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Objective: To justify the optimal method for determining indocyanine green plasma disappearance rate (PDR ICG )., Material and Methods: We analyzed PDR ICG in intensive care units. Indocyanine green was administered intravenously at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg. PDR ICG was analyzed simultaneously by using of three methods: 1) PDD (PiCCO2 LiMON device), 2) SBS with analysis of plasma samples on precise spectrophotometer, 3) SBS with analysis of plasma samples on simple experimental photometer., Results: PDD method was used for 346 PDR ICG tests in 256 patients. Of these, 14.3% of measurements were erroneous. Paired tests using PDD and SBS methods were performed in 299 cases. SBS method resulted erroneous data in 0.6% of cases. Certain correlation ( r =0.79, p <0.001) was found between the reference method (SBS with spectrophotometry) and the PDD method. Bland-Altman plot for these two methods showed that proportional bias of mean difference was caused by extremely high PDR ICG of the PDD method (for example, more than 30%/min). Comparison of two SBS variants (spectrophotometer and experimental photometer) revealed good correlation ( r =0.91, p <0.001)., Conclusion: SBS method for measuring PDR ICG ensures accurate results under mechanical interferences in patients with impaired capillary blood flow. This eliminates the need for redo measurement. Duplication of the PDD and SBS methods is recommended when repeating the test is not possible (organ donors).

Aim: To assess the effect of light scattering in the corneal epithelium on densitometric brightness of the stroma through mathematical modeling of the interaction between a light beam and the two-layer epithelium-stroma system., Material and Methods: In order to study the scattering behavior of a plane-parallel non-coherent beam at the epithelium-stroma interface, a multi-age group was formed (87 patients, 174 eyes) that comprised two subgroups with equal number of assign participants: healthy patients with no systemic changes and mixed patients with undisturbed corneal transparency that, nevertheless, were under instillation therapy. In the first subgroup, the assessment of light scattering was done at random times, while in the second subgroup - within the first 200 seconds after the instillation in order to avoid a reaction of the ocular surface structures, including epithelium (rapid response of epithelial cells to instillations). Light scattering intensity was measured with Pentacam (USA). The densitometric curve and brightness maxima of the epithelium and neighboring stroma as well as the mid and upper stroma were recorded for each patient., Results: A physico-mathematical model of the interaction between a light beam and the two-layer epithelium-stroma system was created. The study confirmed our theoretical CONCLUSION: on the effect size of light scattering intensity on the apparent densitometric brightness of the stroma., Conclusion: Direct densitometry of multilayered spherical objects, of which each layer possesses its own optical properties, has been proved inaccurate. Complex optical interactions in a multilayered model cause a false increase in brightness of more transparent layers that lie behind those with pronounced light scattering properties. The function that describes the false increase in scattering ability of the layer that is more transparent rises sharply at the border between the layers.

The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers on the relationship between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis, as well as common pathogenetic processes underlying these diseases. The data of modern researches, devoted to the correlation of lesions of periodontal and systemic diseases associated with metabolic syndrome. In the article analyzed also the data of the original study of the interaction of periodontitis and metabolic syndrome, which also used special methods of examination like Doppler ultrasound microcirculatory vasculature of the periodontal tissues and ultrasound densitometry. The possible methods of diagnostics of a condition of periodontal tissues in patients with metabolic syndrome are considered. Conclusions about the relationship of each component of metabolic syndrome with periodontitis are made.

The optimal conditions for isolation of naphazoline from naphthyzin preparations and biological fluids with chloroform at pH 9.18 are described. The compound of interest was identified with the use of color and precipitation reactions, IR and UV spectroscopy, thin-layer and gas chromatography, and chemical methods including high performance liquid chromatography, chromatodensitometry, and UV spectroscopy. The results obtained by the three methods are comparable.

Results of combined ultrasound scanning for estimation of acoustic lens density and biometric relations of lens and other eye structures are presented. A group of 124 patients (189 eyes) was studied; they were subdivided depending on age and length of anteroposterior axis of the eye. Examination algorithm was developed that allows selective estimation of acoustic density of different lens zones and biometric measurements including volumetric. Age-related increase of acoustic density of different lens zones was revealed that indirectly shows method efficiency. Biometric studies showed almost concurring volumetric lens measurements in "normal" and "short" eyes in spite of significantly thicker central zone of the latter. Significantly lower correlation between anterior chamber volume and width of its angle was revealed in "short" eyes and "normal" and "long" eyes (correlation coefficients 0.37, 0.68 and 0.63 respectively).

We use perfusion roller debitometry as an original method of flowmetry. Roller pump enables to support perfusion pressure at constant level. This way, we can estimate the flow rate of distal vascular throughput at aorto-femoral and femoro-popliteal reconstruction for success of operation.

Authors have studied 484 patients, aged from 35 to 55 years (mean - 41.0+/-1.4 years), in the early stages of cerebrovascular insufficiency. Computed morphodensitometry of erythrocytes, the study of their deformation and aggregation capacity have been used. It have studied the subpopulation content of erythrocytes and determined their morphometric parameters. The morphodensitometric changes in erythrocytes were correlated with disturbances of their functions (aggregation properties, deformation, gas transfer ability) that had the most impact on the hemodynamics of the microcirculation stream. Clinical and laboratory studies revealed that the morphofunctional changes in erythrocytes appeared earlier and played a key pathogenetic role in the formation and progression of cerebral ischemic hypoxia.

The target of the presented research is to study the indices of the bone mineral density among the male population from the high mountainous areas of Adjara (Georgia). The risk factors were revealed. The research was based on the analyses of special questionnaire filled in by 312 ethnic Georgian males, natives of Adjara highlands (Khulo, Shuakhevi, Keda), from 16 to 70 years old, which underwent medical examination. Characteristic of the bone mineral density was obtained by a densitometric method of investigation. It was found that male population from the high mountainous areas of Adjara were under the impact of factors provoking the osteoporosis (in 30 % of cases osteoporosis was revealed; in 28 % of cases--osteopenia). Frequency of osteopenia was higher in males under 35 years old. The investigation showed that 42% of the bone breakages occur in males under 35 years old. It is supposed that in the high mountainous areas of Adjara the pick of bone mass is obtained much later than is the accepted norm. The results of the study indicate that mineralization of the bones and the related breakages are among the health problems of the high mountainous Adjara population. There is a deficiency in provision males with the necessary information concerning osteoporosis. However, the farm life and given preference to dairy products in the nutrition ration supplies the population with the necessary norm for the architectonics of the bone. The high frequency rate of osteopenia among young males is a risk for future complications of the disease.

The aim of the presented research is to study the indices of the bone mineral density among female population of the high mountainous Adjara (Georgia) and reveal risk factors which affect the process of mineralization in females. The research is based on the analyses of special questionnaire filled in by 422 ethnic Georgian females, natives of Adjara highlands (Khulo, Shuakhevi, Keda), from 18 to 82 years old, which underwent medical examination. Characteristic of the bone mineral density was obtained by a densitometric method of investigation. It was found that female population from the high mountainous areas of Adjara were under the impact of factors provoking the osteoporosis (in 40 % of cases osteoporosis was revealed; in 24 % of cases--osteopenia). Investigation showed that 60 % of the breakages occur among females above 35 years old. The females above 50 years old suffer from breakages of lower limbs. The coefficient of the gender-related problems (late menarche, early menopause, long-term lactation) influencing the bone mineralization among the female population of the high mountainous Adjara is very high. The latter fact indicates the necessity of package correction of the bone mineral density among the female population of the high mountainous Adjara.

Over 3500 cases of long bone fracture in children and adolescents were analysed by objective methods including USG, CT, osteodensitometry, thermography, polarography, and radionuclide studies. A group of patients with delayed consolidation of bone fragments was distinguished based on the results of clinical and instrumental investigations. Diagnostic criteria and early signs of delayed consolidation were established. Methods for the treatment of such children were improved taking into account localization of the fracture, clinical signs of delayed consolidation and its underlying causes.

The review deals with the analysis of osteodensitometry data from the cosmonauts flown on Russian space station MIR and the International space station and suppositions about involvement of different levels of metabolism regulation in bone loss triggered by insufficient mechanic loading in microgravity attendant by redistribution of body liquids. It is surmised that the initial reactions are associated with the biomechanical factor and recruitment of local mechanisms, i.e. osteocyte osteolysis and inhibition of osteoblast histogenesis. Regulation on the level of tissues and organs is responsible for destabilization of calcium homeostasis (low calcium absorption in the intestine and readsorption in the kidney). Changes in the hierarchy of ion and volume regulation may provoke osteoclast resorption which further increases osteopenia.

The paper deals with the densitometric study of 3000 persons due to 21 to 85 years. It presents the major common risk factors of osteoporosis and osteopenia and the indices of bone mineral density in relation to age, risk factors, and a history of bone fractures. Groups of the examinees were formed according to the history and densitometric data. Based on the findings, the author has substantiated a methodological approach to using X-ray densitometry in the identified groups.

The paper reviews the development of osteodensitometric equipment. The comparative characteristics of techniques for densitometry are presented. Their advantages and disadvantages are assessed.

The authors studies bone mineral density (BMD) was studied by ultrasound densitometry of the calcaneus on an Achilles + device (Lunar, USA) and phosphorus and calcium metabolism in patients with vibration disease. The patients' age ranged from 41 to 61 years. A control group comprised 88 healthy males of the same age. Long-term exposure to systemic and local vibration causes a reduction in the mineral density of bony tissue in the presence of slightly enhanced bone resorption.

The implication was studied of such factors as occurrence of the affliction, sex, inflammation activity, joint functional inadequacies, intake of steroids in the development of osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Determined in the above patients were RRF, SOS, BUA with the aid of the ultrasonic densitometer UBIS 5000 of the DMS (FRANCIUM) firm. Of the 42 examined patients, osteoporosis was identified in 28.5 percent, osteopenia in 45.3 percent of cases, the degree associated with RA duration, inflammation activity, function disorders of the joints favored by intensification of processes of osteal resorption in rheumatoid arthritis.

Summary, The paper analyzes the Russian market of ultrasound densitometric devices. Based on the sales statistics, the development of this market is forecast. A comparative review of various types of equipment is given and the optimal outline of an ultrasound densitometer is proposed.

Intensity of vasopressin gene expression was compared in neurosecretory cells of supraoptic, postoptic, paraventricular and 6 accessory nuclei (extrahypothalamic included) of adult intact Wistar rats to study the morphofunctional specialization of magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was revealed by radioautographic in situ hybridization, using 35S labelled exonic-intronic probe. By densitometry the amount of label was shown not to differ significantly in neurosecretory cells of all nuclei studied. The latter reflects similar basal level of vasopressin gene expression in all magnocellular nuclei of intact rats. The explanations of this fact as well as possible perspectives of studying molecular biological basis of functional specialization of different magnocellular hypothalamic formations are discussed.

The aim of study was the development of a diagnostic device for the determination and analysis of the optic densities of various lenticular laminae on the basis of computer-aided system for analysis of TV images (CASATI). The potentialities of the developed system were evaluated in examinations of 57 diabetics, aged 27 to 78, with opacities beneath the posterior capsule and in the cortical layers of the lens. The reference group consisted of 48 normal subjects without noticeable lens opacities, aged 23 to 76. Comparative densitometry of the lens was carried out in the same patients by reproductive microdensitometry and CASATI. The new method permitted an objective assessment of the optic densities of various layers of the lens and may be used to predict the development of opacities therein. Another possible application of this method is the assessment of the conjunctival vessels status and prediction of the course of various diseases and monitoring the efficacy of therapy thereof.

Basing on the clinical evidence, a comparative study was made of a diagnostic significance of ECG, biochemical findings and blood density in myocardial infarction. Unlike the former two criteria, changes in blood density allowed the clinicians to detect irreversible lesions in the myocardium. The method has advantages in prehospital diagnosis of the infarction as its efficacy at the very onset of the disease is superior to that of ECG. In view of blood density diagnosis of myocardial infarction convenience for practical use, reproducibility, ability to provide information when routine modalities fail to determine the ischemic myocardial lesion, it can be introduced as an adjuvant diagnostic means for cardiologic and common emergency teams.

Principally new, simple and objective method for investigation of human hair density is suggested. Hair identity in relation to a concrete person can be confirmed or excluded by statistical processing of the results obtained.

The activity and isoenzyme spectrum of creatine kinase (CK) were studied in cytosole fraction 60 of the mammary gland carcinoma (MGC) and in the corresponding unchanged tissues. The values of the CK activity in MGC were found to be highly different (0.05-14.6 unit/g of tissue). The correlation of CK activity in MGC with the menstrual function was revealed. Enhancement in the CK activity is due to an increase in the BB-isoenzyme activity and an appearance of atypical supplementary MM1-isoenzyme is, possibly, of mitochondrial origin. These isoenzymes may be nonspecific markers of malignancy and may be used for diagnosis of mammary gland carcinoma.

A new method of objective estimation of material distribution in micro objects is described, namely, computing of the coefficient of mutual location of particles, while the cell image is presented as a digital map. The two methods of estimation of distribution of the material are compared - the coefficient of mutual location and the texture coefficient. Advisability of the parallel use of both the methods is substantiated.

Nine microdensitometric signs (MDMS) of chromatin in cell cultures have been investigated after injecting with 11 viruses of three taxonomic groups. The technics of numeric comparison of systems demonstrated a high specificity of chromatin alterations in relation to the taxonomic position of viruses. The cultures of different groups differ in their MDMS. The group-to-group relations in respect to MDMS are expressed by even more numerous differencies. A test value is suggested to appreciate the specificity in groups of alterations measured upon the great number of signs.

Total phosphorus was estimated after mineralization of a sample, containing organic phosphoesters and proteins; a method is based on the formation of phosphomolybdenovanadium complex at acid pH. The analyses for inorganic phosphorus were carried our together with estimation if some labile phosphoesters (glucose-I-phosphate, ADP, ATP), which was possible due to low acidity of the medium (0.24 N HC1O4), small concentrations of reagents (3.2 mg/ml of molybdate, 0.08 mg/ml vanadate), addition of sodium citrate to neutralize the excess of molybdenovanadium acid and extraction of the colored complex with butyl or isobutyl alcohol. Optical density was measured at two wave lengths (340 nm and 390 nm) which enabled to estimate from 0.5 to 80 microng of phosphrorus in a sample.

The presence, distribution and spatial arrangement of biopolymers in situ were studied in both a total intact spore and in a certain cellular layer using a spectroscopic technique of attenuated total refraction (ATR-IR) in the IR region. In contrast to vegetative cells, intact spores were characterized by isotropic distribution of protein components. This feature can be regarded as an index of the cryptobiotic state of spores. However, the distribution of protein components among individual layers of a spore was anisotropic. Bonds characterized by amide I and amide II bands were most often ordered in a layer which comprised cellular structures from the exosporium to the inner spore membrane.

The phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase A1 activities were determined in various mixtures. When estimating the phospholipase A2 activity in venoms of snakes and insects the known methods based on measuring a change in the optical density of the egg yolk suspension are not acceptible if in investigated object besides phospholipases lysophospholipases are present (venoms of viper and giant hornet). In this case anomalous curves of changes in the system optical density in time are obtained. At the same time the analysis of such curves revealed that the method can be rather sensitive for determining lysophospholipases in venoms, as well as in phospholipase preparations of different purification, including electrophoretically homogeneous preparations. The results obtained enabled us to estimate the content of phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase A1 in the venom of giant hornet and in its fractions, obtained during isolation and purification of the concerned enzymes.

A technique for the quantitative determining of nucleic acids after electrophoresis by double-wave densitometry in UV spectrum by scanning agar gel along both axes was developed. Optical characteristics of agar and acrylamide-agar gels are given. The range of quantities measured is 6 divided by 30 micrograms of DNA per gel; the standard deviation adjusted to 1 microgram is less than +/- 3%.

The parameters affecting the determination of the amount of DNA in gels have been studied. The conditions have been offered for photographing gels, for the development of the negatives, choosing the time of exposition and DNA amounts providing for the work in the linear area of the characteristic curve.

The effect of membrane active antibiotics, such as gramicidin S, its derivatives and carbonyl-conjugated pentaens on suspended bacterial protoplasts resulted in lysis of the protoplasts accompanied by a marked decrease in the optical density (OD) of the suspensions. However, when the drug concentrations were lower than those inducing the lysis, an increase in the suspension OD by 10-30 per cent as compared to the control values of the OD was often observed. The increase in the protoplast suspension OD was most pronounced with the use of the drugs with a relatively low lytic activity or under the conditions lowering the lytic activity of the antibiotics. Under such conditions no agglutination of the protoplasts was observed. The comparative estimation of the protoplast diameters by the method of Klenin et al. in the control suspensions of M. lysodeikticus protoplasts and in the suspensions with a stable increase in the OD showed that the OD increase was associated with swelling of the protoplasts: an increase in the suspension OD by approximately 30 per cent corresponded to an increase in the protoplast diameter by approximately 15 per cent. The observed increasing of the suspension OD must be due to the fact that the membrane active antibiotics induced a decrease in the osmotic stability of the protoplasts not sufficient for their lysis.

Digitized images of Feulgen-stained normal murine T and B lymphocytes were analyzed by the computer and microphotometry. Differences between these cells were revealed. The entropy of optical density was found to show highly significant differences between T and B cells. The application of the automatic classification of T and B lymphocytes is discussed.