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The growing popularity and use of endoscopic surgery in the field of otolaryngology prompts an attempt to organize knowledge about possible methods of surgery in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Chronic sinusitis is an inflammatory process involving the mucous membrane of the paranasal sinuses, lasting more than 12 weeks. The system of fissures in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity is an ostiomal ductal complex, the obstruction of which is the direct cause of chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. FESS is a modern method in which access to the paranasal sinuses is obtained through the nasal cavity. The aim of the procedure is to widen, above all, too narrow sections of the middle meatus and the orifice-ductal complex. Compared to traditional methods, it is less invasive, allows you to regain the proper function of the maxillary sinus and, moreover, allows you to correct a deviated nasal septum, remove or reduce overgrown turbinates during one operation using the same access. Although traditional methods of surgery are still used in some groups of patients, modern minimally invasive endoscopic surgery strongly limits their use and becomes the method of first choice. Method: The literature was reviewed using the Pub med search engine and Google scholar using the words: Chronic nasal sinusitis, reasons of chronic nasal sinusitis, FESS, acute nasal sinusitis, nasal sinusitis radiology.

Introduction and Purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that damages the nervous system. Although MS is usually diagnosed in adults, it can also occur in children and adolescents, which presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. In recent years, attention has been drawn to the role of diet in alleviating MS symptoms, including in the pediatric population. The ketogenic diet, characterized by low carbohydrate intake, high fat intake, and moderate protein intake, is of interest as an additional therapeutic approach in MS due to its effects on metabolism and reduction of inflammation in the body. Materials and methods: This article reviews the literature on the impact of the ketogenic diet on MS, with particular emphasis on its impact on the course of MS in the pediatric population. Articles were searched by key words, e.g. multiple sclerosis, paediatrics, children, diet, ketogenic diet, in various configurations, in Scopus, Medline, Google Scholar databases. Current state of knowledge: While there are several studies on the effects of the ketogenic diet, including those on MS in children, the results are inconclusive and require further research. Some publications suggest that the ketogenic diet can help alleviate MS symptoms, such as problems with balance and coordination, and improve patients' quality of life. Conclusions: In conclusion, the ketogenic diet may be a promising approach in the treatment of pediatric MS, but requires further research and careful assessment of benefits and risks before its introduction into therapy.

With the increasing incidence of posture defects in children and adolescents, screening of children's postures in early school periods and in the second stage of education, which is carried out, among others during routine visits to the doctor and during the balance sheet examination, is gaining significance. Early detection of the defect, at the stage of functional changes, enables full recovery, using non-invasive methods, prevents the formation of secondary changes and protects against their consequences, which significantly improves the comfort and quality of life in adulthood

Objective: The aim of the study was to draw attention to the problem of overweight and obesity among children and adults. Another important aspect of this article was to indicate the need of promotion a healthy lifestyle as a way to reduce body weight. Methods: Available literature was reviewed for the purpose of writing this article. Using keywords such as obesity, overweight, pandemics, diet, lifestyle, chronic diseases, metabolic disorders- PubMed was searched. Results: The incidence of overweight and obesity is constantly increasing. This phenomenon is observed all over the world. Obesity has become a pandemic of the 21st century. Consumption of unhealthy, highly processed food is increasing these days. In addition, sedentary lifestyle is very popular. Lifestyle and diet changes are the main causes of this pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 virus also had an impact on the development of the obesity and overweight pandemic. Obesity affects the quality of life and causes many chronic diseases. The effects on the community are also significant. Obesity and related diseases like diabetes, ischemic heart disease, heart attacks, asthma result in high health care costs. Conclusion: The percentage of overweight and obese people around the world is increasing. It is necessary to promote healthy eating, active lifestyle and look for alternative ways to reduce the scale of overweight and obesity problem.

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) has become one of the most common chronic diseases of the XXI century and affects around 16% of the world's population. Despite the advancements of contemporary science and a range of therapeutic methods it considered a progressive and irreversible process. Nevertheless, use of ACEI halts the progression of the disease and postpones the necessity of renal replacement therapy and is the method of choice for this group of patients. Purpose of the work: The article reviews current literature and writing regarding Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and the impact of ACEI on the progression of this condition. Materials and methods: The sources available in the PubMed database have been analyzed using the keywords: “ACEI”, “angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors”, ”chronic kidney disease”, “CKD”. Related publications to the topic of the work have been selected and utilized. Description of the state of knowledge: Pharmacological therapy using ACEI is the main method of treatment for patients with CKD and should primarily serve to reduce proteinuria and control blood pressure. It inhibits the progression of the disease and delays the development of end-stage renal failure. However, the treatment of CKD using ACEI is controversial in cases of advanced stages of the disease. Summary: ACEI inhibitors are one of the major advances in the treatment of patients dealing with CKD. Due to the increasing number of cases of the disease being observed, further research will be needed regarding the use of these drugs. Particularly ambiguous is the therapy for patients with advanced, just before end-stage renal failure, which will require a more in-depth analysis of these cases.

Introduction and purpose: Sleep disorders are a diverse and widespread group of diseases affecting the cardiovascular system. The aim of this paper is to review the available literature and to summarize how selected sleep disorders affect the development of hypertension, ischemic heart disease and stroke. Methods and materials: Materials available in the PubMed and Google Scholar database were analyzed using the keywords “sleep disorders”; “sleep apnea”; “insomnia”; “restless legs syndrome”; “cardiovascular disease”; “hypertension”; “coronary artery disease”; “stroke " in various configurations. State of knowledge: Sleep disorders are a wide group of diseases with a diverse phenotype and pathomechanism, having a diverse impact on the condition of the cardiovascular system, leading to the development of diseases in the above system. Summary: The risk of developing hypertension, ischemic heart disease and stroke depends on the accompanying sleep disorders. Occurs with obstructive sleep apnea and sleep shortening. The correlation of restless legs syndrome to stroke is unclear. The relationship between insomnia and hypertension and stroke is not clarified. Keywords: sleep disorders, cardiovascular diseases, sleep apnea, insomnia, restless legs syndrome.

Obesity and related diseases such as colorectal cancer are an important clinical problem in highly developed countries. In this article, the relationship between the occurrence of these diseases and the gut microbiome is presented on the basis of scientific research. The gut microbiome increases the energy value of consumed meals by breaking down to simpler substances not digested by human enzymes, and is involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in the body. A proper microbiota influences the formation of SCFAs, or short-chain fatty acids, which have a protective effect on intestinal cells. Intestinal dysbiosis affects endotoxaemia and inflammation, which accompanies cancer and obesity.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common chronic diseases, which is characterized by the destruction of joint cartilage and leads to changes in the structure of other joint elements, the formation of osteophytes and the development of inflammation in the immediate area. Precise assessment of the frequency and distribution of the disease in the population may be difficult due to the inconsistent definition of the disease and the selected diagnostic criteria, but it is estimated that it may occur in up to 60% of the elderly population, more often in women than men. There are many documented risk factors for the occurrence of the disease, such as age or genetic predisposition, but the modifiable ones deserve special attention. Recently, great emphasis in the context of osteoarthritis has been put on the fight against obesity, which not only increases the mechanical load on the joints, but also intensifies the generalized inflammation in the cartilage and its surroundings. This is one of the reasons why non-pharmacological therapy, i.e. patient education and physiotherapy, is a basic element of management, both alone and in combination with pharmacological treatment. The most common drugs used in OA are non-opioid analgesics from the lowest level of the analgesic ladder - mainly NSAIDs, and their proven effectiveness is consistent with the current concept of inflammation as the main pathogenetic factor. As a second-line treatment, injections of glucocorticoids, hyaluronic acid (HA) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) directly into the joint may be considered. Unfortunately, most randomized studies show that the administration of steroids is effective, but the effects are relatively short-lived, up to a few weeks, while more reliable scientific evidence is needed to confirm the effectiveness of other substances.

Introduction: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are one of the most commonly used drugs. One of the most common side effects are those related to sexual function. We can divide them into sexual dysfunction occurring during the use of SRRIs and those occurring and persisting after discontinuation of SSRIs. Purpose: To review available PubMed data on SSRI-related sexual dysfunction, epidemiology, symptoms and treatment. Current state of knowledge: SSRIs are first-line drugs for depression and other mental disorders. Their use can cause sexual dysfunction. SSRI-induced sexual disorders are more common but easier to treat. Post-SSRI sexual dysfunction is less common and harder to treat. There are several hypotheses regarding its pathomechanism, such as epigenetic changes, serotonin neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, and downregulation of serotonin receptors. Conclusions: Sexual dysfunction after SSRIs left without treatment increases the chances of self-discontinuation of drugs by patients and contributes to significant suffering. In the case of SSRIs induced sexual dysfunction, there are several possible interventions that can effectively eliminate sexual dysfunction and restore the patient's comfort. There are no effective treatments for post-SSRI sexual dysfunction syndrome. In addition, the diagnosis of PSSD is difficult as there are no specific diagnostic criteria. More research is needed to determine how to diagnose and treat patients who develop PSSD.

Introduction and purpose of the study: The impact of red wine consumption on the human body has been the case of research by many scientists. The aim of this study is to review the literature, present the most important research findings, and summarize the current knowledge about wine and other alcoholic beverages consumption. Methodology and materials: A review of the available literature in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using keywords such as "red wine," "cardiovascular disease," "red wine’’ and ‘’health benefits." State of knowledge: Red wine is an alcohol containing many active flavonoid and non-flavonoid substances that have multi-directional effects, including functioning as natural "sweepers" of free radicals. Ethanol itself, in moderate amounts, exhibits certain cardioprotective effects. Summary: Numerous studies indicate a positive effect of moderate red wine consumption in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. It has also been shown to reduce the risk of death regardless of the cause.

Introduction: B vitamins are necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system, taking part in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, RNA and DNA and acting as cofactors in many cellular metabolic pathways. The body does not store them, so they need to be replaced daily. Mild deficiencies can cause non-specific neuropsychiatric disorders, and deep and persistent - serious, fatal disease states that require intensive supplementation, such as beriberi disease or Korsakoff's syndrome. Materials and methods: My work is based on the articles published in PubMed, medical books and websites. I was looking for the key words such as ‘biotin‘, ‘brain’, ‘homocysteine’, ‘niacin’, ‘pantothenic acid’, ‘riboflavin’, ‘thiamin’, ‘neuropathy’. Results: B vitamins seem to enhance the analgesic effect of NSAIDs. There is evidence of supportive action in the treatment of low back pain and diabetic neuropathy. There is no reliable evidence of improved cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease or other types of dementia. Conclusions: due to the low toxicity, very few side effects and experimental findings, it seems reasonable to administer B vitamins in numerous pain syndromes, such as neuropathies and back pain syndromes. However, we need more randomized clinical trials to create universal recommendations and finally confirm the positive effects of these substances in neurological diseases.