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The paper inquires into the dating and provenance of a particular ‘Mother of God Eleousa’ from a Muscovite private collection. Is this icon a work of Italian or Byzantine art? The icon went through commercial restoration in Moscow, which could have distorted its painting and complicated the tasks of its dating and attribution. Numerous interventions and tinting, especially on the damaged face of the Mother of God, were clearly visible as early as the winter of 2021–2022; now most of these have been removed, although still not completely. The aim of that restoration was probably to create the illusion of a purely Byzantine icon for commercial purposes. The author suggests that the icon is not a Byzantine monument, but was created by an Italian master guided by a Byzantine model. Byzantine influence is present in this icon as much as it was inherent in Italian art of the 13th century and widespread in various artistic centers of this time. The icon’s origin could be Sicily or South of Italy. However, additional detailed research is needed to definitely confirm such attribution. So far, Italian provenance seems to be best substantiated. The versions of dating to the end of the 13th century or to the first quarter of the same century both do not seem convincing. The reminiscences of Late Comnenian art cannot be considered as a decisive dating indicator because their presence had been found during a very long period of time, including monuments of the late 13th century. Preliminary dating points at the middle of the 13th century or even at the period between the 1230s and 1260s. Мы касаемся в публикации лишь двух, основных, с нашей точки зрения, тем: произведением итальянского или византийского искусства является икона «Богоматерь Умиление» из московского частного собрания и каковы могут быть основные вехи для её датировки. Икона пережила в Москве коммерческие реставрации, что могло исказить её живопись. Ещё зимой 2021-2022 гг. были хорошо видны многочисленные вмешательства и тонировки, особенно на пострадавшем лике Богоматери, большая часть из них теперь удалена, хотя и до сих пор не полностью. Задачей той реставрации, вероятно, было создать иллюзию чисто византийской иконы в коммерческих целях. Предварительно можно заключить, что обсуждаемая икона не является византийским памятником, но создана итальянским мастером. Возможно, итальянский художник создавал её, ориентируясь на византийский образец. В её стиле нет чисто византийских черт, византийское влияние присутствует в ней настолько, насколько оно было присуще итальянскому искусству XIII в. и распространено в разных центрах и в разные периоды этого столетия. Версия о происхождении иконы с Сицилии или с юга Италии вполне правдоподобна, возможно, она верна. Однако для окончательного обоснования такой атрибуции нужно провести дополнительное детальное современное исследование. Пока определение иконы как итальянского произведения представляется наиболее осторожным и взвешенным. Датировки памятника концом XIII в. или первой четвертью столетия не представляются убедительными. Реминисценции позднекомниновского искусства встречаются ещё очень долго, в том числе и в памятниках конца XIII в., их присутствие не может рассматриваться как датирующий признак. Предварительная датировка, как нам представляется, может быть связана с серединой XIII в. или ширес периодом между 1230-ми и 1260-ми годами.

In 2023, during the study of the Odoevsky hillfort, a zoomorphic figurine made of bone was found. It was discovered in a layer together with ceramics of the Vyatka-Vetluzh culture of the Ananyinsky cultural and historical region (AKIO). The individual finds identified in the cultural layer of the Odoevsky hillfort are not original, and are widespread throughout the territory of the AKIO. The attribution of this product made it possible to define it as a partial image of a horse's head to the shoulders. According to the manufacturing technology, the figurine belongs to relief images and is a non-utilitarian object, most likely a pendant that was sewn on clothes. According to a combination of features: iconography, analogies, accompanying finds in the cultural layer and radiocarbon dating, the time of production of this product was established – the end of the V – middle of the IV centuries BC. And this is not accidental, since it was in the late period that the tradition of depicting a horse in AKIO flourished.

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The article analyzes the letters of St. Feofan 1881‒1883, addressed to N. I. Kugusheva and her daughters Alexandra and Anastasia, and undated letters adjacent to them. The research considers numerous examples of absolute and relative dating established as a result of cross-analysis of letters to different addressees. If more precise information is not available, we establish extreme chronological limits, no earlier and no later than the dating of the letter. The indications are historical events, circumstances of the biography of correspondents, mentions of famous persons as living or dead, and correlation with other letters. Events that are important for the family become milestones and do not allow dating letters earlier or later than the date they indicate, namely the death of daughter Maria, the wedding of daughter Alexandra, the appearance of a newborn granddaughter in the house, etc. These crucial landmarks, identified during the research, help form a reliable chronological outline in which, according to logic, undated letters are located.

The article presents an analysis of archaeological materials from medieval settlements in the floodplain of the Lower Kama in the area of the Kuibyshev reservoir from the mouth of the river Aktai at the village Comintern and up to the urban locality of Alekseyevskoye (Tatarstan). The main attention was paid to the finds from the settlement «Peschany ostrov». It was studied almost entirely under the direction of K.A. Rudenko in 1992 – 1994. According to stratigraphy and artifacts from excavations, for example, fragments of cast-iron cauldrons, the settlement was dated to the early period of the Golden Horde – the end of the XIII – the first half of the XIV century. The author examined the ceramics of this settlement, revealing a number of patterns in the nature of the existence of tableware for various purposes. It was established that on the settlement «Peschanyi ostrov» at the beginning of the its functioning – at the end of the XIII century, clay pottery was used in the shape of small cauldrons or pots made without the use of a potter's wheel, that is by the hand-forming method. Crushed shells of river mollusks were added to the clay from which these vessels were made. This pottery is associated with the Rodanovo archaeological culture ceramics in the Perm Kama region. At the beginning of the XIV century, inhabitants of this settlement began to use dishes made on a potter's wheel. Most often these were large jugs, bowls, hums – large vessels for keeping grain or oil. All of them were brought from cities, most likely from Bolgar. At the same time, vessels in the form of pots or cauldrons with unusual handles were found on the settlement. Most often, such vessels were made with partial use of a potter's wheel. The clay used to make them contains a large amount of sand. Experts consider this ceramics to be made according to samples of vessels from the Perm Kama region and are included in the XVIII group of Bolgar ceramics of the Golden Horde period. These main groups of ceramics from the «Peschany ostrov» settlement can be considered characteristic of the settlements that appeared in the fl oodplain of the Lower Kama region at the beginning of the Golden Horde period. This does not contradict fi ndings from other settlements of that time in this region.

It is officially believed that the ancient Turkic script, called runic for its resemblance to the Scandinavian runes, existed in the period from the VI century AD to the X century AD, after which it ceased to be used, and it was practically forgotten. The Runic script of the Turks is not a common Turkic script, since its area of distribution is limited to the Minusinsk basin, the upper reaches of the Yenisei, Altai, the upper reaches of the Orkhon River and the Tola River in Mongolia. It is also represented by Turfan manuscripts and a few monuments in the Talas River valley and in Ferghana. These monuments are not precisely dated in time, the interpretation of many of them is very difficult, and in many cases we are not dealing with full-fledged translations, but, often, with the translator’s own interpretation of the text. The good preservation of many monuments indicates their relatively late origin. Most likely, these monuments belong to the XV–XVI centuries. As for the largest group of monuments — the Yenisei and Altai, they belong to the period of existence of the tribal formation of the Yenisei Kyrgyz Khongorai of the XVI–XVII centuries, which ceased to exist in 1703, when its population was mostly forcibly resettled to Dzungaria by its ruler Tsevan-Rabdan

The article deals with the project description of the gravestone of the outstanding theologian, orientalist and educator Khusain Faizkhanov (1823–1866), which was installed at the place of his burial in his native village of Safadjai, situated in the Pilna district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Archival documents and memories of old residents of Kh. Faizkhanov's native village allowed to establish that the gravestone, installed after the scientist's death by his wife Fatima Faizkhanova, was soon destroyed by vandals and the grave itself was abandoned. In 1982, the imam-khatib of the 1st mosque in the village of Safadjai Abdulbari Allyamov made a fence around the grave, and in the autumn of 2000 Mansur Khakimov, a native of Safadjai, installed a new gravestone. On July 7, 2023, a new large monument, specially designed on the initiative of the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Russian Federation, was installed at the burial place of Kh. Faizkhanov. All aspects of Kh. Faizkhanov’s activity were taken into account and reflected during working out of its structural elements and their stylistic content. Additionally, the article considers the dating issue of his death. Various data, directly or indirectly reported by sources, are added, the points of view existing in scientific and reference works are analyzed. The proposed dates have discrepancies by one day. Careful attention to textual details in the works of Sh. Marjani allows the author to assert that his information should be recognized as accurate. Based on them, it should be considered that Kh. Faizkhanov died on the night of August 28-29, old style (or September 9-10, new style) 1866, on the night from Sunday of the Gregorian calendar to Monday of the Muslim calendar. The same information allows to consider that the time of birth of Kh. Faizkhanov in 1823 falls on the period not later than March 23.

The article examines the autobiographical notes of Mikhail Ivanovich Pushchin (1800–1869), the younger brother of the “first” and “priceless” friend of A. S. Pushkin, the Decembrist I. I. Pushchin. M. I. Pushchin was also one of the participants in the Decembrist movement and left a significant memoir legacy. The notes of M. I. Pushchin are in demand in Pushkin and Decembrist studies, but still do not have a complete scientific publication. They are of significant interest as a retrospective document describing the life of the era and a number of events of historical significance in the first half of the 19th century, and as memoirs written by an outstanding author — a guards and then an army engineer, a participant in the events of 1825 and military operations in the Caucasus, friend and acquaintance of many historical figures. The article characterizes the significance of M. I. Pushchin’s notes as a historical source, presents the first results of studying its manuscript that have come down to us, preserved among the Pushchin family papers, dates the available two editions of the notes, based on a comparison of the manuscript with the published text of the notes, and makes attempt was made to reconstruct the history of creation memorial monument.

BACKGROUND: Online dating is becoming more and more popular not only among the adult population, but also among adolescents, which comes with its own advantages and disadvantages. Adolescents are more vulnerable to a number of issues connected with online dating, including online grooming, bullying, emotional abuse, revenge porn, harassment, and lack of social interaction. AIM: We aimed to briefly review the available literature exploring the impact of online dating on adolescents, with special reference to the current Indian Scenario. METHODS: A brief literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar in September 2022 with no date limits. Keywords included various combinations of terms such as online dating, dating applications, social media, mental illness, psychiatric disorders, adolescents, and mental health. Original studies and review articles exploring the impact of online dating on adolescents and published in English were reviewed in our work. A descriptive strategy was used to summarise the findings. RESULTS: The impact of online dating on adolescents is discussed in the light of (1) issues associated with online dating among adolescents, (2) the international context, and (3) Indian context. CONCLUSION: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, online dating has grown in popularity among adolescents, which has led to a number of worrying situations, including increased risk of sexually transmitted infections, dating violence, and mental health issues. All of these issues are described in the literature in the context of unsupervised use of technology, peer pressure, and desire to fit into the society. Data from India remain scarce on this topic, highlighting the need for research exploring the influence of online dating on adolescents.

At the last 25 years there are published 14 new curse inscriptions from Olbia, all with dating 4th BC. Meanwhile their majority has clear paleography of 3rd and even 2nd centuries BC. The author studies here paleography of 11 inscriptions and finds, that 4 pertains to 4th century, 3 to the end of 4th–3rd century, 3 to 3rd century and 2 to 3rd–2nd centuries BC.

The article is devoted to the revision of the conditional dating of S.A. Yesenin’s poem “Under the red elm, the porch and the yard...” (1917) accepted in the Complete Works of S.A. Yesenin (1995–2002). The work introduces on evidentiary grounds a number of previously unknown sources of Yesenin’s ideas about the life-creating nature of sound. The study also presents the results of textual analysis of the white autograph of S.A. Yesenin’s poem “Under the red elm, the porch and the yard...”. These searches allowed us to challenge A.A. Kozlovsky’s arguments, who dated the poem “Under the red elm porch and yard...” to 1917, on documentary grounds. The author of the article proposes revise the dating of this work in favor of 1916 on the basis of a comparative analysis with another poem — “Your voice is invisible, like smoke in a hut...” (1916). This analysis demonstrates the artistic-philosophical, metrical and compositional unity of the two works, due to the general context and specific sources. This unity allows us to speak of the poems “Under the red elm, the porch and the yard...” and “Your voice is invisible, like smoke in a hut...” as a diptych created in 1916.

The article provides a comparative analysis of same-name books “Abkhazia and the New Athos Monastery of St. Simon the Canaanite in it,” published by different compilers — A. L. and I. N. The person behind the initials “A. L.” is Archimandrite Leonid, in the world Lev Aleksandrovich Kavelin, while there are several versions regarding the identity of another compiler behind the initials “I. N.” Since not all publishers and researchers who referred to these editions clearly distinguished them, the author of the article refers to works that use the books of Archimandrite Leonid and I. N. later editions. The established differences make it possible to conclude that the texts of these books are not identical: the text of the first book was included in the second one and was significantly supplemented. The author of the article makes an attempt to establish the name of the author, hidden under the initials “I. N.”

Статья представляет результаты исследовательской работы по составлению и подготовке к публикации каталога произведений В.И. Сурикова в Красноярском художественном музее. Указаны существенные отличия нового справочного издания от уже имеющихся каталогов этой коллекции. Исследование включало изучение истории формирования коллекции, истории создания и бытования произведений, ее составляющих, вопросы атрибуции и датировки. Данный каталог вводит в научный оборот значительный ряд обновленных и ранее неизвестных сведений о работах В.И. Сурикова. Статья представляет примеры атрибуции и датировки академических рисунков Сурикова, портретов, пейзажей, этюдов к его историческим полотнам, а также историю создания и анализ графических эскизов композиции неосуществленной картины В.И. Сурикова «Княгиня Ольга встречает тело Игоря» из собрания Красноярского художественного музея им. В.И. Сурикова.

The article examines two diaries of Lieutenant General Nikolai Afanasyevich Obruchev, which he kept during the First World War. The first one was named “What I saw and heard in the war” for the fall of 1914 – March 1916 (stored in the Russian State Historical Archive) and the second is a diary for the whole of 1916 (stored in the Russian State Military Historical Archive). The first is a literary processing of the diary, the latter is traditional: entries were entered there every day. The article provides brief biographical information about the author and his family, general source characteristics of the diaries, reveals the history of the existence of a literary diary from the moment it was created to getting into the archive. A comparative textual analysis of several entries in two diaries for the period of early January 1916 allows to reconstruct the method of keeping a literary diary. It’s entries, unlike the diary, were made periodically and in blocks. The article proposes the principles of dating these records on the basis of their recreated specific and thematic structure. The analysis of chronologically intersecting parts of the diary made it possible to conclude that both diaries contain unique information, their complementary, but independent nature.

The memoirs of S. P. Trubetskoy, discovered in the collection of professor I. A. Shlyapkin, are a complete memoir essay devoted to the events of the reign of Alexander I and the interregnum of 1825 and only briefly touching on the period of investigation, trial and exile, that followed the Decembrist uprising. Information about the authorship was lost and was no longer available to the founder of the collection I. A. Shlyapkin. The attribution required special research procedures and handwriting expertise. The manuscript differs significantly from the previously known editions of S. P. Trubetskoy’s memoirs in its structure and, to a large extent, in content. The textual analysis, as well as the study of the chronological indications available in the document, lead to the conclusion about the early origin of the memoir essay, at the same time the manuscript contains signs that it was based on the original version of the memoirs. A comparison of the text of the discovered manuscript and the previously known memoirs of S. P. Trubetskoy, which are a complex of different-time and unfinished manuscripts, shows the complexity of creating the text of the memoirs of this Decembrist.

A method for dating archaeological structures, based on their astronomical alignments, is presented. In this method, the number of alignments falling within a tolerance band is calculated in suitable time bins. These data are then converted into the probability for the alignments to be random. The time corresponding to the center of the (inverted) probability peak is taken as the structure dating, to which a confidence interval is attributed. Through the analysis of an elliptical enclosure in the Bergamo province (Lombardy, Northern Italy), more details of which were provided elsewhere, we show that the structure had two building phases and in each phase the structure was realigned. In particular, we respectively date the site to 510±20 BC and 340±20 BC.

The article defines the features of the final stage in the history of the text of L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Two Old Men” (1885–1886), using the material of the first publications in “Mediator” (“Posrednik”) publishing house (1885–1886) and in the 12th part of “The Works of Count L.N. Tolstoy” (1886); and also clarifies the dating of the work. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that all the discrepancies between these editions were identified and systematized according to stylistic and semantic differences for the first time, which is presented in the “Appendix.” The author of the article characterizes both groups of variants of the 12th part of “The Works” as new fragments of the text that arose at the stage of publishing preparation, for which we had no evidences. The results of the research substantiate the directions of Tolstoy’s work on the story from october 1885 to the spring of 1886. The article shows how the author and editors (namely, S.A. Tolstaya and partly N.N. Strakhov) corrected verbal picturesqueness, figurative and expressive means of the work. The writer’s revision of the content constants of “Two Old Men” clarified the compositional antithesis of the main and secondary characters within the framework of the intersection of two themes in the plan of the work: pilgrimage to the holy land and famine in the village as a socioeconomic crisis.

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There are investigated 7 published at the last time inscriptions – 4 private letters and 3 curse inscriptions. Two letters have originated from the Taman peninsula (№ 1, 2), one by one from Myrmekion (№ 3), Pantikapaeum (№ 4); all 3 curse inscriptions are from Pantikapaeum (№ 5–7). The author gives more precise dates of the inscriptions: he supports publisher’s dates only in № 1 and № 7, the rest inscriptions he regards as more recent. He proposes many textual corrections, and gives some sufficiently another interpretation of the inscriptions in question.

The well-known reports of T. G. Pashchenko and A. A. Iovsky about I. I. Dmitriev’s meeting with N. V. Gogol in the summer of 1832 in Moscow are considered. An attempt is made to overestimate the text of T. G. Pashchenko’s memoirs, which is considered unreliable, and to show that the information contained there about the first acquaintance of these writers in its main part is consistently combined with the data of other sources that do not raise doubts. It echoes, first of all, with the record of A. A. Iovsky, recently attributed by S. I. Panov, about Gogol’s visit to Dmitriev’s house, as well as with the memoirs of S. T. Aksakov. Memory errors in T. G. Pashchenko’s story can be explained by the temporal remoteness of events and the indirect transmission of information through the retelling of several persons. Separately, it is proposed to consider another significant episode from T. G. Pashchenko’s memoirs — the scene of the author’s reading of the comedy “Marriage”, which supposedly took place at Dmitriev’s. This scene requires new understanding and temporary localization, regardless of I. I. Dmitriev and his meeting with Gogol.

Статья является результатом исследования, проведенного в рамках работы над научным каталогом «Русская живопись XVIII – первой половины XIX века в собрании Приморской картинной галереи». Многие десятилетия никто не пересматривал «традиционную» атрибуцию «Портрета императора Петра III» кисти немецкого художника Георга Христофа (Кристофа) Гроота. И только при работе над каталогом авторство Г.Х. Гроота подверглось сомнению. Автор статьи опирается на классические методы исследования в искусствоведении: стилистический анализ, технико-технологическую экспертизу.

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to determine the age and fluid regime of formation of Khaak-Sair gold-sulfide-quartz ore occurrence in listwanites, characterized by a peculiar ore mineral composition, expressed in the presence of mercurial gold, selenides (fichesserite, naumannite, timannite, claustallite) and tellurides (hessite, Te-bismuthite and coloradoite). The research is aimed to date and examine PT ore-bearing fluid parameters and geochemical peculiarities, and the fluid sources of Khaak-Sair gold-sulfide-quartz ore occurrence in Western Tuva. Methods. 40Ar/39Ar dating was carried out by the method of step heating. The optical studies of ores were performed on Olympus BX41 and P-213M optical microscopes. The mineral composition was detected using MIRA 3 LMU scanning electron microscope with EDU of Oxford Instruments Nanoanalysis Ltd. The temperatures, salt composition, salinities and fluid pressures were obtained from individual fluid inclusions using Linkam TMS-600 stage equipped with Olympus BX 51 optical microscope; the volatile composition of fluid inclusions was examined on Ramanor U-1000 spectrometer with the Horiba DU420E-OE-323 detector, Millennia Pro laser (Spectra-Physics); the bulk volatile composition of the fluid was determined on the Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph, the anions in the water extraction was estimated on the CVET-3000 ion chromatograph, the cation and trace elements were detected by ICP MS (Elan-6100); the sulfur isotope ratios in galena were calculated on Finnigan MAT Delta gas mass-spectrometer in double-entry mode (analysts V.N. Reutsky and M.N. Kolbasova, IGM SB RAS); δ18С and δ18О isotopic ratios in quartz and carbonates were examined on Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer Finnigan™ MAT 253 with Finnigan GasBench II sampler and IAEA standards: NBS-18 and NBS-19 (analyst M.N. Pyryaev, IGM SB RAS) and Isoprime with AQS (Akita Quartz Standard, analysts H. Kavarai, O. Matsubaya, University of Akita), respectively. Results. The 40Ar/39Ar dating of synore listwanites is shown 379,4±4,4 million years that corresponds to the Late Devonian. We identified that the ore hosted listwanites were formed due to aqueous Na-K-chloride fluid with salinity of 3,4–6,5 wt. % NaCl eqv and temperatures at least 325–200 °C. Gold-sulfide-quartz veins were formed at P~0,5–0,75 kbar (~1,5–2,3 km) due to CO2-water chloride (Na-K±Fe) fluid containing CH4 with salinity ranged between 4,5 and 37,4 wt. % NaCl eqv. and temperatures from 320 up to 120 °C (I ore substage – 310–200 °С and II ore substage – 320–120 °С), and with fO2, fS2, fSe2 and fTe2 variations that have contributed to the diversity of Au, Ag and Hg mineral forms. The values of δ34S from galena vary from –0,6 to –0,4 ‰, and the calculated values of δ34SH2S of I ore substage fluid vary from +1,5 to +2,1 ‰ (for T=280–210 °C), and II ore substage fluid – +1,6...+2,6 ‰ (for T=290–190 °C), which indicates the magmatic origin of sulfur. Values of δ18О in quartz from ore veins vary from 17,0 to 17,4 ‰, dolomite – +17,4...+17,8 ‰, calcite – +16,5 ‰, and calculated values of δ18ОH2S of I ore substage fluid vary from +8,1 to +5,7 ‰ (for T=250–210 °C), and II ore substage – +6,7 ‰. ...–2,2 ‰ (for T=230–120 °C) suggested that in the early stages of the ore-forming process fluid was of magmatic origin, and in later stages it was mixed with meteoric waters. The values of δ13C in dolomite of I ore substage vary from –0,4 to –0,7 ‰; calcite of II ore substage – –0,3 ‰, and the calculated values of δ13C in the fluid vary from –1,2 to +0,1 ‰ (for T=250–210 °C) and from –3,3 to +0,5 ‰ (for T=230–120 °C), respectively. This presupposes carbon inflow from granitoid magmas and/or its borrowing from host rocks. The composition of the fluid was transformed from early to late substages from carbon dioxide to water chloride with a decrease in chloride amounts of alkali and alkali-earth metals (from 37,4 to 4 wt. % NaCl eqv).

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The article presents the preliminary results of studying of the Pinchuga-6 burial ground n the Lower Angara region. This site is the first large necropolis of the late Iron Age to be explored in the region. 16 cremated burials on the side were recorded at the necropolis. Eventually 30 individuals of different ages were identified. The research revealed single children’s and adults’ burials, collective and paired complexes. In the collective complexes the remains of three or five people are buried. Based on the results the main features of the funeral ceremony were identified. Among the finds from the burial ground and the inter-burial ground space are weapons, tools, ceramic vessels, objects of Western Siberian cult casting and adornments. According to the analogy, the burial ground dates back to the second quarter of the 1st millennium AD. In addition materials of the Tashtyk and Late Kulai guises have been collected at the site along with local elements of the Lower Angara region.

A bronze pin with a figure of a horseman, stored in the Vienna Museum from the end of the XIX century, has no close analogies, and for many years attracted the attention of researchers. However, until now it has been used only descriptively, and has not been subjected to a comprehensive historical and cultural study. This article is devoted to the issues of its origin and dating and is based on a number of important details that had not been previously the subject of a special study. For their analysis, a significant component of additional sources is involved, the basis of which is the bronze anthropomorphic plastic of the Caucasus of the middle II - the first half of the I Millennium BC. The article applies such methods of historical research as the comparative-typological, the information-analytical, the method of scientific analogies, the method of systematization and periodization, the method of quantitative characteristics. Using a considerable amount of various sources and comparing different versions, the author's interpretation of the object, which is different from the traditional views on its origin, is justified. Various dating options are offered, new approaches to its further study are presented. As a result, we come to the conclusion that at this stage of the study it is not possible to come up with the unambiguous interpretation of this subject as belonging to the circle of only Western antiquities. At present, its dating by the end of IX-the first half of VIII centuries BC is more justifiable, although the dating close to the final VII-the beginning of VI centuries BC should not be excluded.

The paper addresses the issues of dating of Ostolopovо village in the Republic of Tatarstan. The settlement was located in the central part of the Volga Bolgaria and was connected with the large cities of this state. Since 1955 it is destroyed by the Kuibyshev reservoir. The settlement was investigated in 1969 by Kazan archaeologist T.A. Khlebnikova. She was convinced that the settlement arose in the 10th century, possibly at the end of the 9th century, and existed until the 12th century. In 1991, E.P. Kazakov expressed an opinion that this settlement originated not earlier than the second half of the 10th century. The purpose of this paper is to draw a conclusion about the time of emergence of this settlement. For this, artifacts were used, collected from the 1980s to the 2000s from the destroyed cultural layer, and the excavations at the settlement, carried out in 1997–2017 by K.A. Rudenko. Artifacts of several categories have been studied. These are products made of glass, stone, iron and non-ferrous metals. Of interest are the glass beads made in the Middle East, which were widespread in Volga Bolgaria in the 11th – 12th centuries. Very rare items discovered on the settlement include a glass ring and bracelet made in Byzantium dated the 11th century, a miniature lapis lazuli pendant of the same time period, and fragments of a glass lamp and a perfume glass bottle made in Syria or Egypt in the 11–12th centuries. Items related to the population of the Kama region – the ancient Mari and Udmurts – were revealed. These are personal hygiene items and jewelry. Other discovered items are Arab coins of the Buwaihids (Buyids) issued in the late 10th – early 11th centuries. In addition, a large number of iron artifacts associated with the Askiz archaeological culture of Southern Siberia were found. They were dated from the second half of the 11th century to the first half of the 12th century. Thus, an analysis of the artifacts revealed that Ostolopovo settlement did not appear earlier than the end of the 10th century. It actively developed in the 11th – early 12th centuries.

The paper features the material of a belt set (pads – 3 types, buckles – 2 types, and a tip) from the burial 6 of “Nizhnyaya Strelka” Mari burial ground, which was used as a basis for a graphic reconstruction of the belt. The belt set is unusual for the Vetluga-Vyatka interfluve, where the burial ground is located. The closest analogies to the pads of all types in a single complex were discovered in barrow 18 of Sineglazovo site of the Subbottsevo circle, as well as in the Hungarian sites of the Arpad period. Based on the dating of the complex given in the article (not later than the mid–10th century) and the revealed analogies to the details of the belt set, it can be assumed that the Vetluga-Vyatka interfluve contains the remnants of the post-Subbottsevo style which penetrated into this region, possibly indirectly, from the population directly familiar with the Subbottsevo traditions.

Sm-Nd isochrone, drawn for rock-forming and sulfide minerals from the Ozernoe ore occurrence, indicates albitite age of 1,759 ± 11 Ma. It shows synchronous formation of albitite and sulfide mineralization, and fully corresponds to the earlier defined age of rutile in albitite (1,757 ± 7 Ma U-Pb, n = 3, MSWD = 0.2), and Rb-Sr isochrone age 1,754 ± 39 Ma for biotite, apatite, albite, and WR. Recently published Re-Os ages of molybdenite 1,872 ± 23 Ma and chalcopyrite 1,891 ± 230 Ma indicate more ancient age of sulfide mineralization. These figures are in conflict with the age of rock-forming minerals, defined with Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr methods. The possibility of use of molybdenite from the Salla-Kuolajarvi belt for rock dating has been considered, and low reliability of Re-Os method for it has been shown. The reasons are the following: 1) extremely uneven distribution of Re in molybdenite, where Re content varies 1 wt.% even within one and the same grain, and 2) openness of the Re-Os system after molybdenite crystallization, Re is mobylized and partly removed from the mineral in the zone of hypergenesis. Removal of Re from molybdenite promotes erroneous ancient age of the molybdenite. According to the equations of radioactive decay, the age would be 110–130 Ma bigger if 5–6 % of Re is taken away. The conclusion is that molybdenite must be studied in detail, proved to be homogenous and unaltered, before it is used for Re-Os dating. In the other case the results will be not reliable.

The article is devoted to the issue of criticizing the text of Leo Tolstoy's short story “Where Love Is, There God Is Alsoˮ (1885), its purpose is to substantiate the choice of the main source of the text for publication and to cleanse it of distortions. In the research literature, the issue of clarifying the history of formation of the given work as an artistic whole is open, details of the final stages of its creation have not been reconstructed, the editorship of this literary monument has not been concretized. The proposed work was performed in a certain sequence. First, all the discrepancies between the first lifetime editions of 1885–1886 were identified, and then a comparative analysis of them with handwritten materials was carried out. At the final stage, the classification of these discrepancies was correlated with the textual practice of the predecessors. As a result, the choice of the twelfth part of “The Works of Count L. N. Tolstoy” (1886) as the main text source for publication was theoretically justified, a list of recommended corrections based on manuscripts was compiled and argued. The tradition of criteria for scientific criticism of literary monuments has been supplemented with new principles. This is the transparency of editorial intrusions into someone else's text, the obligatory references to manuscripts or earlier publications in the list of corrections, a comprehensive disclosure of its composition (not a truncated format), the inadmissibility for a text critic to act as a co-author of the writer.

Old Japanese manuscripts do not always contain the name of the author and the date of creation of the text, so the first task for the researcher is to understand when a particular text could have been written. Kara Monogatari Teiyō is a short study that precedes the text of the 1809 publication of Kara Monogatari, and it was the first attempt to analyze the text. Kara Monogatari consists of 27 separate stories written in the literary Japanese language of the Heian period. All stories tell about China, and each episode includes one or more waka poems. The author of the Introduction, a kokugakusha scholar Shimizu Hamaomi (1776–1824), elaborates on the problem of dating the text. Analyzing the style and language of Kara Monogatari, he comes to the conclusion that the text was written around the time when Minamoto no Toshiyori (1055–1129), Saigyō (1118–1190), and Teika (1162–1241) wrote their prose and poetry. Shimizu finds lines from a poem by Fujiwara no Akisuke (1090–1155) cited in the text, which allows him to determine the lower time limit of the creation of the work. He indicates the upper time limit comparing the Kara Monogatari with the poetic anthology Kankonji Wakashū, and comes to the general conclusion that the text of Kara Monogatari dates back to the end of the Heian period. The author of the Introduction also lists Chinese sources of individual stories; writes about the fact that two stories do not have Chinese sources; compares the content of Kara Monogatari and Kankoji Wakashū; discusses the word tachibana in Japanese poetry; explains the difference between Kara Monogatari and Mōgyū Waka. Most of the issues raised by Shimizu Hamaomi are also discussed in modern research on Kara Monogatari. As for the text dating, not all Shimizu Hamaomi’s arguments have been adopted by modern philologists. The publication provides translations of the Introduction by Shimizu Hamaomi and examines its main provisions.

The article deals with the antiquity of Sargat culture of forest-steppe in the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia. The established concepts of chronological framework cover the interval from the 5th century BC to 4th-5th centuries AD. Recent studies, both in the main territory and outside the Sargat area, provide evidences for clarifying the upper chronological boundary of the culture. The bright Late Sarmatian appearance of some Sargat burial complexes allows to consider Late Sarmatian finds of the Southern Urals as a reference; rich material has been accumulated on them, as well as detailed chronology.Late Sargathian monuments are found only in two regions - Tobol and Ishim rivers basins. The proposed correction is based on archaeological material which is external data (relative chronology) towards radiocarbon analysis (absolute chronology). In the archaeological collections of Sargat burials there are no any artifacts, the beginning of the period of existence of which falls on the 3rd century AD. There is no such evidence in the settlements either. Furthermore, judging by the available materials, the number of such complexes is small and the inventory is quite poor. The article gives a detailed analysis of burials from seven kurgan cemeteries located in Tobol and Ishim rivers basins, which might be attributed to the latest group marking the upper chronological boundary. In the second half of the 3rd century AD, the main features of the Sargat culture are fading and blurred, besides, it is absent in most of the forest-steppe territory to the east of the Urals. In conclusion the author suggests that if the assumptions are correct, the disappearance of the bright expressive complexes that defined the image of the Sargat social and cultural system, looks quite sharp. The Sargat monuments of the 4th century AD and later are not found across vast forest-steppe territory.

The article is dedicated to one of the least known earthen fortifications in the southern part of the Dniester-Danube interfluve or Budzhak – the Lower Dniester (Serpent’s) Wall. It was first described by L.P.B. Campenhausen in 1789 and then researched by A.F. Veltman in the 1820s, but later historians forgot about it, and archaeologists researched it during excavations at other sites. The author presented the history of studying the object and also reconstructed its route on the basis of maps of the 1820-1840s. Today we can say that the wall lies on the right bank of the Dniester, from the village of Sergeevka, near the Black Sea, to the right bank of the Botna River, near the village of Plop-Ştiubei, on an area of 123-125 km, and the total length of its structures (with additional fortifications and the defense of the camps) reached 134-136 km. Since the wall lies on the settlements of Mologa II and Veseloe III, which belonged to the late Scythians, its lower chronological limit can be defined as the beginning of the 3rd century AD, and the upper chronological limit, according to the pedological-chronological researches by F.N. Lisetsky, is the beginning of the second half of the 4th century AD. Based on the historical situation in Tyra and its environs during this period, the author concluded that such a significant fortification was built by the Romans around the middle of the first half of the 3rd century AD.

Quite rare archaeological finds in Western Siberia – the combs with horse head are analyzed in the paper. Their study is based on comparative materials of European Russia. Accounting for archaeological finds and museum exhibits allows the author to develop a typology of the combs with horse head, as well as to determine the chronology of their existence. The shape of the product, on the basis of which three types are distinguished is considered as the leading sign. According to the author, it can be considered proven that the combs with horse head beyond the Urals appeared with the arrival of the Russian population. Based on the typology performed, it can be assumed that in the 16th – 19th centuries there were two penetrating streams of the combs with horse head in Western Siberia. The first stream occurred in the 16th – 17th centuries, when combs of the first and second types appeared here. This penetration can be conventionally called the «North Russian». The second penetrating stream which was characterized by the third type of the comb-pendants took place to the 19th century. The author believes that according to a number of signs, the second stream of penetration could be a consequence of the Volga region influence.

The authors of the paper consider the investigation results of settlement the Ikshozero I which was opened in South-Eastern Karelia in 2018. The monument contains materials of the Neolithic and Eneolithic with comb-pit and rhombus-pit ceramics (IV–III Millennium BC) and a set of original women's jewelry made of non-ferrous metal during 11th –12th centuries. Some jewelry products were typical for the Baltic-Finnish population of the North-West of Russia (bronze suspension with pendant and "rider on a snake", key-amulet, glass beads, iron knife, others (pendant in the form of a shield boss with suspensions), pendant with "pearl" ornament, etc. – for the Finno-Ugric cultures of the North-East. The combination of objects in one archaeological site in a sparsely populated area testifies the ethnic-cultural contacts of the population in the economic development of the Northern lands and the creation of new waterways. According to the authors, from a scientific point of view these findings are valuable as archaeological markers of the almost unexplored territory of Eastern Karelia.

The present research featured the concept of Russian unitary state in the Soviet historiography of the late 1930’s – early 1950’s. The paper introduces the key problems the leading historians of that period had to face while developing their theoretical and methodological positions. The study focused on the effect of politics and ideology on historical science and the most important research problems studied by Russian mediaevalists. The author highlighted the role of I. V. Stalin in establishing the conceptual foundations for the theory of unitary state development. The article summarizes the vast material obtained from scientific publications, educational literature, and official documents of the period in question. The author revealed some continuity between the approaches of pre-revolutionary and Soviet historians, which made it possible to describe the specifics of the Marxist method. The research improves the scientific understanding of the development of the Soviet monoconcept of domestic history, as it clarifies the development process of the theory of Russian state. In practical terms, the obtained results can improve theoretical, scientific, methodological, and educational studies.

The paper considers one of characteristic elements of material culture of the ancient and medieval mordva – annular clasps with unjointed tips and loosely revolving lock-tabs (the syul'gamas). This jewelry is common for the Volga region Finns, has long chronology of existing and is characterized by the considerable variability of forms. The comparative and typological analysis allows the authors to make the conclusion that the syul'gamas form evolutionary ranks and may be used as the dating objects. Clasps with tips, which were flattened to triangular blades, appeared in the second half of the 11th century. Their further evolution passed in the direction of expansion of blades. This type of annular clasps is widely presented only in burial grounds of the Mordva people, this fact allows the authors to consider this jewelry as an item to define the ethnicity. Localization the finds of annular clasps on the map shows that from the 11th to 14th centuries they were an element of material culture that was common to all the Mordva people, and from the 16th century these clasps were used only by the Mordva-Moksha.

The materials of 25 burials of the burial ground “Kuzinskie hutora” located on the left bank of the Vetluga (Kostroma region, Sharya district) are represented in the paper. This archaeological site was opened in 2013 by V.V. Nikitin and investigated by T.B. Nikitina and A.V. Akilbaev in 2014, 2017. Study of this archaeological site continues. Accompanying burial inventory has a wide range of analogies, on the basis of which the authors make the relative dating of the site within the 9th–11th centuries. Among the inventory there is a range of things (belt elements, some types of weapons, steels), which have spread throughout this period throughout the forest-steppe zone of the European part of Russia. But some items that are the matter for ethnic and cultural identification may be singled out clearly among the burial inventory. Head metal chains, temple rings in the form of a bracelet, chest ornaments in the form of a trapezoid, shoe pendants in the form of eye glasses are considered associated with the Mari population of Vetluga-Vyatka interfluve. Separate items (pendants with two heads of horses, buckle with bear image) indicate a connection with the Perm population of Kama region. Correlation of certain types of the artifacts with definite burials will allow in the future identifying the ethnic groups, associated with this unique necropolis.

The paper discusses the Dating of barrow No. 31 of the burial ground Chineta II, which is situated in Krasnoshchekovskiy district of Altai Krai (North-Western Altai). During the excavation of Kurgan No. 31 of the burial ground Chineta II the definite features of the burial rite were fixed. These features detect the similarity with analogous characteristics with previously studied monuments of the Pazyryk culture in Chinetinskii archaeological district, and in other parts of the Altai. The dating of the object was based, firstly, on the results of the analysis of the accompanying inventory. At the same time, an important indicator was the wooden lacquer products from China. Secondly, the results of radiocarbon analysis of the horse bone sample produced by the Institute of monitoring of climatic and ecological systems of the Siberian branch of RAS (Tomsk) were taken into account. Based on the comparison of the results of archaeological and radiocarbon dating, it was found that the time of construction of the burial mound No. 31 was not earlier than IV century BC, perhaps during the IV – beginning of III centuries BC.

The article proves that the text, published in the literary almanac “Northern Flowers for 1826” under the title “An excerpt from A. Pushkin’s letter to D[elvig]”, was, in fact, created as a letter to Pushkin’s brother Leo (Lev Sergeevich). The article revises the date and pragmatics of this work, its connection with the literary and biographical context. The article contains a detailed critical analysis of the interpretations of the topic introduced by leading Pushkin scholars: Boris Modzalevsky, Mstislav Tsiavlovsky, Grigorii Vinokur, Vadim Vatsuro, Sergei Fomichev, and Yanina Levkovich. The conclusions of the author are based on a thorough study of the history of the text of the “letter”: its draft manuscript copy in the “Second Masonic notebook”, its fair copy, and all lifetime publications.

The paper critically analyzes the burials of the Orel-Samara interfluve published as the early Sarmatian assemblages. Due to wrongly determined ceramics and confusion in numbering of barrows and other subjective reasons they were interpreted and dated incorrectly. The paper offers the objective analysis of the sites under discussion and their real dating. The collection of Dr. Kostenko presents two burials (Spasskoye-Verkhnyaya Maevka, Pereshchepino) belonging to Belozerka culture, one (Novo-Podkryazh) belonging to Catacomb culture, several Sarmatian burials (Podgorodnoye, Aleksandrovka, Sokolovo), which were dated incorrectly (they belong to the later period in fact). In general, only 10 burials of the region can be dated to the 2nd – 1st centuries BC out of 22, which are considered early Sarmatian. These are the burials with Middle La Tиne fibulae (Zhemchuzhnoe, Bogdanovka, Lychkovo), mirrors of early types (Sokolovo, Proletarskoe) and the swords with crescent pommel (Zhemchuzhnoe, Terny, Preobrazhenka), with early Sarmatian ceramics (Kolpakovka). The “hoard” from Bulakhivka with silver bowls of the “real cone” type, phalerae and the cauldron of early shape also belongs to this time. According to the funeral rite and burial goods they indeed do not differ from the whole massif of the North Pontic region burials. These are inserted burials oriented mainly in the northern sector. The Orel-Samara interfluve was the north-western periphery of the Rhoxolans lands.

The paper has been prepared in connection with the 120th anniversary of the Zuevsky burial ground. Zuevsky (Zuevy Kliuchi I) burial ground is one of the few large Ananyino necropolises in the cis-Kama region, which items are used in cultural and chronological schemes of the early Iron Age antiquities. At the same time, there is still no complete publication of the monument. The author analyzes a collection of items used as the horse equipment. Details of horse harness during the I millennium BC got significant changes. Its comparative study in different regions allows to make conclusions of the horseman culture on the Kama river, time and directions of contacts with early nomade societies of Eurasia. The items of horse equipment take an important place in the dating and chronology of monuments. The selection of horse equipment in Zuevsky burial is not numerous, but it is represented by the most part of categories. Dating of ones fits into the framework of the middle period of the Ananyino culture (according to Sergey Kuzminykh and Andrew Chizhevsky) – 6th–5th BC. The items of horse equipment from the Zuevsky burials despite their fragmented nature demonstrate common features with other early Ananyino cemeteries. The presence in the materials of the burial ground of objects characteristic of the early Scythian complex allows the author to make an assumption about probably earlier beginning of the Zuevsky necropolis functioning.

The article is devoted to the objective reconstruction of Gogol's correspondence and biography. Dating of Gogol’s fifty letters to different correspondents are corrected. Exceptionally significant cases of erroneous dating, from some months to several years, are presented. The article does not consider those cases when the dating differs on one or two days, when Gogol sends a letter the next or the second day after it is written. Letters from all periods of Gogol's life and creative work: seven letters of 1840, six of 1849 and 1850, five of 1839, four of 1851, three of 1837, two of 1838, 1841, 1844, 1845, 1848 and 1852, one of 1822, 1836, 1840–1841, 1842, 1843 and one of 1848 or 1851 received a new dating corresponding to reality. Numerous historical and archival materials, biographical information, memoirs and epistolary sources etc. are used for argumentation.

The cave monastery of Saint Simeon by the Roghi Village on the Dniester River near the Moldavian town of Dubossary is the most mysterious historical and archaeological site of the Bug-Dniester interfluves. It was known at the end of the 18th century, but later scientists and villagers forgot about it. The article is devoted to the republishing of old works on this unique religious complex and the description of its objects (the church and the cell). Based on the analysis of images of stone crosses and a general historical situation in the Ottoman Ukraine, the author suggested that the monastery dates 1710s - 1730s.

The essay discusses Andrey Platonov’s story “A Juvenile Sea” and its place in his biography. The article describes external circumstances behind the story’s composition, Platonov’s unsuccessful attempts to publish the work as a whole, and how he then went on to rework it into a number of shorter stories. Everything concerning the story is very Platonovian. There is no certainty when it was written; its title is in question since Platonov kept changing it; its images, content, and authorial standpoint are bewildering. The story’s publication history — i.e. the manuscript, reviews of Platonov’s contemporaries and other documentary evidence — cast light on some of these difficulties. Collected together, they constitute an article “A Juvenile Case” — as the story was mistakenly transcribed by the OGPU (security police). The article relies on archival materials. It includes the story’s prehistory, a description of the manuscript and of the passages deleted from this manuscript. The latter help establish the nature of Platonov’s work and authorial standpoint. The article also includes all known references (both formal and casual) to the story by Platonov’s contemporaries and details of Platonov’s attempts to publish a short extract from the story under the title “Construction Materials and Equipment.” The aim of the article is documentary, i.e. to establish a chapter of Platonov’s biography as a writer in the literary context of his time, to collect all factual evidence about the story, and to provide objective information about its real-life context. The article establishes that the story “A Juvenile Sea” was written in the spring of 1932, that its subject matter is intimately connected to local historical events, and that Platonov had not succeeded in writing a work that was socialist in spirit.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article focuses on the problems around the exact dating of the final edition of Go- This article focuses on the problems around the exact dating of the final edition of Go gol’s play The Letigation read aloud by the author in house of Aksakov on his first return to Russia from abroad (1839–1840). Gogol’s reading is famous for a peculiar hoax: the author did not declare his intention to read the piece, so the listeners took hiccups of his fictional character for his own. Many remembered the incident but the notes of the memorialists on the date of the incident diverge. S.T. Aksakov mentions March 8, 1840 and I.I. Panaev — Summer of 1839. As the episode has not been hitherto dated, Gogol commentators put forward various conjectures about who of the memorialists made a mistake. Besides using all available biographical, epistolary, and memoir data for the analysis of this discrepancy, the author of the paper turns to the results of the textolog ical research of Litigation and typological comparison of Aksakov’s and Panaev’s mem oirs. Both had different goals and generic intentions and thereby we observe a different balance between facts and fiction in the memoirs of each. Aksakov made chronological records of his communication with Gogol that were too premature to publish. Panaev wrote for the upcoming issues of the journal Contemporary and was concerned with entertaining his audience. Analysis of the entire complex of existing data allows date Gogol’s hoax and, consequently, the final edition of the play by March 1840.

The article attempts to work out a method of dating I.A. Bunin’s fictional prose and to bring out the logic of the author’s dating. The article considers several variants of dating Bunin’s works either undated by the author, or with double or several author’s dates. The article specifies dates of some pieces of prose, and raises some questions concerning dating Bunin’s prose that are to be solved while working on the academic edition of Bunin’s collected works.

Copyright of Tyragetia is the property of National Museum of History of Moldova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the publication of a part of the collection of Marko Vovchok's letters dating back to early years of the 20th century. In particular, it studies Vasyl Domanytsky's letters to Marko Vovchok and her letters in reply to him. The story of publishing of the writer's letters started in 1920s. The fourth volume of Marko Vovchok's Stories (1928) edited by Oleksandr Doroshkevych contained, among others, 98 letters written by the author to various people and 120 letters addressed to her. Insufficient studying of Marko Vovchok's collection of letters caused a number of mistakes concerning their attribution in the edition, in particular, her letters to Vasyl Domanytsky were mistakenly attributed as letters to Fedir Matushevsky. The editors corrected this mistake in later editions, but they made some other mistakes during the preparation of the edition. The six letters from Vasyl Domanytsky that are analyzed here, were first published in Letters to Marko Vovchok (1979). Currently, 694 Marko Vovchok's letters and 527 letters addressed to her are published and available to scholars. The detailed analysis of this collection of letters rises a number of questions that need to be answered. Upon reading carefully correspondence between Marko Vovchok and Vasyl Domanytsky and notes to them as well as comparing their letters to their biographies, the author of the article suggests re-attributing some of the writer's letters addressed to Vasyl Domanytsky, Volodymyr Naumenko, and Fedir Matushevsky. The article also highlights incorrect commenting of some realia that are mentioned in the letters, which is often caused by incorrect dating. The offered version corresponds fully to well-known facts from the writer's biography and eliminates inconsistencies that were caused by incorrect attribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic principles of the method of standard sets of nuclides, which is the generalization of method of nuclear chronometers, were considered. The proposed method reviews all nuclides of the 232Th, 235U, 238U natural series. On a set of samples of various origins (geological, ceramical and technogenic samples) the comparison of the possibilities of the method of standard sets and the method of nuclear chronometers was conducted. The obtained duration of existence of standard sets in the samples corresponds well with the age of the samples obtained by the nuclear chronometer method.