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Introduction. Cerebrovascular diseases are a medical and social problem for developed countries in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. The study of special mortality rates makes it possible to study in depth the nature of this pathology, its intensity among the population and to formulate reasoned program solutions aimed at reducing its frequency in the population.The aim of the research is to identify trends and features of the dynamics of mortality in connection with cerebrovascular diseases in different age and sex groups of Irkutsk Region population.Materials and methods. The subject of the research is deaths from cerebrovascular diseases among Irkutsk Region population for the period of 2000–2020. A continuous method of statistical observation was used; the grouping of the material was carried out by distributing the deceased by sex and five-year age interval, with subsequent calculation of mortality tables. The dynamics of the quantitative measure of mortality was determined by calculating the matrix of time series indicators.Results and discussion. For the period of 2000–2020, in the Irkutsk Region, there was a decrease in mortality rates from cerebrovascular diseases both among the male and female population. Mortality rates by sex are higher among the male population, as indicated by the ratio of the ratio of mortality between men and women in all age intervals. The multiplicity of the ratio of indicators increases during the research period from the maximum values of 2.1 times in 2000 to 5.0 times in 2020. The maximum difference shifts from the age of 55–59 to the age group of 40–44. The intensity of mortality reduction in the dynamics of 2000–2020 among the female population is higher than the male. Based on the results of the analysis of the time series, it was found that the age-specific exponent of mortality in the content of 1 % of the mortality increase has a more pronounced quantitative measure for the male population.Conclusion. As the result of the research, for twenty-year observation period a decrease in mortality rates from cerebrovascular diseases was revealed. The age-specific mortality rate from cerebrovascular diseases in the male population is higher than in the female population. The maximum intensity of the difference in mortality between men and women is reached in the working age groups. The content of the indicator 1% of increase in deaths in the male population is higher than that of the female. State policy in the development and implementation of target-oriented programs for reduction of mortality should be based on thorough analysis of data of administrative districts.

The article presents experience of different countries in promoting separate collection of waste. The purpose of the article is to summarize the scientific conclusions of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of household waste management. The author provides an overview of current scientific publications from Russian and foreign sources on the methods used in different countries to stimulate separate collection of household waste, successful results and problems of implementation, directions of waste management policy. The study evaluates the methods of stimulating separate collection in different countries. The policy of household waste management in Western Europe, the USA and Japan receives a high scientific assessment, the principles of stimulating sepa rate collection are enshrined in legislation. New in the practice of separate waste collection is the search for cost-effective and most environmentally friendly technologies. In the countries of Eastern Europe, changes in traditions and organization of housing and communal services are required to meet the high standards of developed countries. Some countries are implementing separate waste policy elements. China is seeking a comprehensive incentive for separate collection. The scientific assessment of international experience can be used in the formation of a comprehensive waste management policy in Russia.

The subject of the study is the financial system and monetary regulation of the economy during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. The purpose of the article is to investigate the monetary policy pursued by the national Central banks of developed countries in the context of the economic crisis caused by pandemic. The paper uses comparative analysis, a systematic approach to the study of information, as well as graphical and tabular methods. The author considers monetary policy instruments used by national Central banks of developed countries to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on the real sector of the economy. The study reveals distinctive features of anti-crisis measures of monetary regulation bodies.

The article considers the issue of achieving the most stable socio-economic situation in the countries of Western Europe. The paper highlights socio-economic factors that characterize states with a developed economic system. The authors make a comparative analysis of the macroeconomic indicators of countries with a developed socio-economic situation: Germany, France and the United Kingdom. The study notes the relationship between the sectors of the economy that have allowed developed countries to achieve the greatest results at present time. Based on the study, the authors identify the main provisions that stimulate the economic and social development of the considered states.

Sudden out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is the third leading cause of death in industrialized nations.While educating lay bystanders in CPR is clearly the most important way to increase survival in this third leading cause of death and the community programs are helpful, it is less easy to reach the entire population if programs are not obligatory. Therefore experts see the need for obligatory inclusion of CPR education in schools. And this is exactly our clear expectation to all politicians involved in health care and school politics worldwide. Until this is reality in all countries, we invite everyone to help to convince the responsible politicians and to take part in campaigns like KIDS SAVE LIVES and WRAH.

The state of Canada’s tax system has been studied. The structure of taxation in Canada, in particular current issues of tax control over taxpayers, have been considered. In the course of the study, regulative, complex methods of studying the tax system in Canada, general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge: systematic and functional-structural, comparative analysis were used. It has been revealed that the tax system in Canada is more sparing and effective then in other countries. Canada, unlike other developed countries, has a higher degree of decentralization, when, with a significant impact of federal authorities, the provinces play a significant role in the formation of the concept of the national economy. This state is able to provide its citizens with a high standard of living, decent wages and quite loyal tax system.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) occupy a leading place in the structure of non-infectious pathology in adults and are the main cause of early disability and premature death in most economically developed countries. According to recent epidemiological studies, there has been a significant increase in both high normal blood pressure (BP) and arterial hypertension (AH) among children and adolescents. This applies to the greatest extent to adolescent children, while AH is detected from 4 to 22% of those surveyed, depending on the age of the surveyed and the selected criteria.

The issue of the effectiveness of state support for sectors of the domestic economy, engaged in the development and production of products using high technologies, has been considered. Вased on the analysis of indicators characterizing the effectiveness of state support measures in this area, the conclusion has been made about the lack of effectiveness of this activity. It also has been concluded, that measures to support the domestic economy sectors related to its high-tech segment by the state are insufficient, which leads to backwardness of Russia behind the leading economically developed countries (the USA, Japan, Germany) in the development of high-tech industries of the civil sphere. This situation requires the adoption of measures to support and develop the high-tech segment of the domestic economy at the state level. The condition for increasing the effectiveness of measures of state support for the high-tech complex is to increase allocations for R&D in those industries whose products are able to compete with or surpass similar foreign models on an equal basis.

Introduction. Cardiovascular events at a young age are often the first manifestation of a genetic disorder such as familial hypercholesterolemia. High cholesterol levels, xanthomas and xanthelasmas, as well as a positive family history of cardiovascular disease, make it possible to identify a group of patients subject to genetic research. The identification of a specific mutation helps to determine further strategy not only for a patient, but also to his or her immediate relatives, thereby effectively conducting both secondary and primary prevention of atherosclerosis complications.Brief description. Using the example of patients from the Krasnodar Lipid Center, the relevance of genetic testing and cascade screening is demonstrated. We show problems of delayed diagnosis and low medical adherence, as well as the ways to optimize care for patients with genetic lipid metabolism disorders.Discussion. The rise in the incidence of cardiovascular events at a young age in developed countries prompts the search for more improved screening and diagnostic methods for familial hypercholesterolemia. The optimal age of initiation of lipid-lowering therapy in children with established familial hypercholesterolemia is also discussed. While secondary prevention appears to be clearer, there is still insufficient achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets in patients with a previous cardiovascular event.

The topic of increasing labor productivity for Russia is the most important task, without which the country will have no prospects for reaching the level of developed countries in the world. The results of labor productivity growth have a positive effect on personnel, capital, manufactured products, increased competitiveness, reduced costs, increased sales and profits. In this regard, at the federal level, a national project “Labor productivity and employment support” was developed and approved. The paper considers approaches to the concept of labor productivity, which differ among specialists of various profiles. Many of them mix the terms “efficiency” and “productivity”. A significant number of publications on the topic of labor productivity are actually devoted to efficiency, although efficiency and labor productivity are concepts that are not identical. It should be noted that labor productivity is associated with almost all performance criteria and is the most important of them. The factors that affect the productivity of a subsidiary to develop proposals for updating strategic documents determining its development in the future are analyzed. The factors of labor productivity according to the principle of taxonomy are considered. The main constraints to the growth of labor productivity are determined. The issues of increasing labor productivity are considered. The calculation of the total weight development coefficient of the personnel of one of the subsidiaries showed its growth of over 30%.

Just like the vast majority of diseases, constipation is now associated with civilization and urbanization. According to epidemiological data, up to 30% of the adult population of economically developed countries suffer from this nosology, among which women predominate. It is known that only one of four patients suffering from stool retention visit a specialist. The rest confine themselves to the advice of friends, reading of popular medical literature or consulting a pharmacist at the pharmacy. Thus, only 25% of our patients receive medical care (we cannot talk about quality, nevertheless, the care is medical), and 75%, as a rule, only periodically try to set off this condition. Constipation is dangerous as it may cause the development of complications: secondary colitis, proctosigmoiditis, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, paraproctitis and the most threatening disease – colorectal cancer. Therapy for constipation should first begin with lifestyle changes. The irritating agents that enhance secretion are the drugs that are most frequently used, because they very quickly and reliably achieve the effect. Thus, among the most commonly used and effective ones are sodium picosulfate (Regulax®) preparations.

Currently, one of the important tasks of the economic policy of Russia is the formation of a hightech image of the national economy, capable of effective functioning in the changing global geopolitical and geoeconomic conditions. In this context, the issue of revitalization of mechanical engineering, which plays a key role in the development of the country’s economy, is of particular relevance. This sector is a link between scientific and technological progress and the level of provision of domestic producers with domestic machines and equipment, allowing them to produce competitive products and to a lesser extent depend on the state of the external environment. The example of the developed countries of the world shows that the development of advanced engineering technology significantly increases the efficiency of the national economy, helps to accelerate its growth. At the same time, in Russia, in order to unleash the scientific and technical potential and activate engineering, it is necessary to initiate modernization processes in it. Based on the foregoing, the purpose of the study is to analyze the state of Russian engineering from the position of its role in the country’s economy. It is shown that at present a significant barrier to the development of this sector is the predominance of imported equipment, due to technical and operational characteristics, often superior to domestic counterparts.

The incidence of bed sores in patients in the developed countries is about the same and amounts to 16% of the complications of other diseases (US and UK). At the same time, according to the results of a specialized US study (Brandeis G.H., Morris J.N., 1990), if the caregivers were specially trained nurses and attendants, the prevalence of bed sores was reduced by 2-3 times. Mortality in patients with decubitus ulcers, according to different authors, varies widely (21-88,1%). Such patients died of wound sepsis.

Lack of physical activity (PA) is considered as one of the risk factors for a number of chronic non-communicable diseases. The sedentary lifestyle of a significant part of developed countries population, along with the insufficient effectiveness of traditional tools to stimulate the PA of the population, determine the interest of healthcare in optimizing urban space for increasing PA. In Russia, the number of studies in this area is extremely small, which determines the purpose of this review: presentation of the foreign results of the implementation of practical concepts and programs for optimizing urban space, as well as prospective studies that demonstrate the most evidence-based causal relationships of PA changes. Focus in prevention of diseases in Russia over the past decade, determines the scientific interest in risk factors, the features of its formation, and possible ways of implementation. In this regard, the results of such topics will be in demand by Russian health care, which will require the conduct of own Russian studies, taking into account foreign experience.

The problem of population decline, economic activity decrease and deterioration of investment attractiveness has become topical on the agenda of sustainable development of industrial or single-industry cities in most developed countries (uSA, Eu, Australia) during the last century. New urban trends are increasing of the economic efficiency of urban areas usage, encouraging restrain of the population, including youth and employable people, and attracting new ones through the creation of required jobs and the formation of comfortable living conditions. All of these demanded the mechanisms and tools development for the social and economic development of cities. world experience has accumulated various approaches to the transformation of shrinking cities — economic and financial instruments supporting the development and provision of partnership of key stakeholders of cities, integrated urban development programs, tools for optimizing the spatial and territorial structure of cities, etc. The paper analyzes the existing practices of application of administrative and organizational mechanisms for the spatial development of shrinking cities in the united States, Britain, Germany, Spain and Australia. Based on the analysis, key conclusions are drawn about the factors that divide the trajectories from decline to the cities restoration. The practical significance of the conclusions lies in the possibility of using them in the development of strategies and programs for the russian cities development that are experiencing a tendency towards a contraction of economic and territorial space.

The effectiveness of state regulation of the agro – industrial complex of Russia and the efficiency of business activities of organizations-participants of industry markets is largely determined by the competent use of methods and tools used in the advanced countries of the world. For our country, the mechanisms of the former Soviet republics are the most acceptable. The study of the experience of these countries allows for more rapid and flexible market reforms, as well as to implement measures to stabilize the activities of agricultural organizations, processing enterprises and infrastructure entities in modern conditions, due to the fact that the transformation of their activities is significantly influenced by the factors of changes in the macro environment. It should be noted that in the current conditions, the management of risks that form threats to national security is due, among other things, to take into account the foreign economic and foreign policy situation and the international situation on the market of grain and products of its processing. The effective mechanisms of state management of integration processes in the technological chain of grain market organizations used in the Republic of Kazakhstan are considered. The features of integration tools caused by the development of market relations are revealed. Measures of state influence on regulation of functioning of the market of food wheat for the purpose of strengthening of food security and export potential of the country are established. The need to adapt the experience of Kazakhstan in reforming the Russian agroindustrial complex, which is important for strengthening the socio-economic stability of the state and the development of measures taking into account the transformation of interstate integration processes.

As a result of the development of automation and robotization in the economy of developed countries, the need for labor is reduced, which entails a decline in employment. Given the preservation of existing trends, the labor society is transformed into a rent society, with leisure being the main occupation of the majority of its members. In this regard, concerns are voiced about the loss of habitual meaning of life and, as a consequence, the degradation of the individual and society. The author puts forward a thesis that social activity is more natural (that is, biologically conditioned) for a human being than labor. In support of this fact factual evidence is given, which indicates that for most of their history people have practiced an appropriating economy, which allowed for achieving maximum production with minimal labor. Thus, members of pre-agricultural and extra-agricultural communities could devote most of their time to rest, communication and a variety of group rituals. It is possible that in the emerging post-labor society there will be a similar situation, and the close future might turn out to be similar to the distant past.

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Osteoporosis and its complications (low-energy fractures) are one of the significant health problems in many developed countries. Socio-economic costs aimed at the prevention and treatment of this disease are increasing every year due to the increased life expectancy of the population. Almost all drugs with an anti-fracture effect for the treatment of osteoporosis, which are used in the world, are used in Russia. However, the incidence of fractures in the population is reduced insufficiently, which is due to not so much ineffective treatment as to low adherence to it. The article presents data of the observational study of 154 patients (4 men and 150 women, mean age 65 ± 7 years), who had osteoporotic fractures of four main localizations. Only 36% of the questioned persons started taking pathogenetic drugs. Patients with rheumatic diseases, which were followed up by a rheumatologist, received treatment statistically more often. When analysing the reasons for the absence of pathogenetic therapy for osteoporosis, it turned out that no recommendations of a traumatologist, a therapist or general practitioner, who followed up patients after a fracture, were provided in 36% of cases. Not a single patient had their repeated fracture risk estimated using FRAX probabilities, and only 12% of people were referred to densitometric examination. After consultation in a specialized osteoporosis center, the proportion of people who started taking anti-osteoporotic therapy increased almost 2 times.

Presented are the results of foreign research devoted to «his and her marriages» in different countries. It is concluded that, in developed countries at the century, the differences in the psychological and physical well-being of men and women of different married status had decreased significantly in comparison to the second halfof the 20th century, when the classic book of Jessie Bernard «The future of marriage» was published. This is in no small part due to the economic and legal liberation of women. At the same time the well-being of men and women in marriage differs in various countries, ethnic/racial and professional groups. This article deals with empirical data concerning similarities/differences in the indicators of psychological well-being and lifestyles of parents of underage children, men and women ofvarious marital, professional, age and religious groups in Russia. Data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-NRI-HSE, representative sample for the year 2016), Comprehensive monitoring of living conditions (GKS RF, KOUZH-2016) and Statistical Survey of Income and Participation in Social Programs (GKS RF, VNDN-2012, 2016) have been used. Confirmed is the hypothesis on the advantages of married status (including remarriage) in terms of the well-being of parents, men and, to a lesser extent, women in Russia. Determined are the differences in lifestyle and the psychological well-being of men and women of varying marital status among certain professional groups and creeds. Indicated are certain directions for further research in the field of marriage.

Relevance.In recent years, the world has seen a high prevalence and mortality from respiratory diseases. This entails high economic costs for most developed countries. Objective: to conduct a content analysis of sources that provide information on the incidence and the population and soldiers of respiratory diseases and indicators characterizing it.Materials and methods.A content analysis of 50 sources of scientific literature devoted to the problem of respiratory diseases and published in 2009–2017 was conducted using domestic and foreign databases (PubMed, eLibrary, KiberLeninka). The paper also considered information from the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat). The incidence rates of this type of pathology among the population over a long period (2000–2016) and among military personnel for 2003–2016 were analyzed.Conclusion.Based on the analysis of the data, risk factors for the development of respiratory diseases were identified, as well as socio-economic damage caused to the militarians with community-acquired pneumonia.

The goal of this review is to inform doctors about new opioids currently used for routine medical practice in the most developed countries. This publication contains brief history, describes main mechanisms of opioid action, types and specific functioning of opioid receptors, it presents pharmacological parameters of the most frequently used opioids and their specific use in the clinical practice. In the light of increased interest towards pain management with opioids, the article will be useful for broad audience of doctors treating acute and chronic pain.

Purpose: to analyze participation in the international trade of the separate groups of the countries - developed, developing and also with a transitional economy. Not only the level of development of their economies, but also the economy type, ability of transformation in market economy is the cornerstone of division of the countries. Dynamics of indicators from 2000 for 2015 is considered. The particular emphasis is placed on asymmetric influence of crises that is connected, first of all, with distinctions in structure of the economies, presence and prevalence of an oil and gas component of export at the certain countries to which number it is also possible to carry Russia. Methods: the author uses wide methodology, including analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction, temporary extrapolation, mathematicalstatistical and graphic methods. Results: the revealed trends of development allow to reveal the prospects of further speeding up of positions of so-called high-growth economies at preservation of the leading role of developed countries. At the same time the role of Russia, despite a high level of gas and oil in its export, increases that is confirmed by growth not only absolute, but also relative indicators. Conclusions and Relevance: the materials stated in the article represent not only scientific, but also practical interest as allow to estimate the prospects of participation in the international trade of actors of the various groups of countries taking into account the level of their economic development. The main countries drivers among the developed countries, developing countries and countries with economies in transition are defined; the main exporters and importers are revealed; the commodity structure of the world trade and the largest exporters are determined by various commodity positions; the commodity and geographical structure of the foreign trade of the developed, developing countries and countries with economies in transition is characterized for this purpose. Shift of the centers of influence towards the developing economies allows drawing conclusions on the level of the international competitiveness of their economies, however high sensitivity to the crises says about immaturity and need of further building of the hi-tech and service sector that it is more characteristic of the developed countries. Russia continues to take the central place among the countries with economies in transition, being focused in foreign trade on the EU and China. Structural disproportions in its national economy predetermine high sensitivity to pricing on power raw materials without which decrease speeding up of positions on the world scene is impossible.

The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related disorders has been increasing in the world during last decades, reaching the level of epidemics, being one of the key challenge for medical society and healthcare systems in developed countries. Aim . To evaluate the trends of arterial hypertension (AH) and obesity in Russia for the last 20 years. Material and methods . Into analysis, the results form 3 studies included, by identical protocol, performed in 1993, 2003, 2013 with participation of the National Research Center for Preventive Medicine. The data of general investigation was analyzed, of 55640 men and women at the age 25-64 y.o. In the analysis, the social and demographic data was included, AH, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, heart rate. Results . The prevalence of AH in men in 1993 was 43,0%, declining by 2003 to 36,9%, and significantly increased in 2013 (47,3%). From 2003 to 2013 the prevalence of AH increased by approx. 20%, and of obesity — raised two times during the period. In females, contrary, AH prevalence decreased from 1993 to 2013; and if during 1993-2003 gradient was 15,4%, in 2003-2013 only 6,3%. If in 1993 the prevalence of AH predominated in females, in 2013 — in males. The relation of obesity and AH was assessed for every year of observation, by gender, in multiple regression model. It was found that, if corrected by age, educational level, smoking, alcohol consumption, and increased heartrate, chance of AH increases with obesity rate increase in both genders, 4,5-18 times. In men as in women the weakest relation of AH and obesity was found in 1993. Conclusion . Taken recent tendencies, it is important to develop strategies of prevention and management of obesity and AH, with the aim to decrease obesity-related AH development rate.

Non-specific back pain continues to be one of the leading causes of financial and economic costs in developed countries. The increasing popularity of interventional methods of pain treatment is linked to the high efficiency and rapid arresting of the disease symptoms. However, the use of invasive methods can be fraught with serious complications, especially when doctors do not understand the mechanisms for operation of drugs and make mistakes in the choice of therapy. A comprehensive, personalized approach to treating the patient with back pain requires, above all, the choice of non-invasive and safest methods of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation.

The article is devoted to the study of the international experience of insurance risks’ administration in construction industry and the possibility of its use in Ukraine. It has been underlined in the article that the pace of growth of construction industry depends on socio-economic development of social production in general, which leads to the need to create favorable conditions for the construction business. In this regard, as it has been stated in the article and knowing about the critical importance of the construction industry in the national economy, it is necessary to develop and engage appropriate governmental mechanisms of regulation of construction risks insurance. It is important to study and to analyze the best European practices in this sphere. The essence and principles of insurance of construction risks in the USA (specific feature of the USA insurance market is the lack of a unified system of governmental insurance), the UK (special authority of insurance regulation in the Department of Trade and Industry has very extensive powers on organization and control as well as it influences greatly activities of insurance companies), Germany (insurance market is divided between the two systems – governmental insurance and private insurance companies), Japan (insurance is carried out by private insurance companies, governmental organizations and cooperatives), Poland (feature of the Polish insurance market is the powerful consolidation of its structure), the Russian Federation (insurance is comprehensive and is based on specific insurance rules that allow providing insurance protection on conditions «with responsibility from all risks») and other countries have been studied in the article. The analysis of the international experience of risk insurance administration in construction area has allowed making the conclusion that insurance risk, which is connected with construction activities, extends to complex and expensive production technologies. Creation and use of such technologies is associated with the risk of accidents that cause the significant damage to their owners in developed countries. Such insurance of construction risks is especially developed in the USA, the UK and several other European countries. Some types of insurance that have their own features have been pointed out, such as: construction and installation insurance, including liability insurance to third parties in the construction and installation works; cars insurance from accidents; electronic equipment insurance; insurance of mobile equipment, including drilling; security engineering structures insurance (piers, dams, etc.) In general, governmental regulation of insurance activity in construction area is implemented in such forms as: the formation of the legal framework, the implementation of insurance supervision and control, the registration and licensing of the insurance. The regulation of the insurance sector is diverse in its nature. Processes of the regulation of the insurance business have to consider a number of diverse interests of both insurers and insurance holders. The effectiveness of the regulation depends on the fullness of consideration of long-term market factors.

The pandemic of obesity which today is taking over the developed countries is a socially relevant problem, as it entails the epidemic of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which are the leading cause of death and disability. Observed during the last decade, the trend towards increased mortality from cardiovascular disease in children and young adults is especially worrisome. [1]

Currently, one of the most common issues in medicine is antibiotics resistance. This relates to nosocomial and to communityacquired infections. This problem is common for economically developed countries of the whole world and in its significance must be placed side by side with issues of the threat to national security. In Russia annual mortality from nosocomial infection remains high and, unfortunately, this indicator doesn’t reduce from year to year [1].

The phenomenon of reindustrialization indeveloped countries is examined in thearticle. The role of the financial-economic crisis as a catalyst for the return of industries to the West is analyzed. The current industrial and technological modernization in the United States as the flagshipof the processes of reindustrialization ischaracterized. The key role of production based on the sixth technological structurein the development of geo-economicleadership of the country is emphasized.It is also revealed the importance of neoindustrialization for the Russian economy.

The aim of this paper is to describe the experience of careeroriented activities carried out with students of schools in developed and developing countries. Career Guidance in Russia, despite the vast experience of its implementation, is experiencing serious difficulties. In this regard, it is important to take into account the international experience career-oriented activities, such as in the developed countries of North America and the European Union as well as in several Asian countries with rapidly growing economies and a large demographic potential, taking into account the best variants for the Russian education system. Methods . The experience of career-oriented work undertaken with pupils of the USA, Canada, Israel, France, UK, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Japan, Singapore, China and India is shown on the basis of the comparative analysis of different publications and information sources. The author has made an attempt to generalize the principles of psycho-pedagogical and administrative assistance in professional self-determination of senior pupils abroad. Scientific novelty . The approaches to career-oriented activities in countries with different levels of economic development are compared for the first time. Some principles are revealed. Firstly, the higher the income level per capita in the country, the greater attention is given to vocational guidance. The politics in the developed countries is based on interests of the individual: children’s acquaintance with the world of professions begins already at younger school and the moment of definitive selfdetermination is postponed till the end of their senior stage of education; the possibility of direction change of professional preparation in case of detection of discrepancy of qualities of the pupil to originally selected profile is provided. Career-oriented activity in developing countries, on the contrary, is rigidly coordinated to requirements of economy and a labour market; earlier fixing of professional preferences and less flexible relation to an unsuccessful choice of a speciality or profession of the youth is marked there. The most typical characteristics of foreign career-oriented schemes are the following: the organisation of continuous training lasting throughout all school; supervision over students’ achievements, propensities and hobbies; portfolio or cumulative files drafting and recording data of all pupil’s results while professional consulting and selection of entrants for vocational training continuation in colleges or high schools. The author points out the general characteristic: the economy requirement for high quality experts on the basis of selection of the pupils who are able to master high-end technologies and have an obvious potential of professional growth and personal development. Practical significance . The research materials and implementations can be useful to Russian career-and professional specialists, and the experts who are engaged in education management.

This article examines the modern approach to the treatment of arterial hypertension as one of the most important medical and social problems in the developed world, characterised by a high prevalence high risk of cardiovascular complications and occurrence along with comorbid diseases.

From the second half of the XX century, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the main problems of the modern medicine. Over the last two decades, developed countries demonstrated a marked decrease in all-cause mortality and CVD mortality, in particular. InRussia, since the mid-1960s, all-cause mortality gradually increased, with the proportion of CVD deaths being over 50 %, which led to unparalleled high levels of national mortality. In 2009, the absolute number of CVD deaths was 1136661, or 1 case out of 1,8. In other words, 3114 Russian people die from CVD every day. From 2004, all-cause mortality, including CVD mortality, started to decline, and this tendency has continued until at least 2009, as demonstrated by the mortality rate of 801 per 100,000. However, the mortality levels are still higher than in the late 1980s. The authors analysed the CVD dynamics between 2003 (the highest levels) and 2009 inclusive, using the official national statistics data. The last few years demonstrated a positive tendency of declining mortality. In particular, the all-cause mortality (deaths per 100,000) decreased from1644,2 in2003 to1416,8 in2009 (by 13,8 %). CVD mortality decreased by 13,6 %, and more markedly mostly in working-age people (by 18,9 %). Therefore, in 2009, the number of lives saved due to the decreasing CVD mortality was 260741. Further studies will explain the recent mortality trends inRussia.

Article presents results of implementation of successful program of elimination of iodine deficiency in Belarus. Government decree (2001) requires mandatory use of iodized salt in food industry and public catering. While retail trade of non-iodized salt is not prohibited, all foods shops must have iodized salt on sale. All these measures resulted in increase of iodized salt consumption: 94% of house-holds in Belarus were using iodized salt. Iodine nutrition of population also sig-nificantly improved: median urinary iodine levels in general population (school-children) reached 169 mcg/l and in pregnant women – 224 mcg/l. Endemic goiter morbidity decreased significantly in children, adolescents and adults as well as frequency of transitory thyroid dysfunctions in newborns. Belarus experience in prevention of iodine deficiency can be used by other industrialized countries of Europe and rest of the world.

This article demonstrates that Russias funding for research and development is less than 2.5 % of global funding, whereas the amount of financing of just three countries, the USA, China, and Japan amounts to 50%. It is argued that the inadequacy of Russias domestic financing for the development of the science sector vis a vis that of developed countries allows the country to prioritize only a limited number of research fields in its scientific and technological development. We have compared and contrasted expenditures on research and development in biomedicine in the USA and Russia. It has been demonstrated that in 2014, basic funding for 27 research centers included in the US National Health Institutes network exceeded the amount of financing for 104 Russian medical scientific and research institutes subordinated to the Russian Ministry of Health and Federal Agency of Scientific Organizations by 173 times. We have concluded that a substantial increase in state funding for fundamental, exploratory, and applied research in the field of biomedicine is required if life sciences are to be preserved as one of the priorities in the scientific-technological and social development of Russia. It is also necessary to eliminate all administrative and tax barriers that prevent active participation of domestic industrial entities in the co-financing of the development of Russian drugs and medical equipment.