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Purpose: to develop a model of the early stage of retinal neurodegeneration via an intravitreal injection of the dopaminergic neurotoxin. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on 20 Chinchilla rabbits. The experimental groups received intravitreal injection of 0.1 ml of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in NaCl 0.9 % with 0.5 % ascorbate, containing 0.25 or 0.5 mg 6-OHDA. The control group received injections of 0.1 ml of NaCl-ascorbate solution without neurotoxin. On the 7th and the 14th days after the injection, intraocular pressure (IOP), pupillary light reaction and ocular blood flow were estimated and the fundus was examined. On the 7th day after an injection of 0.25 mg 6-OHDA, we used ELISA to measure dopamine concentration in retinal homogenates, while on the 14th day after an injection of 0.5 mg 6-OHDA, the concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, TNF-a and endothelin-1 were measured by the same method. Results. On the 7th day after a 0,25 mg injection of neurotoxine, we revealed a decrease of dopamine in the retina (0.043 ± 0.130 pg/mg protein compared with 0.10 ± 0,03 pg/mg protein in the controls, р < 0.01). On the 14th day, dopamine and norepinephrine levels showed a fourfold increase (р < 0.05). An injection of 0.5 mg of 6-OHDA caused a threefold increase of dopamine (р < 0.05) and a fivefold increase of norepinephrine (р < 0.01) concentration in comparison with the controls. On the 14th day, endotheline-1 level was 65 % higher than in the controls after a 0.25 mg 6-OHDA injection (р < 0.01) and 45 % higher after a 0,5 mg injection (р

Introduction. It is known that cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac arrhythmias, are accompanied by increased activation of the sympathetic-adrenal system (SAS). Hyperactivation of the SAS causes an increase in the level of circulating catecholamines - adrenaline and norepinephrine, resulting in desensitization of β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR), aggravation of myocardial contractile dysfunction and the development of arrhythmia. Indicators of SAS tension are β-adrenergic reactivity of erythrocyte membranes (β-ARM) and the level of circulating catecholamines. One of the most common arrhythmias is atrial fibrillation (AF), which leads to a decrease in the quality of life, disability and high mortality. Therefore, among patients with AF, it is important to study the functional viability of β-AR in different periods of the disease.Purpose: to evaluate β-ARM and the level of adrenaline, norepinephrine in patients with AF before and after surgical treatment.Materials and methods. The sample included 47 patients - 31 men and 16 women, the age in the sample was 51 (26; 77) years. All patients were diagnosed with AF based on ECG and 24-hour monitoring. Among the entire sample, 59.6% of patients had paroxysmal, 25.5% persistent, 14.9% long-term persistent forms of AF. All patients underwent surgical treatment of AF using radiofrequency or cryoablation. β-ARM was determined by the method of assessing changes in erythrocyte osmotic resistance as a result of blockade of β-AR in vitro with a selective β-adrenergic blocker (Β-ARM, AGAT, Russia). Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Adrenalin ELISA and Noradrenalin ELISA kits (Tecan IBL International, Germany). The parameters were studied in all patients before treatment, in 44 patients after 3 days, in 18 patients after 3 months and in 9 patients after 12 months after ablation. The significance of changes in β-ARM and catecholamine levels before and after ablation was assessed using the Wilcoxon test. The strength of the linear relationship between quantitative indicators was assessed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient.Results. In the study sample, there were no statistically significant changes in β-ARM and adrenaline levels before and at different times after ablation. Thus, the level of β-ARM before surgery was 18.2 (12.6; 25.4), after 3 days - 22.3 (14.4; 26.6), after 3 months - 20.3 (9.3 ; 29.3), and 12 months after the operation - 27.7 (16.8; 36.7). The level of adrenaline before surgery, 3 days, 3 months and 12 months after surgery was 4.4 (3.7; 6.9), 4.7 (3.0; 6.4), 4.6 (2 .5; 6.6), 5.6 (9.1; 8.8). However, an increase in the level of norepinephrine was found 12 months after ablation compared with the values before treatment and 3 days after treatment by 1.7 and 1.8 times, respectively (p = 0.028). The level of norepinephrine before surgery, 3 days, 3 months and 12 months after surgery was 40.9 (18.7; 56.6), 38.6 (14.8; 49.6), 46.7 (25 .6; 57.3), 69.3 (65.1; 80.1). Before surgery, β-ARM and norepinephrine levels were linearly correlated (r = 0.335, p = 0.037), but after treatment, the linear correlation disappeared. At 3 and 12 months after ablation, there was a strong linear correlation between adrenaline and norepinephrine levels (r = 0.611, p = 0.012; r = 0.786, p = 0.036, respectively).Conclusion. In the sample of patients with AF, β-ARM and norepinephrine levels were linearly correlated before treatment, but after ablation, the correlation disappeared. At the same time, the values of β-ARM do not change statistically significantly, and the level of norepinephrine increases during a 12-month follow-up. Thus, 12 months after treatment in patients with AF, the activity of the CAS increases, but the functional viability of beta-AR does not change significantly.

Purpose of the study. To study the levels of adrenal axis factors in the hypothalamus, adrenal glands, blood serum of mice and catecholamines in the adrenal glands during the independent growth of B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and their combined growth in female mice, and in males – with independent growth of B16 and combined growth of B16 and LLC.Materials and methods. Male and female BALB/c Nude mice were divided into groups, n = 7 each: group 1 involved intact animals, group 2 involved mice with B16/F10 melanoma, group 3 – mice with LLC, group 4 – synchronous growth of melanoma and LLC. Levels of corticotropin releasing, noradrenaline and dopamine were determined in homogenates of the hypothalamus and adrenal glands and in the blood serum of all animals by ELISA, and levels of 17‑hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol were determined by RIA. Statistical processing of results was performed using the Statistica 10.0 program.Results. All tumor-bearing females showed elevated corticotropin releasing in the hypothalamus together with an increase of all stress-characterizing parameters: cortisol, the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio, and noradrenaline. However, an increase in serum levels of cortisol was blocked by high levels of DHEA-S, and as a result, the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio was either within the normal range (B16 melanoma and B16+LLC combination) or reduced (LLC). Levels of corticotropin releasing in the hypothalamus of tumor-bearing males decreased, together with opposite changes in stress-characterizing parameters in the adrenal glands: cortisol increased, the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio did not differ significantly from the control values, and noradrenaline decreased. An increase in serum levels of cortisol was not blocked by high levels of DHEA-S, and as a result, the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio was sharply elevated in B16 melanoma and B16+LLC combination.Conclusion. At independent and primary multiple types of tumor growth, the sex-specific features of the functioning of the adrenal axis at the central and peripheral levels are observed, which determines a more pronounced stressful state of the body with B16+LLC combination growth, realized by various mechanisms.

Inotropes and vasopressors are frequently required in critically ill patients and in patients undergoing major surgery. Several molecules are currently available, including catecholamines, phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitors, vasopressin and its analogues, and calcium sensitizers.We will review current evidence on inotropes use in perioperative and critically ill patients, with focus on most recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Despite being widely used in anesthesia and intensive care, evidences on safety and efficacy of inotropes are scarce. Data from observational studies suggest that inotropes administration may increase mortality in cardiac surgery, acute heart failure, and cardiogenic shock patients. However, randomized controlled trials did not confirm these findings in acute care settings.Epinephrine has been associated with increased mortality especially in cardiogenic shock, but randomized trials failed to show evidence of increased mortality associated with epinephrine use. Norepinephrine has been traditionally considered contraindicated in patients with ventricular dysfunction, but recent trials suggested hemodynamic effects similar to epinephrine in patients with cardiogenic shock. Dopamine has no additional advantages over norepinephrine and increases the risk of tachyarrhythmias and may increase mortality in cardiogenic shock. Phosphodiesterase-3 (PDE-3) inhibitors are equivalent to catecholamines in terms of major outcomes. Levosimendan is the most investigated inotrope of the last 30 years, but despite promising early studies, high-quality multicenter RCTs repeatedly failed to show any superiority over available agents. There is no highquality RCT clearly demonstrating superiority of one agent over another. In summary, current evidence suggest that the choice of inotrope is unlikely to affect outcome, as long as the target hemodynamic goals are achieved.Finally, in recent years, mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has become increasingly popular. Thanks to improvement in technology, the safety and biocompatibility of devices are constantly growing. MCS devices have theoretical advantages over inotropes, but their use is limited by costs, availability, and invasiveness.Conclusion. Future studies should investigate safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of primary MCS versus primary inotropes in patients with acute cardiovascular failure.

Purpose: to investigate the changes of electrophysiological activity of healthy rabbit retina occurring in courses of fractal stimulation (FS) of varied duration in order to obtain new scientific data on how fractal visual signals of low intensity, self-similar with respect to time, affect the retina.Material and methods. 12 healthy Chinchilla rabbits (24 eyes), were examined before and after FS courses that lasted 1, 4 or 12 weeks, using electroretinographic (ERG), morphometric (optical coherence tomography) and biochemical methods (detection of dopamine in the tear). For FS of rabbits, a device with an LED emitter was developed, which generates nonlinear brightness fluctuation based on the Weierstrass — Mandelbrot fractal functions. The choice of fractal signal parameters used in the work was substantiated. Pattern ERG and ganzfeld ERG were registered according to ISCEV standards; also, photopic flicker ERG was recorded at 8.3, 10, 12, and 24 Hz.Results. No negative effects of a 12-month FS course on the activity and morphology of the retina, or on dopaminergic processes in the eye of a healthy animal were found, which confirms the safety of using low-intensity FS in the clinic. A statistically significant increase in the amplitude of low-frequency flicker ERGs, a shortening of peak latency, and an increase in the amplitude of the b-wave of the scotopic and photopic ERGs was noted.Conclusion. To assess possible therapeutic effects of FS, we need to continue the investigation on animal models and human patients with retinal pathology. Considering the changes of retinal activity as revealed in the present paper, we recommend the duration of FS courses from 1 week to 1 month for future studies.

Heart failure (HF) remains a serious problem in Russian and world health care due to the growing morbidity and mortality from complications of heart failure, despite the development and implementation of programs for the early detection and treatment of heart failure in asymptomatic patients. Currently, a large number of new biological markers have been studied that could serve as a laboratory tool for diagnosing and predicting the course of heart failure, but only brain natriuretic peptides have found application in real clinical practice. Renalase is a recently discovered cytokine that is synthesized by the kidneys and released into the blood. To date, seven subtypes of renalase have been found, each of which plays a different physiological role in the human body. Renalase is usually positioned as a signaling molecule that activates cytoprotective intracellular signals, leading to a decrease in blood pressure and protection of the heart muscle. The concentration of renalase freely circulating in the bloodstream of an adult is approximately 3–5 ng / ml. Currently, the level of renalase is determined by the enzyme immunoassay with a detection range of 3.12 to 200 ng / ml, while the minimum detectable concentration of the marker is less than 1.38 ng / ml. The presence of missense polymorphism of renalase is associated with myocardial dysfunction. Data from animal and human studies have shown that renalase plays a key role in the metabolism of catecholamines and in cardioprotective processes. Studies have shown the contribution of renalase to the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases: ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and aortic stenosis. Moreover, detailed protocols of multicenter prospective studies have demonstrated that functional polymorphism of the renalase gene was associated with myocardial hypertrophy in patients with aortic stenosis, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, unstable angina pectoris and stable forms of coronary artery disease, as well as in patients receiving renal replacement therapy. Based on these data and further studies, renalase has been proposed as a predictive biomarker of ischemia in patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction, as well as a predictor of clinically significant progression of chronic kidney disease in patients with cardiovascular diseases.Our review presents data on the role of renalase in heart failure. Further study of the structure and function of renalase, as well as future clinical studies, will allow determining the diagnostic, prognostic and, possibly, therapeutic significance of this biological marker in HF and other cardiovascular diseases.

The aim of the study was to identify features of varying localization of monoamines (catecholamines, serotonin) in the cell structures in tuberculosis-affected lung autopsy samples. Material and methods. 165 cases of secondary pulmonary tuberculosis were studied by examining 2,500 histological preparations from patients aged 30 to 55 years, divided into 5 groups, corresponding to the forms of tuberculosis. The Falck–Hillarp luminescence-histochemical method was used to determine the content of neurotransmitters in lung structures. Results. While using the Falck–Hillarp luminescence-histochemical method, mycobacteria tuberculosis containing catecholamines and serotonin were detected in autopsy material of lungs affected by a specific inflammatory process, as well as neuroamine-containing granular luminescent cells and mast cells. Affected and intact areas of the lungs contain different amounts of monoamines. The number of cells and level of the bioamines studied depends on the form of secondary tuberculosis. It was found that in small forms of secondary tuberculosis (acute focal, fibrous-focal, infiltrative), the number of cells and quantitative parameters of neurotransmitters (catecholamines, serotonin) examined in granular luminescent and mast cells change to rise. In case of lung destructive processes, the level of catecholamines in the structures studied of affected area was higher than in control. The concentration of serotonin in the studied cells lung tissue affected by the tuberculosis process was reduced. Elastic nerve fibers at the sites of mycobacteria were altered as well. They displayed no clear luminescence, looked “swollen”, sometimes lacking varicose veins. Conclusion. Comparing the results of the study with the literature data, it was found that pulmonary tuberculosis occurs as a delayed reaction, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis manifests itself as a corpuscular antigen.

Aim. To study the prognostic value of determining Chromogranin A blood level in the diagnosis of PHEO. Materials and methods. We conducted a comparative analytical study of 157 patients with suspected PHEO, statistical analysis of 24-hour urinary metanephrine and normetanephrine excretion test was performed, as well as a blood test for CrA, in groups that included patients without PHEO, with primary tumor or its recurrence, confirmed according to MSCT and/or scintigraphy with MIBG and/or the clonidine suppression test. Results. The parameters of efficiency of these methods were calculated by groups and it was noted that the lowest sensitivity of the CrA determination method was observed in the group with recurrence of PHEO (43.8%), their exclusion from the entire sample didnt change specificity of the method and it remained at a high level (85.45%), though sensitivity significantly increased up to 87.1%. Sensitivity of determining 24-hour urinary metanephrine excretion also increased significantly up to 96.8%, with 98.2% of specificity. The correlation between diameter of the tumor and its secretory activity was identified: small with CrA level (rho 0.491) and strong with total level of methylated catecholamines (rho 0.765). False positive results were more often observed in patients present with other neuroendocrine tumors (37.5%), as well as those taking proton-pump inhibitors (43.75%). The sensitivity and specificity of CrA determining method in the group of patients with methanephrins elevated within gray zone appeared to be 50 and 86.1%, respectively. Conclusion. A blood test for CrA can be recommended as a confirmatory test for diagnosing PHEO in cases of questionable methylated catecholamines indicators or in cases of suspected relapse of PHEO. The use of the test as a first-line method is only possible if there is no possibility to study methylated catecholamines. When interpreting CrA level, it is necessary to take into account the conditions that may cause false-positive results.

According to studies, a significant portion of the adult population experiences the fear of dental procedures, a visit to the dentist for them is the psycho-emotional stress. Provision of psychological comfort of the patient safety is an important part of dental treatment. The authors determined the effectiveness of the drug of Afobazol and a homeopathic remedy Adrenaline C30 to the correction of stress conditions on outpatient dental examination. A single application of Afobazol as stress-protective drug at a dose of 20 mg for 50 min before dental interventions is not recommended for correction of stress on the dental examination. Adrenaline C30 reduces the level of anxiety and level of catecholamines for all indicators and is recommended for use by dentists to correct stress in patients with high levels of situational anxiety.

The current literature review covers the role of sympathetic nervous system activation (SNS) and the significance of a new biomarker catestatin (CST), which is a chromogranin A-derived peptide, for assessing prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF). This review details the works devoted to CST metabolism and its role in clinical conditions with excessive catecholamine production, including the ability to counterbalance the adverse effects of SNS on cardiovascular system. The paper also presents the central results of studies on HF patients and shows the correlation of the CST level with HF functional class and stage. In addition, particular attention is paid on the possibilities and potential benefits of assessing the CST in addition to conventional management of patients hospitalized due to acute decompensated heart failure.

A bioaffinity-based method for the determination of adrenaline and dopamine involving immobilized renatured DNA incorporated into the amperometric biosensor was developed. With the help of spectrophometry and voltammetry data, it was found that the composition of complexes formed with catecholamines and their stability constants were changing with concentration from [КАL2] to [КА2L], where КА – catecholamine, L – base pare, and lg βeff = 10.1–13.5. The high affinity of adrenaline and dopamine to the immobilized renatured DNA molecule was revealed, thereby making it possible to run effective concentration of KA from the analyzed solutions of low concentration including multicomponent fluids. The minimum reporting level was found to be 5.5·10–9 (adrenaline) and 2.0·10–8 (dopamin) mol/L, respectively. The proposed method is characterized by high sensitivity, reproducibility (relative accuracy does not exceed 5%), and single determination time shorter than 30 min.

One of the important medical and social present-day problems is atrial fibrillation (AF) which prevalence in the adult population is 2 % for persons under 65 and 9 % for those over 65 years of age and it is a common cause of ischemic stroke. The embolic complications incidence is 2.1 % per year in patients with paroxysmal AF, and 3.0 % per year in patients with persistent AF. The aim of the study is to analyze the modern literary sources related to the role of gene polymorphisms regulating some neurohumoral systems in group of patients with atrial fibrillation. A combination of certain genes polymorphisms can contribute to AF risk. Especially important are gene studies of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) role in the pathogenesis of AF which are currently being studied with a particular intensity. Recent data show that activation of RAAS plays an important role in the development and recurrence of AF. These studies are of great practical interest as the associative effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the prevention of AF has been identified. AGT gene encodes a plasma protein known as angiotensinogen. This protein is expressed in the liver and is cleaved by the enzymatic renin action in response to lower blood pressure. The resulting product, angiotensin I, is then cleaved by ACE to the physiologically active enzyme angiotensin II. Defects in this gene may also be associated with non-hereditary AF. More than 16 spot mutations in the AGT gene were discovered, most of which resulted in amino acid substitutions. Conclusions. The analysis of the literature allows to conclude that, first, genetic polymorphisms may influence both the severity of pathological changes in the body and the efficacy of pharmacotherapy, and second, the study of RAAS gene polymorphisms may allow early detection of persons with increased risk of persistent AF recurrence and its prevention.

In the survey article, modern data on etiology, pathogenesis, clinics, genetics and diagnostics of pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas are analyzed. It also presents methods of instrumental examination and current recommendations for treatment.

In the survey article, modern data on etiology, pathogenesis, clinics, genetics and diagnostics of pheochromocytomas/ paragangliomas are analyzed. It also presents methods of instrumental examination and current recommendations for treatment.

Resume. Pigs in many developed countries have long attracted attention as a biological model. In world practice using specially derived for diurnal breeds of pigs and mini-pigs (khorolskii, herfordshire, etc.). Widely used in experiments and native breeds of pigs - in the United States - Yuka-Tang and American-Essex. In Europe, the largest mini-pig farm is located in Germany. where the gottingen breed is bred. Pigs are emotionally unstable animals with low resistance to stress. In this regard, as a biomedical model of research on pigs allows to check the long-term use of drugs and their aftereffect. The aim of the work is to test a non -invasive anti-stress drug lithium ascorbate to reduce the negative impact of spontaneous stress factors arising in pigs. The experiment was conducted on 5 groups of Irish Landrace pigs (4 experimental and 1 control) with 10 heads each in the period from 2 months to 7 months of age. Animals of 1, 2, 3 and 4 experimental groups were daily fed lithium ascorbate in the form of powder at a dose of 10, 5, 2 and 0.5 mg/kg of live weight, respectively, throughout the fattening period. Before placing the animals in experience and 6 months of age, samples were taken of blood. Adrenaline, norepinephrine, cortisol and progesterone, Malon dialdehyde, thiol-disulfide ratio, superoxide dismutase activity were determined in the blood plasma. On the basis of the conducted researches it is possible to make the conclusion that as a result of influence of stressors arising in the course of a standard production cycle of cultivation of pigs there is a strengthening of activity of system of biological active centers of pigs owing to what the level of the General reactivity of an organism raises. Experimental data on the complex of endocrinological and biochemical parameters indicate that lithium ascorbate in fattening pigs has a positive effect on antioxidant status. The revealed effects of lithium ascorbate indicate the prospects for the development of new effective ways to increase stress resistance, nonspecific resistance.

Benzene is a widely spread chemical health risk factor. Our research goal was to examine the nervous system state and the blood system state under benzene intoxication during an experiment. An acute experiment was performed on 45 white mice with 5-fold poisoning with benzene; a chronic one was performed on 72 rabbits being under inhalation exposure to benzene during 4 months, its concentrations increasing and fluctuating. We determined the following blood parameters: number of reticulocytes, eosinophils, basocytes, and erythrocytes; erythrocytes sedimentation rate; blood clotting period; blood clot retraction; plasma re-calcification period; plasma tolerance to heparin; prothrombin time; prothrombin index; fibrinogen concentration; blood fibrinolytic activity; acetylcholine and choline esterase contents. We also determined adrenalin, noradrenalin, dopamine, and dihydroxyphenylalanine contents in urine. Acute experiments results revealed that one-time exposure to benzene exerted a narcotic effect on the central nervous system which had an excitation phase and inhibition phase. Under a repeat exposure to benzene animals' drug intoxication was shorter. And here neutrophils / leucocytes gradient first increased to 139.5 % from its standards value and then when down under consequent intoxications. We detected relevant changes in morphological picture of animals' peripheral blood and their central and vegetative nervous system under chronic exposure to intermittent and increasing benzene concentrations. So, our research revealed that effects exerted by benzene in small concentrations led to apparent shifts in white blood and catecholamines (adrenalin, noradrenalin, dopamine, and dihydroxyphenylalanine). We also detected certain signs that cate-cholamines endogenous reserves (dihydroxyphenylalanine ) were depleted and, and also signs of eosinophils-basocytes disso-ciation; such prognostic signs were considered to be unfavorable as it was exactly at that moment of time (the 4th month of poi-soning) when substantial changes (leucopenia, granulopenia, lymphopenia, and monocytopenia) occurred in blood. Fluctuating benzene concentrations exerted more apparent toxic effects in comparison with simply increasing toxicant concentrations.

Topicality. Determination of the level of efficiency of physical culture classes according to the study of catecholamine excretion to find out the role of physical activity in the activity of a certain level of integration of the neuroendocrine system in the body's adaptive processes. Objectives of the study: to study the content of catecholamines in the daily urine of groups of people who were engaged and those who were not engaged in physical culture by chromatographic method – to compare the results of the study to substantiate the relevance of research on the regularities of sympatho-adrenal system responses to various environmental factors. Research results.. Changes in the content of adrenaline, including its reduction in the urine of the main group in the dynamics and a slight increase in the content of dopamine in the urine compared with the control group testify of involving the exchange of catecholamines in the regulatory mechanisms of various physiological processes. A statistically significant higher level of adrenaline excretion and a decrease in the excretion of other catecholamines in the urine of the main group of subjects, and a better overall subjective state of the main group indicates a significant effect of physical culture on the establishment of neurotransmitter balance, possibly due to activation of neurohormone synthesis. Conclusions. Physical training and sufficient motor activity have a positive effect on the production and excretion of catecholamines and the establishment of an optimal neurotransmitter balance to improve adaptive processes in the human body

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The literature review is devoted to a study of the etiology and basic pathogenesis steps of the central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR). Authors describe the historical facts of studying this pathology and its epidemiology. Endogenous and exogenous risk factors of the CSR development were analyzed. In discussion of main CSR pathogenesis theories the modern methods of diagnosis of intraocular structures were taken into consideration. At present a special attention is paid to disturbances of choroidal blood flow as the main cause of morphological and functional abnormalities in the CSR.

Body, ovary, and uterus weights; estrous cycle; dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the hypothalamus; and testosterone levels in blood plasma have been recorded in 2–3-month old GC female rats selected for elevated catatonia response and compared with the outbred Wistar stock. The body weights of GC rats are lower, and the cyclic linkage between the ovaries and the uterus is disrupted, as apparent from a reduced diestrus ovary weight and a lower estrogen-dependent uterus weight increase in comparison to Wistar. A statistically significant synchronization of estrous cycles is observed in GC rats kept in standard cages, five to seven animals per cage. It includes a larger number of matches of individual estrus phases to form a group estrus phase of their 4–5-day long estrous cycle. Synchronized estrus phases include 50–60 % of GC rats, which is significantly more than in Wistar rats (30–40 %). With reduced dopamine and norepinephrine levels in hypothalami of GC rats, the levels of these monoamines are higher in the estrus and low in the diestrus. Testosterone levels in diestrus GC females are higher than in estrous or Wistar ones.

Purpose: to determine the content of neuroamines (histamine, serotonin, catecholamines) in bioamine structures of bone marrow after autotransplantation. Material and methods. Animals were injected into the tail vein of bone marrow suspension obtained from the femur of the same mouse. It was taken from the femoral bone marrow of 1 ml and placed in 2 ml of physiological saline and thoroughly stirred. 1 ml of bone marrow suspension was injected into the tail vein. Cryostat sections were treated with luminescent-histochemical methods. Results. After bone marrow autotransplantation marked changes were observed in the neurotransmitters of the bone marrow — an increasing number of granular luminescent cells decrease in the amount of granules in them, and a decrease in the number of mast cells because of their degranulation. A weak luminescence was determined in nuclei in neutrophils. Perhaps this proves the activation of the immune response. Conclusion. The bone marrow autotransplantation leads to a redistribution of the structures of the bone marrow of histamine, catecholamines and serotonin, which changes the direction of cytodifferentiation, the content of neuroamines in granular luminescent cells and mast cells (cells of autonomic regulation).

The paper is focussed on the role of increased sympathetic activation in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension (AH), its exacerbations (hypertensive crises), and complications. One of the effective methods of interrupting pathogenetic “vicious circles” in AH is the blockage of peripheral alpha-adrenoreceptors. One of the medications of choice for urgent treatment of hypertensive crises, as well as for long-term ambulatory treatment, is urapidil – a peripheral sympatholytic with characteristics of a central serotonin receptor agonist.

The review presents modern definitions, classifications and criteria of severity of common viral-bacterial pneumonia. The study of literature about the role of metabolic functions of the lungs in the genesis of severe common viral-bacterial pneumonia has allowed the formulations of anew period in the intensive care based on the study of noradrenalin inactivating functions of the lungs.

The influence of dietary supplements namivit and superprotamin on the reaction sympathetic adrenal system, as well as on the activity of different isoforms of NOS in pregnant Wistar rats under the influence of acute hypobaric hypoxia. It was revealed that namivit significantly reduced the severity of stress-response reaction of the organism to hypoxia, whereas superprotamin caused no significant decrease significantly the content of catecholamines in the blood. It is shown that the introduction of rats studied drugs restored decreased from the onset of hypoxic stress activity of Ca2+-dependent NO-synthase and suppressed the induction of iNOS, thus increasing the body's resistance to the effects of hypoxia. This antihy effect namivit was expressed to a greater extent than superprotamin.

The research goal is to examine the correlation between psychological profile of patients of senior age groups, levels of stress hormones — adrenaline and noradrenaline — in blood serum and their pathology character. A psychological profile of 247 patients aged from 55 to 82 years has been established with the help of Kettle test, Tsung self-assessment scale and Spilberger-Khanin scale. The rate of adrenaline and noradrenaline in blood serum in the period of exacerbation of somatic pathology and in the period of relative well-being has been estimated by means of immune-enzyme analysis method. The survey has identified three psychological profiles. The first and third groups are less resistant to stress factors psychological types. They are more likely to develop somatic pathology and depression (37,8 and 53,2% respectively), in comparison with patients of the second group (12,5%). The significant increase of catecholamines has been established among patients of the third type of psychological profile both in the period of exacerbation of somatic pathology and in the period of relative well-being. The article concludes that correlations between psychological personality characteristics, rate of catecholamines and structure of somatic pathology have been worked out

Aim. To study the changing activity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympatho-adrenal system (SAS) in progressing arterial hypertension (AH). Material and methods. The study included 480 AH patients with high cardiovascular risk, aged 18-65 years (mean age 52±12 years); 102 men and 378 women. The participants were randomized by the levels of Reberg-estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and the results of radio-isotope renography (RRG) with 123 I-hippuran. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were assessed by the radio-immune method, and circadian excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline (CAE, CNAE) – by the fluorometric method. Results. In patients with GFR 115-135 ml/min, mean PAC was 0,53±0,06 nmol/l, in those with GFR 80-115 ml/ min - 0,76±0,08 nmol/l (43,4% increase; р

Aim. To study characteristics of neurohumoral regulation of blood pressure (BP) in patients with systemic diseases of the connective tissue and hemorrhagic vasculitis (HV). Material and methods. The trial included 45 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 25 patients with scleroderma systematica (SS), 30 HV patients and 30 healthy controls. The following parameters were estimated: activity of plasmic renin, aldosteron concentration in plasma, catecholamines (noradrenaline and adrenalin), serum level of endotheline-1, number of desquamated endotheliocytes by J. Hladovec (1978) with use of Goryaev's camera. A BP 24-h profile was obtained by the standard method with the device Kardiotekhnika 4000 AD. Renal function was assessed by blood creatinine (Reberg's test). Results. Contribution of different factors to pathogenesis of arterial hypertension (AH) in rheumatic conditions was different. SLE activity enhancement was associated with renal dysfunction and growth of plasmic renin leading to AH resultant from activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosteron system (RAAS), sympathico-adrenal system (SAS) and suspended by endothelial dysfunction. AH in SS patients presented with SAS activation, endothelial dysfunction and moderate pathology of the kidneys. HV activation provoked renal and endothelial dysfunction, SAS activation leading to development of AH. Conclusion. In rheumatic diseases AH develops with activation of SAS, RAAS, endothelial and renal dysfunction.

The study was focused on assessing sympatho-adrenal system (SAS) activity in patients with arterial hypertension and included 454 hypertensive individuals at high risk. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were measured by radio-immune method. Adrenalin and noradrenalin concentration in 24-hour urine was measured by fluorometry. SAS increase was associated with increased PRA and decreased PAC or PAC/PRA ratio. On the contrary, SAS reduction was linked to decreased PRA and elevated PAC or PAC/PRA ratio. Heart rate at rest electrocardiography correlated with 24-hour urine excretion of catecholamines.

Objective: to study the age-related features of an adrenergic response of the central nervous system to acute somatic pain (ASP).Subjects and methods: The spinal cord (SC) levels of adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), and dopamine (DA) were studied in albino male rats of five age groups: 1) neonatal (2—4-day) rats; 2) 17—18-day rats that began to see; 3) monthly rats; 4) sexually mature (3—4 month) ones; and 5) old ones aged over 2 years. ASP was reproduced by electrodermal stimulation of the rat tail; the levels of catecholamines (CA) were measured by spectrofluorimetric microassay.Results. During postnatal ontogenesis, the rats were found to have a phase pattern of physiological changes in the spinal concentrations of CA: a decrease in their high neonatal levels (due to DA) by the time the animals began to see; their progressive increase by prepuberty (due to NA) and in sexually maturity (due to A and DA), and a reduction in all CA fractions in old rats. ASP was attended by a rise in the SC concentration of CA in the neonatal animals and by clearly-cut reactive shifts in all fractions in the old ones. With A and DA increases, the SC concentrations of NA halved in the rats that began to see and had ASP; the amount of CA remained unchanged as compared with the controls. In prepubertal and sexually mature male rats, there was a reduction in the spinal CA pool, but due to different components: to A and NA in 35-day rats and to A and DA in 3-month ones.Conclusion. Age-related changes in the pattern of a spinal CA response in rats with ASP show a ontogenetic trend in the development of adrenal responsiveness from the immature generalized forms of an early postnatal period to the definitive differentiated economic reactions of the hypo-to-normergic type and then to the hyperergic destructive reactions of old age.

In experimental settings, hystotoxic catecholamine doses depress cardiomyocyte contractility, induce arrhythmia, and heart arrest. Edema and hemorrhages in lung tissue and myocardium, myocardial hemomicrocirculation disturbances, significantly disturbed CO2, O2 partial pressure, and blood pH, plus increased acidosis are observed. Artificial lung ventilation (ALV) prevents fibrillation and heart arrest, edema and generalized lung hemorrhages after lethal catecholamine dose infusion. In addition, ALV prevents hypercapnia, acidosis, and increases blood oxygenation.

Synthesis is a new 6(8)-functionally substituted S-(2-methylquinoline-4-yl)-N-acetylcysteine as the potential bioregulators. Their antiradical activity is analyses on model autooxidation adrenalin in adrenokhrom. Study dependence of biological action on structure of the given compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the results of using the method of arterial piezopulsometry for non-invasive assessment of the functional state and physiological mechanisms of autonomous regulation of the cardiovascular system (CVS) in an elderly person with acute pain associated with unexpected physical trauma. On the first day, such an effect caused a negative stress reaction in the muscle effectors (ME) of the CVS, provoking an abnormal increase and acceleration of the contractility of the left ventricular myocardium. Analysis of the arterial blood pressure (PP) pulse wave graphs showed that the maximum rate of PP growth - VmaxPP, which reflects myocardial contractility, increased from 625±74 before injury to 2 117±173 mm Hg/s after injury, distorting the contour of the normal PP waveform. The reason for this growth could be the rapid cumulative effect of transmitters of the neuroendocrine sympathoadrenal system on adrenergic receptors (AR) of cardiomyocytes (CM). The results of the spectral analysis of the variability of the parameters of the PP waves confirmed this possibility. It was shown that under stress, norepinephrine from activated sympathetic efferents is added to the already increased content of humoral catecholamines in the extracellular environment of the myocardium near the AR of the CM, which is characteristic of the elderly. At the same time, the activity of parasympathetic efferents, releasing acetylcholine, which inhibits the contractile reaction of the myocardium and, thereby, performs a restraining cardioprotective function, significantly increases. A personalized approach was used for piezopulsometric study of the mechanisms of autonomous regulation of ME CVS under specific conditions of stress.

It is known that with the aging, the adaptive capabilities of his body decrease. This is due to both changes in autonomic regulation and morphological remodeling of the cardiovascular system. To assess age-related changes in the autonomic nervous and cardiovascular systems, a meta-analysis was carried out, which examined changes in the aging of hemodynamic parameters [blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR)], heart rate variability (HRV), catecholamine concentrations, electrical activity of muscle sympathetic nerves (MSHA) , as well as the magnitude of the BR. The results of 32 works from the PubMed database were analyzed, in which healthy people of different age groups (27±5 and 64±5 years) were compared by the studied indicators. As a result of a meta-analysis, it was found that in older people compared with young people, the BP is higher, HR remains unchanged, but HRV and BR significantly decrease, the sympathetic-vagal balance shifts toward an increase in sympathetic effects on heart function, MSNA and plasma noradrenaline level increase. In the elderly people a loosening in autonomic control with an increase in sympathetic nervous activity causes an increase in the baseline of BP and its increase in conditions of stress. These changes are the cause of a decrease in the adaptive abilities of the old person and a substrate for the development of cardiovascular pathologies.

Objective: To determine changes in the chemical composition of blood plasma in subjects at risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) at the prodromal stage compared with age control., Material and Methods: Subjects at risk were selected for the presence of characteristic premotor symptoms, including impairments of sleep, olfaction and constipation.The risk group included 12 people, the control group - 8 people., Results: Among seven catecholamines and their metabolites detected in the blood, only the concentration of L-dioxiphenylalanine (L-DOPA) changed (decreased) in subjects at risk compared with the control. A decrease in the concentration of L-DOPA is considered as a manifestation (marker) of selective degeneration of central and peripheral catecholaminergic neurons in PD. In contrast to L-DOPA, the concentration of seven of the twelve detected sphingomyelins in the blood of the subjects at risk increased. Given that a change in the metabolism of sphingomyelins is associated with processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and synucleinopathy, an increase in their concentration in the blood of patients at risk is considered as a manifestation of systemic general degeneration of central and peripheral neurons. Finally, in the blood of subjects at risk, we found a trend towards a decrease in the concentration of urates, which are endogenous neuroprotectors., Conclusion: The changes in the level of L-DOPA, sphingmyelins and urates in the blood of subjects at risk may serve as diagnostic markers of PD at the prodromal stage.

The superoxide-generating reaction of adrenaline autoxidation in an alkaline medium, used in vitro to identify the antioxidant properties of various compounds, simulates the complex multistep process of quinoid oxidation of catecholamines (CA) in the body. Sulfur-containing cysteine (Cys) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as oxidized glutathione (GSSG), have been shown to inhibit this process. The studied substances were considered as inhibitors of quinoid oxidation and are evaluated as antioxidants. The IC50 values for Cys and GSH were close to 7.5 mM. Inhibition by GSSG was weaker; represented approximately 50-70% of Cys and GSH. Other sulfur-containing compounds that differ in chemical structure, the amino acids taurine and methionine were ineffective. The interest in this model and the search for effective compounds acting on this reaction is associated with one of the mechanisms of the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) discussed in the literature, which occurs when the biochemical transformations of dopamine CA and its quinoid oxidation process are violated. Cys, GSH and GSSG in the model system inhibit quinoid oxidation of adrenaline, as a result of which the formation of superoxide (O2 ·-) is also inhibited. Experiments with the superoxide-generating enzymatic reaction xanthine xanthioxidase, the chemistry of which is different and not related to formation of quinoid metabolites, showed that the studied substances did not inhibit O2 ·- formation in this model. Thus, it was established that the biologically active sulfur-containing compounds Cys, GSH and GSSG are specific inhibitors of quinoid oxidation of CA, and are likely to be able to play the role of a neuroprotector. It is proposed to use these compounds in the treatment and prevention of PD by activating their biosynthesis in the body.

Aim: To study an effect of cabergoline on dopamine and noradrenaline concentration and BDNF mRNA level in the rat midbrain and hypothalamus., Material and Methods: Twenty adult male Wistar rats were used in a single treatment paradigm: animals of the treatment group (n=10) received cabergoline (i.p., 0.5 mg/kg) and the control group (n=10) received an equivalent volume of the solvent. Quantitative analysis for the dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrochemical detection. BDNF mRNA levels were studied using quantitative RT-PCR., Results and Conclusion: Cabergoline significantly increases NA concentration in the midbrain 24 hours after injection: 639.2±64.5 ng/g in the treatment group versus 398.0±66.0 ng/g in the control group (p<0.05), while mean content of DA is not significantly changed (211.4±16.3 ng/g vs 169.7±54.6 ng/g, respectively). Cabergoline does not affect hypothalamic DA and NA levels. The drug increases BDNF mRNA levels by 2-times in the midbrain, but not in the hypothalamus, 24 hours after injection.

The influence of bone marrow autotransplantation on neurotransmitter structures of appendix vermiformis was studied. The study revealed that an increase in the number of neurotransmitter structures (mast and granular luminescent cells), having a high content of catecholamines and serotonin was noted in old rats in 40 min after bone marrow autotransplantation. In the center of vermiformis appendix lymphoid nodes reproduction cellular programmed differentiations having a high content of neuroamines are determined. In 2 hours after bone marrow autotransplantation their number decreases, the content of catecholamines and serotonin reduces as well. In the immunohistochemical reaction increase in proliferative activity of cells both in proper t. mucosa plate crypts and appendix vermiformis lymphoid nodules is observed up to 40 min of experiment. In 2 hours Ki-67 positive cells reduce both in t. mucosa and t. s/mucosa of appendix vermiformis.

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is a well-known complication of many conditions associated with emotional or physical stress. Abnormal catecholamine release has been hypothesized to be the main cause of TCM. Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with release of large amounts of catecholamines. We present here two cases in which patients simultaneously suffered from acute MI and TCM. In these elderly women without prior history of severe somatic diseases we have not revealed any external stressing factor responsible for the initiation of the disease. Therefore, we have considered primary coronary event (acute MI) to be a triggering factor of TCM manifestation.

We examined practically healthy young men (81 in the ages from 17 to 21 years), the students living in the city of Krasnoyarsk, for whom we defined their somatotypes according to V.P. Chtetzov scheme (1978) and component content of the body (fat, muscle and bone) by caliperometry technique. Catecholamine content (CC) in blood lymphocytes was analysed by luminescence-histochemical technique. Medical examination was carried out both in the fasted state, and in an hour after food intake (mixed breakfast). On an empty stomach CC content was practically the same in the young men of all the compared somatotypes. After food intake, CC statistically meaningful increase was revealed only in abdominal somatotype youngsters as compared to the same indices on an empty stomach (p=0.026). In abdominal somatotype we also found considerably higher CC content after food intake in comparison with the other somatotypes: chest (р=0.021), muscle (р=0.022) and inexplicit (р=0.029). Also, in abdominal somatotype, we revealed the highest absolute indices of fatty tissue content in body composition as compared to other somatotypes: chest (р=0.00000002), muscle (р=0.0002), inexplicit (р=0.000007). Considering CC level before and after food intake, we didn't mark any statistically relevant difference between the youngsters with different body mass indices (BMI). This finding could be caused by the following peculiarity of the BMI evaluation: on the one hand, the growth/weight ratio was calculated, on the other hand, body fatty tissue pronouncement wasn't. Besides, it is fatty tissue, which makes one of the most massive target tissues for CC, and therefore it greatly influences and regulates adipocyte functions. The research allows making the conclusion on the role of the expressiveness of body fatty tissue content as considerable factor, which influences CC content after food loads., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

Stimulation of sympathetic nerve in anesthetized dogs not treated with adrenergic blockers more frequently exerted stimulating rather than inhibitory effect on duodenal motility. Blockade of α- and β-adrenoceptors with phentolamine and propranolol, respectively, did not prevent the excitatory action of the sympathetic nerve stimulation, but even potentiated this effect. The data showed that catecholamines as well as α- and β-adrenoceptors are not involved in the excitatory effect of sympathetic origin.