely a «fund» became a determining factor for turning a promising civil law institution into a non-working mechanism. The hereditary fund, having become the fundamental and first personal fund in the Russian Federation, after a reasonable, but not eliminating all the shortcomings of the reform in July 2021 after the entry into force of the Federal Law of July 1, 2021 № 287 «third of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation» on March 1, 2022, is now more likely a sub-institution or one of the varieties of personal funds. This article provides a detailed analysis and a scientific and legal assessment of the existence of personal and hereditary funds. The author’s position is formulated on the reasonableness of using the term «fund» when introducing trust law into the national legal field. The author defines the prospects for the existence of hereditary funds, both formal legal and practical, and also formulates proposals for improving legislation in order to increase its prestige and the interest in it of owners of large capitals in Russia.

Indonesia is very famous for its wealth of natural resources, where the utilization of the environment and nature as a source of life for the people of Indonesia. This study was designed with the aim of analyzing the relationship between variables. The research design is path analysis. The variables used are the Welfare of the Community Working as Fishermen, Capital, Utilization of Technology and Income. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and questionnaires followed by validity and reliability tests. Researchers chose Kedonganan Village as the research location. The research population is all people who work as fishermen in Kedonganan whose number is not known with certainty. The capital had no significant effect on fishermen's income and fishermen's welfare. Utilization of Technology has a positive and significant effect on Fishermen's Income and Fishermen's Welfare. Meanwhile, fishermen's income has a positive and significant effect on fishermen's welfare. Thus it can be interpreted that Fishermen's Income does not mediate the influence between Capital and Technology Utilization on Fishermen's Welfare.

The banking system of any state is a component of its economic system. Therefore the stability of the entire national economy depends on its smooth and effective functioning. Given the globalization of economic relations today, the stability of the banking systems of other countries with open market economies, which have close financial ties, depends on the stability of the US banking sector. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of stress testing of banks in the USA and to assess the dynamics of the stability of the banking system of this country over the past 20 years. Stress testing of banks in the USA is carried out to identify and measure the banking sector's vulnerability to shock macroeconomic events in the national and global economy. This study is based on the analysis of the dynamics of four indicators: the capital sensitivity coefficient, the sensitivity index to the forced quick sale of assets, the liquidity coefficient for stress scenarios, and the sensitivity index to the loss of liquidity and solvency. It was revealed that the US banking system was most unstable during the 2008-2009 crisis when banks suffered significant losses due to risky credit policies. Post-crisis regulation of capital and liquidity, thanks to the balanced policy of the Federal Reserve System, led to many subsequent years of stability. Banks also had to apply anti-crisis regulatory measures in the “covid” 2020 year, and these measures brought positive results. The shock events did not affect the stability of the US banking system but were reflected in the amount of cash. The loosening of anti-crisis measures in 2021 caused some growth in the indicators calculated during stress testing. However, it did not lead to the destabilization of the banking system.

The article is devoted to the youthful diary in letters of Ivan Vasilyevich Vuich (1813–1884). Thе diary is kept in the Manuscript Department of the Russian State Library. The author of the diary came from the province to St. Petersburg to enter the School of Cavalry Junkers and Ensigns of the Guard. He lived in the capital for a year, preparing to the examinations and attending theaters, concerts, exhibitions, etc. in his leisure time. In 1830 he entered the School and studied there for another year, and then went with his regiment on a Polish campaign. In total, he lived in St. Petersburg for two years (1829–1830), during which he kept his diary in the form of letters addressed to his relatives. This genre is intermediate between a diary and a letter; it differs from a diary by the presence of a clearly designated addressee to whom the text is oriented. In particular, Vuich in his notes seeks to introduce relatives to the entertaining phenomena of metropolitan life. Thus, Vuich’s “journal” represents a lot of details of the city’s daily life; this makes it a useful source for studying the cultural history of the first third of the 19th century and for commenting on fiction and epistolary texts of this period, including letters of N. V. Gogol.

Modern types of social reality require updated ways of comprehending them. The research is devoted to a new analytical form of understanding modernity that has recently emerged - accelerationism, still rarely discussed in Russian philosophy. The representatives of accelerationism call for a radical and rapid acceleration of socio-economic and technological processes in capitalist societies. The article reflects some ideas of the Manifesto for an Accelerationist Politics by Alex Williams and Nick Srnicek, after which the accelerationist trend in philosophy and social sciences intensified and gained clear theoretical guidelines. The Manifesto’s ideas about accelerating technological evolution as a means of resolving social conflicts, about unleashing all the latent forces of capitalist production to achieve a state of post-capitalism, denying a return to the Fordist type of production and calling for the restoration of the future as such, are highlighted. The Manifesto and the works of Nick Land, the founder and the most prominent representative of accelerationism, present the position of creating a new program and the very style of thinking with regard to changing the capitalist system along the vector of acceleration. The article pays attention to the interpretation of Gilles Deleuze’s and Félix Guattari’s concept of “deterritorialization” in Land’s works. It emphasizes the focus of accelerationism on the future as a kind of realization of the paradoxical thesis of “looking back from the future.” The content of Land’s accelerationist theory shows the fundamental concepts of K-space (cyberspace), K-war (cyberwar), time and reality, technocratic future of society as Techno-Capital Singularity, expansion of capital as opposed to its reterritorialization. The meaning of Land’s idea of an acceleration of capitalism and the transition to a more progressive future through the collapse of outmoded structures and phenomena of the existing system of capitalism and its technological basis is deduced.

The relevance of this study is associated with the need to revise the theories of modern society, both “Western” and Russian. This is due to the totality of changes that have been taking place in the world since the middle of the 20th century — global not only in terms of breadth, but also in terms of the depth of social changes. They cover not only cultural and political, but also economic parameters of public life. At the same time, they go beyond the concepts and methodological techniques that developed in the theories of the pre-war era — not only classical Marxism and Marxist schools, but also their opponents: positivism, postmodernism, neoliberalism, and so on. The purpose of this study is to develop concepts that adequately reflect them based on the study of the patterns of new world social processes and, with their help, highlight the dynamics of the development of a given society. When analyzing social phenomena, the author relied on both classical and modern foreign and Russian theoretical works. The methodological basis of the study is classical Marxism, although rethought from the point of view of new social realities. The study is interdisciplinary in nature, as it combines data from the field of social philosophy, history and political economy. In the article, modern society is taken in the dynamics of social changes and characterized as a society of incomplete denial of the market. Its genesis, historical forms, property relations inherent in it, class structure and the protest subculture associated with it are described, in a word, phenomena that have a backbone character for it. The study resulted in the development of such concepts as bourgeois-bureaucratic symbiosis, bureaucratic rent and class polyphony. The latter turns out to be especially important for understanding the nature of the protest subculture characteristic of a given society. It differs significantly from the protest subculture of the industrial working class. The author defines it as a subculture of civil self-presentation. It is expressed in “maidans” — bourgeois-democratic revolutions of the secondary type. Due to the socio-psychological characteristics of its driving forces, this subculture is reduced to attempts at political coups, without being able to revolutionize society as a whole. These studies allow us to conclude that the described socio-economic system as a whole is stable. The social protest generated by it can only reproduce it. The author concludes that the source of social development on the surface of social life is expressed in the contradictions between the groupings of the ruling class. These contradictions are currently aggravated both at the international and domestic levels, which entails another structural restructuring of the capitalist economy.

The article tries to summarize today’s theoretical and methodological approaches to upgrading the process of working asset management with special stress on description of the finance management systems at production corporations in the Russian Federation. The author used results of academic developments by experts in the field of finance management and adjoining subjects, such as analysis of economic activity, business-planning, accounting, investment management, HR management, stock-taking and control, finance and credit and economic analysis. After studying academic works by present days’ authors the outcome of developing modified methodology for working asset management was presented. The author identified 7 stages starting with stock rationalization and finishing with development and implementation of recommendations aimed at sales increase. The article described types of working asset finance sources in companies and provides methodology of ranging systems of stimulating immobilized funds.

This author considers the settlements of Kalai Zohkhaki Moron, Karshi Fortress and Zanjir Saray of different periods, located in the South Soghd (Kashkadarya oasis of Uzbekistan), as nomadic cities. Kalai Zohkhaki Moron is a large square-shaped monument encircled with an outer wall of 1.5×1.5 km, a second wall of 400×400 m, a first wall of 200×200 m inside, and a palace in the center. According to the author, Kalai Zohkhaki Moron was built in the 2nd century BC as the capital of the Yuezhi. Later, the capital was moved to a place near Peshawar. Then, during the period of the Chigatay state in 1318–1326, the city of Karshi (630×630 m) was built in the Kashkadarya oasis with a palace in the center. In the period of the Chigatay state, the city served as the capital. Between 1334 and 1340 years, another city was built in the Kashkadarya oasis - Zanjir Saray (400×400 m), with a palace in the center. Kalai Zohkhaki Moron, Кarshi Fortress and Zanjir Saray are unique nomadic cities of Central Asia which have only preserved in the Kashkadarya oasis.

From the management point of view, the economic system (in particular, Ukraine) is characterized (as well as from the structural point of view) by two coordinates: sectoral-transterritorial and territorial-intersectoral management subsystems. In this dichotomy, there are not two, but three subjects of management: transsectoral corporations as centers of management and realization of private interests in the national and transnational aspects; the national state as the center of management and implementation of public interests in the national and intersectoral aspect; The UN and the European Union (where Ukraine aspires) as a center of supranational management and coordination of intersectoral, national and transnational interests. The questions become very interesting: whether to pursue economic growth or economic development; how much to leave on the "market" and how much - on national plans and programs; should we count on foreign, national-private, or national-state capital in the future? Conclusion. As one can see, solving these issues is standing not only before Bulgaria and Ukraine, but also before most countries of the world; in general, the interests of these 7 billion people of the current 7.8 billion people in the world lie in this direction, so these are democratic approaches to socio-economic development.

The purpose of the article is to study the importance of the trademark as one of the most important components of the overall marketing strategy of the development of a modern enterprise. Analysis of recent research and publications. Domestic authors recently come to consideration of the history and role of trademarks, however, the problem remains still relevant, as researchers considering certain periods of socio-economic development, the history of countries, cities and trade, practically do not study the evolution and history of the development of a trademark. Results of the article. In the scientific work, the functionality of the trademark and its influence on the management, in particular, of the enterprise, were investigated. The effective management of the system itself requires the creation of an algorithm for its functioning by trademarks of organizations that have a clearly defined sequence of actions. Conclusions. Trademark is determined as one of the intangible assets of a modern, which, due to its effective management, provides the enterprise with a huge list of competitive advantages.

The subject of the study is Russian metallurgical companies, which in the context of the transformation of the economy, taking into account the difficult geopolitical situation, need to move from a recovery strategy to a strategy of progressive growth. The latter, taking into account the factors that ensure the success of Russian companies in the metal market, should become a tool for effective management, as well as for predicting business risks. The article presents the riskdominating elements and macroeconomic indicators for building an effective strategy for the development of enterprises in the metallurgical industry, which will allow for a comprehensive assessment of the situation and making rational and effective management decisions to increase the competitiveness of companies, their adaptability to modern factors of the external environment, the growth of economic potential and capitalization. The peculiarity of the study is to identify the dominant factors of entrepreneurial risk and improve ways to increase the investment attractiveness of the company.

The item dwells on studying strategies for a company value management as well as detecting factors that may have a serious impact on the value development.

The item presents a view on the relevant issues related to managing financial resources, as well as it states the need for a comprehensive approach in employing methods for forecasting the profit in a company.

One of the goals and dreams of most people, including millennials, is to be able to live financially independently. There are many methods for realizing that goal and one of them is an investment. This study aims to know the influencing factors that affect millennial interest in investing shares in the capital market, especially among students. The targeted students in this study are Warmadewa University Economics and Business Faculty college students. The amount of population in this study is the whole students of the Accountancy Department Warmadewa University's Economics and Business Faculty Class of 2018 and 2019 totaling 1140 people with count size sample with Slovin technique the result is 100 samples students. Data used in the study is the primary data obtained from respondents with a revealing questionnaire, characteristics of respondents, including identity respondent, and the length of the respondent in transact stock. Data analysis techniques used is analysis multiple linear regression. Results show that the whole indicator found in this research is proven valid and reliable. Based on assumption test results classic is also known that the regression model-worthy used. The next results show that knowledge, motivation, transparency report finance and return affected the millennial interest in investing shares in the capital market positively. While the minimum capital and risk affected the millennial interest in investing shares in the capital market negatively.

The present research was based on the following assumption: under social restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic, the involvement of teenagers in the virtual environment depended on the degree of restriction of their natural social interaction, which was significantly greater in Moscow than in Lipetsk. The experiment involved 146 middle school students of 8–9 grades from the industrial city of Lipetsk (96) and Moscow (50). The respondents answered V. G. Kamenskaya’s questionnaire of Digital Preferences of Modern Teenagers, pretested on a sample of Moscow schoolchildren. The minimal and average time of using gadgets for social networks and online games was very similar in both groups. However, a significantly larger number of Moscow teenagers spent four hours of their free time on online games and virtual communication, which can be considered as a relatively high risk of Internet addiction. A significantly higher percentage of Lipetsk students maintained several social net accounts and blogs, which means a relatively high competence of virtual communication. In general, the high activity of schoolchildren in the virtual communication space manifested itself as a specific form of psychological protection against the restriction of real-time social commination during the pandemic.

The paper considers the foreign direct investment (FDI) in the capital of Russian companies in the regional context. The subject of the research is the problem of collecting and unification of the information on attracted investment volumes for subsequent macroeconomic analysis. Within the framework of the study, the authors used such general scientific methods as systematization, induction and deduction, synthesis, as well as structuraldynamic and other types of analysis. The problems of attracting FDI in the economy and their uniform distribution across the regions of the Russian Federation currently remain relevant, and the structure of incoming FDI is highly deformed with a pronounced concentration of most of them in a limited range of regions with a strong geographic and sectoral uneven distribution. The results of the study, which have theoretical and applied significance, can be used for the investment attractiveness of Russian regions.

The paper is devoted to the research of foreign direct investment accounting in the capital of Russian companies, identifies the similarities and differences in approaches to identifying direct investments in accordance with international and domestic legal norms, detects the problems of inward foreign direct investment accounting and in statistical reports. The subject of the study is the problems of theory and practice of foreign direct investment accounting. The research is based on general scientific principles and research methods: systematization, induction and deduction, synthesis and analysis. Correct identification of direct foreign investments in accounts and reliable disclosure of the accounting information and statistical reporting, at present, causes difficulties for economic entities. The solution to these problems is available through the implementation of the professional judgment of the accountant. The work results having theoretical and applied significance, can be used as a basis for the development of a company’s accounting policy.

Entrepreneurial activity of immigrants is a fairly new phenomenon for Russian reality which explains both the paucity of empirical works and the practically absence of a holistic view of theoretical and methodological foundations for such studies in Russian social science. The article aims to fill this gap and offer an analytical overview of the main foreign theoretical approaches to the immigrant entrepreneurship. The review is structured according to the main thematic issues in connection with which as a rule the peculiarities of immigrant entrepreneurship are discussed, which distinguish them from other types of entrepreneurship. The article sequentially examines approaches to the study of factors, group and individual characteristics of immigrants that promote or limit the development of their entrepreneurial activity; special attention is paid to the history of the study and (re)assessment of the role that ethnicity plays in migrant entrepreneurship; finally, the spatial aspect of the entrepreneurial activity of migrants is analyzed. Among the theoretical approaches special attention is paid to interactive theory, theory of mixed embeddedness, theory of ethnic economics, concepts of middleman, enclave economy, positioning, scaling and placement, as well as more modern concepts of glocalized networks, multifocality and transnational mixed embeddedness.

Reform in the Russian Federation raises a number of problems, including the regulation of capital and liabilities accounting. The object of the study is the International Financial Reporting Standards impact on the domestic accounting system development, reflecting the economic processes globalisation and digitalisation, the emergence of new accounting objects and increasing requirements for the reporting quality. The essence of newly emerging accounting categories was analysed in the article, the definitions of “liabilities” in the International Financial Reporting Standards and domestic practice were compared. It was identified, that gaps in the capital and liability accounting caused by the lack of a unified conceptual apparatus, the presence of estimated values, the use of an accountant professional judgment that affects the information quality in reporting, the backlog of legislative regulation in terms of accounting for digital objects as authorized capital. The accounting and reporting issues in the reporting of operations of the business social orientation were considered. Possible ways of solving the liability accounting problems are presented, including the conceptual apparatus unification, the accounts chart modernisation, the development of recommendations regarding the application of the accountant professional judgment, the expansion of requirements for the information list on the economic entity activities presented in the accounting (financial) statements, and the International Financial Reporting Standards application.

The article is aimed at analyzing the current state of bank lending to companies of electric energy complex, highlighting the peculiarities of the introduction of the principles of «green» lending. The importance of the development of the electricity industry as an important component of the national economy of the State is emphasized and the problems that impede the sustainable development of industry companies are identified. The level of bank lending to companies of electric energy complex is analyzed, which indicates a low level of financing of companies in the structure of the loan portfolio of commercial banks of Ukraine and indicates the predominance of short- and medium-term contracts, which limits development opportunities. It is emphasized the need to use «green» loans in order to finance energy sectors through the possibility of mobilizing private capital. The socioecological orientation of «green» lending through the impact on the management of the bank’s relevant risks in order to optimize credit structures and introduce innovative banking services is underlined. The necessity of compliance with key principles ensuring the reliability of the implementation of lending relations within the framework of the provision of «green» loans is determined. The criteria for selection and further on compliance with their sustainable development goals, ensuring the environmental friendliness of projects implemented at the expense of «green» loans, are presented. The key factors that determine the decision on «green» lending are distinguished, namely: reputation; public, joint-stock and regulatory pressure; external control, accessibility. Practical aspects of the activities of domestic banks regarding «green» loaning programs and participation in financing projects supported by the government, international financial and credit institutions are disclosed. The need to attract insurance companies and create favorable conditions on the part of the State for the introduction of «green» products and services in order to minimize the risks of implementing «green» lending schemes for electricity companies is indicated

Introduction. The author addresses the choice of corporate general contractors participating in bidding for the construction of capital construction projects (CCP). The criteria evaluation pattern, employed by the customer pursuant to the effective legislation of the Russian Federation, is presented. The author has studied the criteria evaluation mechanism, applied to corporate general contractors in the course of implementation by the customer of the procurement procedure for the construction of facilities.Materials and methods. Legislative and subordinate acts, results of scientific research have been analyzed. The author has analyzed the process of tendering for public procurement contracts on the performance of work on the construction of capital construction facilities. Criteria evaluation problems, arising in the process of selecting general contractors, were identified. The benchmarking method was proposed to assess corporate general contractors.Results. Factors, influencing the quality of construction work, were presented. The author suggests consolidating them into a system of evaluation criteria and integrated into the “quality of construction work” criterion in the effective legislation. In addition, it is necessary to evaluate any procurement procedure for construction work using such parameters as “the qualification of the bidder”, “financial resources, equipment and other material resources of the organization”.Conclusions. Thanks to the proposed system of evaluation criteria, the mechanism of selecting general contractors will be more distinct, comprehensible and transparent. The system of criteria selection and evaluation, applicable to construction companies, should be simple and comprehensible not only by the customer, but also by the contractor. It is advisable to avoid using numerous mathematical formulas to calculate the rating of general contractors. Further relevant areas of research have been formulated, including the evaluation of qualitative components of assessment criteria applied to construction organizations and the issuance of their quantitative characteristic (weight significance) using the method of the full factorial experiment.

Using an extensive archival, memorial and historical material, the article describes the processes that took place in the late 18th century in the organization of the Russian Empire through the example of the changes in the territorial organization of the Tambov Province. The author analyzes the principles underlying these changes, as well as the boundaries of settlement territories and, in particular, cities. Russian and Western European cities are compared and different reasons for their emergence and the political motives of their changes are emphasized.

The article provides basic notions of derivative market, shows what these finance tools are, how they work and how capital can be increased with their help. By citing examples from historical development and simple conventional examples the mechanism of derivatives’ functioning was explained and their links with underlying assets were studied, for instance it was shown how the value of exchange tool can enter the negative zone. Exchange and OTC markets were analyzed, their value was investigated on the basis of historical statistics of international finance institutions and mechanisms of their interaction with regulators on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad were researched. Strategies of using these finance tools for speculation, hedging and arbitration were demonstrated, their advantages and disadvantages were identified. As a result the authors put forward strategy of entering overestimated market with the help of options.

The article summarizes today’s theoretical aspects of the notion ‘working assets’ and their management with focus on the most widely used in Russia ideas about this group of enterprise and organization assets. At the same time the author provides findings of academic research by classics of economic theory and finance management (F. Kene, A. Smith, D. Ricardo, K. Marx) and present day scientists and experts. While studying academic works by today’s scientists the most frequently used in Russia definitions of the notion ‘working assets’ were identified. The author gave explanations, which allow us to see the differences between non-current and working assets of business entities. Apart from that, the effective legal aspects of managing working assets by corporations were studied with focus on describing the procedure of their fixing in forms of periodical accounting and showing material costs. The article provides different types of working asset management, depicts groups of methods for working asset management and gives a list of the most widely used tools for effective management of working assets in the system of finance management of Russian corporations.

The article deals with the issues of introduction of the Armenian trade capital into the Russian economy in the end of the 17th century. Since the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, Armenian merchants from the so-called «Shah region» were active in the Russian state, introducing certain elements of capitalism and contributing to the implementation of the Eastern and Western vectors of Russia’s foreign trade.Thanks to their activities, Armenian merchants contributed not only to the development of foreign trade relations of the Russian state, but also to the development of the Russian economy and strengthening the positions of Armenian traders and entrepreneurs.Russian-Armenian relations have a rich history. Today they continue to develop actively including the sphere of trade and the economy. There are approximately 2 million Armenians living in Russia. The beginning of Armenian settlements on the territory of the Russian Empire was laid several centuries ago and is also associated with the active establishment of trade ties and an increase of the percentage of Armenian capital in the Russian economy.In this regard, it seems relevant to trace the origins and dynamics of these relations, demonstrating deep roots and successful experience of trade and financial interactions between the parties, and to identify the role of Armenian trade capital in the development both of the domestic market and the foreign trade strategy of the Russian state.In addition, the significance and novelty of this research are emphasized by an insufficient level of analyses of this topic in modern Armenia and an intention to raise the awareness of the Armenian and Russian scientific communities about the role of Armenian merchants and their interactions with Russia since the 17th-18th centuries. From this point of view, special attention should be paid to the fact that it was the Armenian merchants who stood at the origins of the formation and establishment of the credit system of the Russian Empire. Their activities resulted in the introduction of the bill system, for the first time in Russia.In the article, we have made an attempt to show that due to their rich experience the Armenian merchant houses and individual traders harmoniously fit into the main foreign trade vectors designated by Alexei Mikhailovich: Western and Eastern, having played an active role in their implementation.

The article argues that Russia as a “Eurasian civilization”, precisely as a “Eurasian” one, is the only civilization in the world. In the process of civilizational-Eurasian genesis, the historical synthesis of the “Western” (European) and “Eastern” (Asian) principles, expressed in its special value genome, is performed in it. Due to the “cold” climate in the Eurasian territory occupied by Russia, it is the highest energy-cost civilization and, therefore, — a civilization with the dominant role of the cooperation law. The Russian people, due to the peculiarity of their value aspirations, which F. M. Dostoevsky defined as “all-humanity”, became the founder of Russian civilization and the bearer of polyethnic cooperation (the Russian super-ethnos according to L. N. Gumilyov). As a “civilization of the Truth”, Russia is called upon to become a leader in the implementation of the noospheric strategy of mankind ecological survival, outside of which ecological destruction awaits them in the 21st century.

The article focuses on the arrival of Igor Dedkov in Kostroma in September 1957. Being placed on a job at the editorial office of the regional newspaper Severnaya Pravda in a quiet provincial city, he worked in Kostroma for more than thirty years and returned to Moscow as a well-known and respected literary critic and journalist. The publication focuses on the fact that the first years of Igor Dedkov’s life and work were very difficult due to gradual adaptation to life in the Kostroma outland, which he later remembered very warmly and after a number of years even with frank admiration. But at that time (from September 1957 onwards) the situation for the young journalist was not easy at all. Unfortunately, in his diary published after his death, I. Dedkov referred to this stage of his biography only casually and without detail. Possibly, it can be accounted for by subsequent correction and radical change in I. Dedkov’s attitude to the province. The main purpose of this publication is to fill in this gap by introducing into scientific circulation a number of unpublished letters and other autobiographical materials which are currently stored in the I. Dedkov Interregional Scientific and Educational Center at Kostroma State University. The use of these and a number of other historiographical sources allowed us to clarify many important details in the life and work of the novice journalist of a regional newspaper, who left the capital for one of the provincial cities on his own initiative. The main methods used by the author of this article are the elements of system analysis, the method of historical reconstruction, induction and deduction. The use of these methods and the use of a previously unknown body of sources allowed the author of the article to significantly expand and deepen the existing (rather limited) ideas about the early period of I. Dedkov’s life and work, about the beginning of his formation as an original journalist and literary critic, who later entered the “great” literature.