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The aim of the study was to summarize and systematize the literature data, as well as the results of the carried out research in the field of medicinal plants used as diuretics in the Russian Federation and abroad.Materials and methods. During the search for this review article materials, the abstract databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as the ResearchGate and elibrary.ru were used. The search was carried out according to the publications for the period from 2005 to 2023. The keywords were as follows: herbal diuretics, diuretic drugs, kidney diseases, types of medicinal plant raw materials. The data from the authors’ previous scientific research on the analysis of the diuretic properties of certain types of medicinal plant raw materials, as well as individual substances of a phenolic nature isolated from them (simple phenols, flavonoids), were also reviewed.Results. It was determined that the diuretic activity of most of the medicinal plants used, is due to such groups of biologically active compounds as terpenoids (essential oils and saponins), simple phenols, flavonoids and anthracene derivatives related to the secondary metabolites. It has been shown that, despite the fact that many herbal diuretics have concomitant anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antihistamine and other properties relevant from the point of view of etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, it is reasonable to use them as part of collections of medicinal plants and other combined medicinal herbal preparations, as this is in accordance with the global trend. The types of medicinal plant raw materials that can be a promising source of new diuretic herbal medicines, have been examined in this review.Conclusion. It has been determined that terpenoids and phenolic compounds make the greatest contribution to the manifestation of the diuretic activity of medicinal herbal preparations, among which the greatest structural diversity is noted for flavonoids. It has been established that in the composition of any drug, taking into account the peculiarities of etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, herbal diuretics can be both the main drug and an auxiliary component. The expediency of using medicinal plant raw materials with a diuretic effect as part of collections of medicinal plants and other combined preparations used in the treatment of kidney and urinary tract diseases has been also substantiated.

Diuretics increase the volume of urine and sodium excretion, and therefore are often used to remove excess fluid from the body during various diseases, including hypertension, heart and kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, etc. Until now, a wide range of diuretics is known, but none of them is completely safe and has a number of side effects. The aim of the work is to investigate the diuretic activity of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing fluorophenyl substituents at the fifth position of the 1,2,4-triazole fragment, as well as to establish the relationship between “chemical structure and diuretic action” among derivatives 1,2,4-triazole. Materials and methods. To study the effect on kidney function, six groups of animals with seven rats each were used. When studying water diuresis, rats were kept on a constant diet with free access to water. Before water loading (5 % of body weight), rats were fasted for 2 hours without food and water. Since all tested compounds were insoluble in water, they were administered orally as an aqueous suspension stabilized with Tween-80. The compounds were administered at a dose of 1/10 LD50. Results. The diuretic activity of 28 new compounds of a number of substituted 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiols, which according to their chemical structure belong to different classes of compounds, was investigated. Conclusions. Analysis of the results of diuretic activity indicates that there are a number of compounds whose activity is higher than hypothiazide, as well as a compound that exceeds the activity of furosemide.

More than 150 million cases of infectious diseases of the urinary system are registered annually in the world. Common bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.) leaves is one of the most well-known species of raw materials with uroantiseptic and diuretic activity. The method of a decoction obtaining from bearberry leaves is well known, but this dosage form is non-standardized, poorly stored and difficult to maintain the accuracy of dosing. In this regard, the development of domestic standardized medicines based on bearberry leaves is an urgent aim of modern pharmacy. The aim of the research is to study the phytochemical profile and pharmacological activity of the bearberry leaves dry extracts, obtained by various extractants, to identify the most promising substance with diuretic and uroantiseptic activity. Materials and methods. The subjects were the dry extracts obtained from bearberry leaves with purified water and ethanol solutions (30 %, 50 %, 70 % and 96 %). Determination of the main BAS extracts was performed by TLC, HPLC and spectrophotometry. Determination of diuretic activity of the extracts was performed by the method of E. B. Berchin, antibacterial activity – by diffusion into agar. Results. Arbutin, 2 phenolic acids, 6 flavonoids and 8 saponins were detected in the bearberry extracts. The results showed that arbutin and saponins are better extracted with water and diluted solutions of ethanol, while phenolic acids and flavonoids – with 50–70 % ethanol. As a result of studying the diuretic activity of the bearberry extracts, it was found that the highest diuretic activity has the extract obtained with 50 % ethanol at a dose of 50 mg/kg, increasing diuresis by 70 %. The bearberry leaves extracts showed activity against S. aureus, E. coli, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis and C. albicans. The content of different groups of phenolic compounds, economic factor and pharmacological activity showed that 50 % ethanol is the optimal extractant for extraction phenolic compounds from bearberry leaves and creation of new medicines from the raw materials. Conclusions. As a result of phytochemical and pharmacological studies, it was found that the dry bearberry leaves extract obtained with 50 % ethanol solution was the most promising substance with diuretic and uroantiseptic action

1,2,4-Triazole derivatives have been widely used in medical practice due to their wide spectrum of biological activities and low toxicity, as they have 1,2,4-triazole cycle in their structure. That makes 1,2,4-triazole derivatives a very promising and attractive class of organic compounds in research of their physical and chemical properties, and biological activity determining. In order to find new substances with potential biological activity 20 new compounds of 4-amino-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-tiazole-3-thion derivatives were synthesized, which have never been described in literature before. The objective of this study was the research of bioactivity of 4-amino-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-tiazole-3-thion derivatives. Materials and methods. Compounds of research were synthesized in Department of Toxicological and Inorganic Chemistry of ZSMU. Berchin method was used in order to estimate the effect of compounds on excretory function of kidneys. Results. Diuretic activities of 4-amino-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-tiazole-3-thion derivatives were studied. The compounds exhibit both diuretic and antidiuretic effects. It is worth noting that 4-((R-idene)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion derivatives demonstrated both moderate and high diuretic activity. In such way, introduction of 3,4-methoxybenzyl, 3,5-methoxybenzyl and 2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl substituents into the structure of 4-((R-idene)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion slightly increased diuretic effect. Reduction of compounds 4-((4-bromobenzylidene)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion, 5-methyl-4-((thiophen-2-ylmethylene)amino)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion, 4-((2-chloro-6-fluorobenzylidene)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion caused decline of diuretic activity. The most potent bioactivity was observed in 4-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion. Conclusion. Derivatives of 4-amino-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-tiazole-3-thion exhibit both diuretic and antidiuretic effects. “Structure – Effect” relation was shown. The most potent activity was observed in 4-((4-methoxybenzyl)amino)-5-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thion.

It should be noted, that the clinical and therapeutic effect of diuretic drugs is not necessarily associated with an increase diuresis. So, for example, diuretics are also prescribed as a means of dehydration emergency therapy for pulmonary edema, brain, in the integrated therapy of patients with arterial hypertension, with glaucoma, epilepsy, as well as for induction of forced diuresis in poisoning. Therefore, the search for new diuretic agents among heterocyclic systems can solve the problem of treating a complex of diseases of different genesis. The aim of this work was to study the diuretic activity of 4-R-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole derivatives. Materials and methods. The method of E. B. Berchin was used to establish the influence of synthesized compounds on the excretory function of the kidneys. All compounds for this research have been synthesized at the Toxicological and Inorganic Chemistry Department of ZSMU. Results and discussion. Diuretic activity of 4-R-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol derivatives was investigated. Some regularities between “structure – activity” were established: the replacement of the phenyl radical in the 4-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2- ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol molecule with ethyl or methyl leads to a slight increase in diuretic effect. The introduction of alkyl radical to 4-R-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triasole-3-thiol molecule results in diuretic effect increase. The introduction of 2-chloro-6- fluorobenzyl, 4-hydroxybenzyl and 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl radical to N’-R1 -iden-2-((4-methyl-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) thio)acetohydrazide molecule also results in diuretic activity increase. Replacement of 3,4-difluorobenzyl radical with 4-fluorobenzyl, 2-bromobenzyl, 2-hydroxybenzyl to N’-R1 -iden-2-((4-phenyl-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)acetohydrazide molecule results in diuretic activity decrease. Conclusions. The diuretic activity of 4-R-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles derivatives was established by the method of Ye. B. Berchin. The derivatives of 4-R-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazoles exhibit both diuretic and antidiuretic effects. Some relationship between “structure – activity” was established. The most active compound was 3-(heptylthio)-4-methyl-5-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole.

The aim of study was to investigate diuretic activity of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives which contain С5 atom 5-bromfuran-2-yl substituent in the 1,2,4-triazole nucleus, and to establish interrelation between chemical structure and diuretic action of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. Methods and results. For the investigation of the diuretic activity were used 15 compounds, namely 3-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)-4-R-(4H)-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiones, their S-derivatives and 2-(5-bromofuran-2-yl)-5-R'-thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazole-6(5H)-ones. During the study Ye. B. Berkhin’s method has been used to establish the influence of the compounds on the renal excretory function. Conclusion. The most active substance among 1,2,4-triazole derivatives was morpholinium 2-((5-bromofuran-2-yl)-4-ethyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-ylthio)acetate.