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The purpose of the research is to investigate subacute cutaneous toxicity in rats, allergenic properties in guinea pigs and tolerance of increased doses of drugs based on imidacloprid, moxidectin and pyriproxyfen by dogs and cats of different age groups.Materials and methods. Toxicological studies (subacute cutaneous toxicity, study of allergenic properties) were conducted in the vivarium of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection, a branch of the Federal Scientific Center for Experimental Veterinary Medicine of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on male rats and guinea pigs. Experiments on the tolerance of drugs by target animal species (dogs, cats) were conducted in the Podolsk department of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection. The choice of doses, frequency and methods of administration of the studied drugs were determined in accordance with the Guidelines for Experimental (Preclinical) Study of New Pharmacological Substances. All doses were calculated for the drug taking into account the density (1.08 g/cm3).Results and discussion. When studying the acute cutaneous toxicity of the drug on rats, LD50 exceeded the maximum possible dose of 10 000 mg/kg (hazard class 4 according to GOST 12.1.007-76). In a subacute experiment on rats, it was established that doses of 1000 and 500 mg/kg are ineffective (safe), the threshold and toxic doses could not be established. These drugs, when treating animals 8 times with an interval of 3 days in a three- and five-fold increase in the maximum therapeutic dose during the experimental period, did not have a negative effect on the general condition of the animals, their physiological status and behavior; no statistically significant changes in the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood, physicochemical parameters of urine were noted in animals from the experimental groups compared to the control. However, in one adult dog from the second experimental group, which was used a five-fold increase in the maximum therapeutic dose of the drug, depression was noted on the 20th day of the experiment. The physiological state of the animal returned to normal within 24 hours voluntarily without the use of symptomatic therapy.

The purpose of the study therapeutic efficacy of combined anthelmintic drug on dogs and cats of different age groups naturally infected with cestodes and nematodes.Materials and methods. The study drug in the suspension form contains oxantel pamoate, pyrantel pamoate, praziquantel, and additives as active ingredients. The therapeutic efficacy of the drug was evaluated on 228 animals naturally infected with nematodes or cestodes in the Podolsk Experimental Production Base of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV. The animals were divided into experimental and control groups of 6 animals each. The experimental dogs and cats were administered the study drug while the control animals were not given the drug. Clinical examinations and laboratory tests of fecal samples were performed on days 10, 20 and 30 after the start of the experiment. The method of helminthoscopy was used to detect segments and helminthoovoscopy as per Fülleborn to detect helminth eggs/cocoons in animal fecal samples with their subsequent differentiation. The results were statistically processed by the Student method using Microsoft Excel 2016.Results and discussion. It was found that anthelmintic drug based on oxantel pamoate, pyrantel pamoate and praziquantel had high therapeutic efficacy against parasitism in dogs and cats of nematodes Toxocara spp., Toxascaris leonina, Trichuris vulpis, Uncinaria stenocephala, Ancylostoma spp. and cestodes Echinococcus spp. (except for cats), Mesocestoides spp., Taenia spp., Dipylidium caninum, and Diphyllobothrium latum. When the drug was used in the animals of different age groups, no side effects or complications were recorded.

The purpose of the research is to evaluate the comparative efficacy of two veterinary drugs («Inspector ear drops» and «Rolf Club 3D ear drops») to treat dogs and cats for otodectic mange complicated by otitis media of bacterial etiology.Materials and methods. A total of 36 animals participated in the studies. The studies were carried out at the VNIIP – FSC VIEV. The diagnosis was confirmed comprehensively from epidemiological data, clinical signs and laboratory tests. Microscopy of scrapings taken from the inner surface of the ears was performed to detect Otodectes cynotis. Bacteriological and mycological examination of ear canal discharge was conducted according to established procedures. Ear canal otoscopic examination was performed using a veterinary otoscope. For therapeutic purposes, the experimental animals were treated with «Inspector ear drops» and «Rolf Club 3D ear drops» as per instructions for use.Results and discussion. The initial comprehensive clinical examination diagnosed otodectic mange in all animals as complicated by acute otitis media of bacterial etiology. On treatment day 8, the animals showed a positive effect of the studied drugs; clinical signs of the disease reduced significantly. In a repeated clinical examination on day 11, most animals showed clinical recovery that was confirmed by negative bacteriological and mycological studies. Acarological studies showed no mites on days 8 and 14-15. However, the course of treatment was extended to 14 days for two dogs, after which their complete clinical recovery was observed. After the end of the study, the animals from the control group were treated with «Rolf Club 3D ear drops». Thus, an assessment of the results revealed that the drugs for veterinary use, «Inspector ear drops» and «Rolf Club 3D ear drops» showed an identical therapeutic effect in dogs and cats against otodectic mange complicated by acute bacterial otitis media.

The purpose of the research is to study the effects of ivermectin-containing drug in recommended and increased doses on adult dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The drug tolerance on dogs and cats was studied on 24 clinically healthy animals that were divided into experimental groups of 6 animals each, according to the principle of analogs, at the Podolsk Experimental Production Base of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV. The drug was administered seven times with a 3-day interval at a therapeutic dose of 0.2 mg of ivermectin per 1 kg of body weight to the first experimental group; and 0.6 mg of ivermectin per 1 kg of body weight to the second experimental group. The overall health status of the dogs and the cats was monitored daily, and blood samples were taken on days 20 and 34 of the experiment to study some morphological and biochemical parameters. Statistical data was processed in Microsoft Excel 2016 using the paired Student's t-test for dependent samples.Results and discussion. The studied ivermectin-containing drug had no negative effects on the adult dogs and cats’ overall health status, physiological status and behavior, or morphological and biochemical blood parameters. When using the drug in a threefold increased dose, three dogs and one cat showed depression which spontaneously disappeared within 48 hours. In addition, the animals from the second experimental group developed an allergic reaction, decreased functional activity of the liver and kidneys, and metabolic processes intensity, and red blood system destabilization. On day 34 of the experiment, the above changes were absent in the dogs and the cats, which indicates the restored physiological and biochemical status in the experimental animals.

To investigate the role of domestic dogs and cats in the spread of parasitoses in the Vladivostok urban ecosystem. Biological materials from 782 dogs and 189 cats were used in the research, which were examined by methods of complete parasitological autopsy, microscopy and flotation of faecal samples using saturated solutions of zinc sulfate and sodium nitrate.Fourteen parasite taxa have been identified: nematodes (Nematoda) Ancylostoma caninum, Dirofilaria immitis, Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara canis, T. mystax, Uncinaria stenocephala, Taenia sp., T. hydatigena; tapeworms (Cestoda) Diphyllobothrium latum, Dipylidium caninum, Hydatigera taeniaeformis; flukes (Trematoda) Metagonimus sp.; and parasitic alveolates (Conoidasida) Cystoisospora sp., C. felis. The paper presents the values of the prevalence of infection and statistical reliability of their differences for different groups of animals, depending on gender and age. Nematodes were the core taxa of the parasitofauna identified. Explanations for the results obtained are offered and possible sources of human infection are described. Despite the fact that parasitic‐faunal complexes in the ecosystem of a modern city are much less branched and represented by fewer species than in the wild, there remains a high risk of human infection with zoonotic parasites in urban biocenoses due to the high level of intensive population interactions. Therefore, there is a requirement of high alertness of supervisory authorities in relation to anthropozoonotic parasitoses in an urban environment.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of Flumethrin-, Moxidectin- and Pyriproxyfen-based spray against Ixodid and Acariform ticks in dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The therapeutic efficacy of a multicomponent spray against Ixodid and Acariform ticks was evaluated in dogs and cats in the Podolsk Experimental Production Base of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV on 140 animals naturally infected with Ixodid and Acariform ticks. The animals were divided into an experimental group and a control group of 10 animals each. The experimental dogs and cats were given the study drug while the control animals were not given the drug. Clinical examinations at ixodidosis in dogs and cats were performed at 24 and 48 hours, and at 3 and 5 days after the start of the experiment. In Acariformes parasitism, a control examination and microscopy of deep skin scrapings taken at the healthy and affected skin interface were made using a scalpel at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after the start of the experiment, in treatment of sarcoptic mange, notoedric mange and demodicosis as well as scrapings from the auricle (distal part of the acoustic canal) in otodectic mange.Results and discussion. It was found that Flumethrin-, Moxidectin- and Pyriproxyfen-based spray had high therapeutic efficacy when used once, externally, against ixodid tick, and in the auricle twice with a 7-day interval against otodectic mange and externally 2–4 times with a 7-day interval against notoedric mange, sarcoptic mange and demodicosis in various disease forms in dogs and cats.

The purpose of the research is to conduct a sanitary and parasitological examination of soil biotopes on the territory of Moscow. In addition to traditional soil studies, we conducted coproscopic analyzes of samples of dog feces collected from the soil surface in Spring.Materials and methods. 83 combined soil samples were taken in 9 administrative districts of Moscow using the envelope method at a depth of up to 10 cm. From each combined sample, 4 samples were taken and examined using the Romanenko method according to MUK 4.2.2661-10 “Methods of sanitary and parasitological research”. From the same areas where soil was collected, 365 dog fecal samples were collected. Feces were studied using a combined flotation method. Soil and fecal samples were taken in Spring of 2023 during a period of positive temperatures immediately after the snow melted. Microscopy was performed using a Motic BA410T microscope. Identification of the detected objects was carried out on the basis of morphometric data. Species differentiation of Toxocara canis and T. cati eggs was carried out based on differences in the size of the eggs and the structure of the outer shell.Results and discussion. The city's soil is contaminated with pathogens of parasitic diseases in 9.3% of samples. Toxocara eggs were found (5.7%), of which T. canis in 3.9% of samples, and T. cati in 1.8% of samples. Eggs of Capillaria sp. detected in 1.5%, eggs of Trichuris sp. at 0.9%. Eggs of Hymenolepis sp. and coccidia were detected in 0.6% of samples. In dog feces, pathogens of parasitic diseases were detected in 3.3% of samples. Toxocara sp. eggs were found in 1.4% of samples, isospores in 0.8%, sarcocystis in 0.8%, Toxascaris leonina eggs in 0.3%. Toxocara sp. eggs are the leaders in the frequency of detection in the soil; these are mainly viable eggs with larvae. This is consistent with the data that T. canis eggs are most often recorded in anonymized dog feces. Eggs of Trichuris sp. and Capillaria sp. found in soil with formed viable larvae. The findings show the potential of urban soils as a parasite transmission factor for humans and susceptible animals, and dogs play a leading role in the contamination of urban soils with Toxocara sp. eggs.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of a Flumethrin-, Moxidectin and Pyriproxyfen-based spray against entomosis in dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The therapeutic efficacy of the multicomponent spray against entomosis of cats and dogs was evaluated in the Podolsk Experimental Production Base of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV on 100 animals naturally infected with fleas Ctenocephalides spp. (20 cats and 20 dogs), Linognathus setosus (20 dogs), chewing lice Felicola subrostratus (20 cats) and Trichodectes canis (20 dogs). The animals were divided into experimental and control groups of 10 animals each. The experimental dogs and cats were given the drug topically with a bottle pump directed to the skin and fur from 20–25 cm, treating the entire body of the animal at a dose of 3–6 pumps per 1 kg of animal weight, and the control animals were not given the drug. The animals were observed for 60 days after a single dose of the drug; clinical examination was performed before and at 24, 48 hours and 5, 30 and 60 days after the start of the experiment.Results and discussion. The examination of the skin and coat of some experimental animals infected with ectoparasites found single ectoparasite imago at 24 hours after treatment. At 48 hours and on day 5, 30 and 60 of the experiment, all animals treated once with the drug were free from ectoparasites, which was evidenced by clinical studies. The study results showed that the study drug had high therapeutic efficacy against ctenocephalidosis, linognathosis, and trichodectosis in dogs and cats.

This third article examines such genres of cinema as war films, detectives and comedies the latest in the line of Arctic films. Thereby we draw a line under Arctic films, that have not received due attention from film critics and the public until now. The need to return to the past to take a fresh look at the solar, including its storyboard, taking into account the deep rethinking of the war and the direct depiction of what was experienced, to show a truthful and accurate image of the war on the example of the fate of one or many of its participants. Cinematographers constantly return to the theme of the war, its individual episodes, the people who took part in it, who noted their heroism in it, its new reading caused by changing socio-political views and access to previously censored circumstances, what is now called «trench truth».«Another war» in pleacetime was reflected in the Arctic detectives. The enemy appears in them as criminal elements, sometimes was sophisticated and insidious plans, which in the conditions of the north require a special approach to solve then. Comedies have no geographical boundaries. Humor and laughter in the snow and ice is special, very often associated with the behavior of animals, especially dogs.

Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve, or endocardiosis, represents the most prevalent cardiovascular pathology among small- and medium-sized dog breeds. The disease is chronic, with clinical signs possibly emerging over a period of 3-4 years from the initial involvement of the mitral valve leaflets. The primary therapy initiates at stage B2, according to the ACVIM consensus which is characterized by the absence of clinical signs. In our research, animals were chosen based on a medical history indicating symptoms including episodic coughing, decreased tolerance to physical exertion, and instances of dyspnea during periods of rest or sleep. A total of 12 animals presenting with pathognomonic signs of heart disease were investigated. The diagnosis was confirmed using echocardiography, and the animals were conditionally divided into one control and two exposed to humic acids formulation groups. The results of an echocardiographic investigation regarding the functional status of the heart in diseased animals treated with bioactive substance of humic origin are provided. During the 21 days the second experimental group was administered the "Humilid" preparation at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of active substance once daily. Echocardiographic measurements were performed at the onset of the study and on the 21st day of the investigation. Obtained results demonstrated that exposure to “Humilid” with the standard therapy on the 21st day of study improves the functional parameters of the heart. Specifically, there was observed a reduction in left atrial and left ventricular dilation by 12.5% and 11.8%, respectively, although statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the treatment with humic acids led to a decrease in severity of clinical symptoms. No effect of bioactive substances contained humic acids was observed in respect to the ejection fraction and fractional shortening. Aforementioned parameters were unaltered in both groups within the reference norms throughout the. Furthermore, no adverse or toxic impact of the humic acids formulation on the detected physiological parameters of the animals were observed. The findings from our study may serve for a comprehensive evaluation of the risk related to the development of stagnant phenomena, as well as in finding out the effects of humic substances on myocardial function and cardiac physiological properties.

The paper considers the osteological collection of late medieval dogs from the excavations of the Beryozov hillfort of the XVI–XIX centuries. In the frozen cultural layer, numerous bone remains (more than 547 items), including almost complete skeletons of dogs of different ages, were well preserved. The distribution of dog remains on excavated sites, the composition of skeletal parts, craniological parameters, age composition and bone pathologies were analyzed. The height at the withers and the weight of the dogs have been defined. All dogs were locally bred, and there was no influx of other breeds from outside, as well as there was no special selection. Throughout the whole period, dogs of the same type similar in appearance to modern laikas were kept in Beryozov. The dogs were of different sizes, stand between 37–60 cm at the withers, weighing 10–30 kg. The animals moved freely around the town, often feeding on solid kitchen waste. Dogs were used as a draft power, and in cold times as a transport animal, and to a lesser extent for hunting fur-bearing animals, wildfowl and for herding reindeer. In some cases, the local population could use dogs in ritual ceremonies.

This study describes for the first time in Ukraine the results of serological screening for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) in the population of pet and stray dogs. The study was conducted in the city of Bila Tserkva, Kyiv region, in 2021 and 2022. A total of 351 serum samples were examined, of which 168 were collected from pet dogs and 183 from stray dogs. The study included the use of serological methods, including immunochromatographic analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Line blot is a simplified form of Western Blot. The results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that 14 positive samples from stray dogs had specific antibodies to B. burgdorferi s.l. In addition, 10 questionable serum samples were received, all from stray dogs. Further testing of the questionable samples using a Line blot assay showed that five of them contained antibodies to highly specific surface proteins of B. burgdorferi s.l., in particular to p100, VlsE and p18, confirming the presence of a natural infection. The remaining five samples were negative, indicating nonspecific immunoassay reactions. In contrast, the results of immunochromatographic analysis did not reveal any positive serum samples, which casts doubt on the possibility of using this method as a rapid screening tool for seroprevalence studies and requires further investigation. In summary, the study showed that the seroprevalence of Lyme borreliosis among the studied population of stray dogs remained stable between 2021 and 2022, with rates of 10.2% and 10.7%, respectively, without a statistically significant difference (p=0.9164). In contrast, the studied population of pet dogs was consistently seronegative for B. burgdorferi s.l. in both years. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in seroprevalence between the stray and pet dog populations studied (p

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of the drug in the form of spray based on Fipronil, Moxidectin and Pyriproxyfen against canine acarosis.Materials and methods. The assessment of the acaricidal effect of multicomponent drug against canine acarosis was carried out on the basis of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (VNIIP), a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution FSC VIEV RAS, as well as the veterinary clinic GLOBALVET CLINIC LLC (Moscow) in 2020–2022. 82 dogs were used in the experiments, including those spontaneously infected with Otodectes cynotis (38 sp.), Sarcoptes canis (28 sp.), and Demodex canis (16 sp.). The animals were divided into experimental and control groups. To the infected animals of the experimental groups, the drug was applied in the form of spray to the affected areas of the body at the rate of 1 ml per 10 cm2, 2–4 times with an interval of 7 days. The dogs in the control group were treated at the end of the experiment. The efficacy of the drug was taken into account by examining and recording the number of ticks in animals before and 3, 11, 25, 40 and 60 days after treatment. The results were processed statistically using Microsoft Excel.Results and discussion. On the 11th day, all animals showed extinction of clinical signs, healing of affected skin areas and scratches, and the appearance of new hair in areas of alopecia; microscopy of scrapings revealed single mites, deformed larvae and eggs. Microscopy of skin scrapings on the 25th day revealed single mites in 5 dogs affected by demodicosis. On the 40th day, upon examination and acarological examination of animal skin scrapings, no S. canis, O. cynotis and D. canis mites were found. The research results showed 100% efficacy of the drug.

Eighteen pregnant bull terrier female dogs were selected to evaluate the manifestation of prenatal stress. The delivery in the group of pregnant females was observed 65±1 day after the spike in the level of luteinizing hormone in the blood. The criteria for the behavior characteristics of females before delivery included their motor activity, anxiety, aggression towards animals or people, seeking contact with people and isolation and finding a quiet place. The assessment of temperament traits was carried out at the stage of planning the experiment using the unified C-BARQ method. It was established that before delivery (in 4–20 hours), females are in a state of prenatal stress, as indicated by an increase in the level of cortisol in blood plasma to 57.3 (35.9–73.1) ng/ml. In most animals, 4–20 hours before delivery, a moderate manifestation of anxiety was noted (in 65% of females), which was expressed in increased motor activity (in 53% of females) and seeking contact with people (in 70.6% of females). It should be noted that in 35% of females there are no changes in motor activity, in 29% there is no expressed anxiety and in 71% of animals there is no aggression towards other animals or people. To a lesser extent, females before delivery experienced severe anxiety (in 65% of cases) with a significant increase in motor activity (in 12% of females) with a manifestation of pronounced aggression towards other animals and people (in 6% of females). Moreover, 12% of females try to isolate themselves and find a quiet place before delivery. Reliable interrelationships of the cortisol content in the blood plasma with the behavior of females before delivery and certain temperament traits were established. The level of cortisol was directly related to the manifestation of aggression towards animals or people (r=0.54; P≤0.05), the manifestation of restlessness (r=0.47; P≤0.05) and increased motor activity (r= 0.63; P≤0.01). The level of cortisol in the blood plasma of females before delivery is significantly correlated with the degree of aggression (r=0.63; P≤0.01) and inversely associated with trainability and obedience (r=0.52; P≤0 ,05).

The relevance of improvement and clinical approval of modern treatment regimens is determined by the insufficient efficiency of protocols for the treatment of malignant tumors in dogs and the lack of research on the possibility of repurposing certain pharmacological agents for use in veterinary oncology. The manuscript demonstrates the results of a pilot study of using metformin as part of a chemotherapy protocol in female dogs with poorly differentiated tubular mammary carcinoma after mastectomy. Considering the hypoglycemic effect of metformin, it was used as part of an adjuvant protocol in a metronomic mode in female dogs with a normal and high body mass index. Combined oral administration of cyclophosphamide (endoxan) and metformin at a dose of 12.5 mg/m2 and 10 mg/kg, respectively, for 6 months prolonged the median survival in female dogs with a normal body index (from 135.8 days, 95% CI 40–234 to 178.6 days, 95% CI 22–394, p < 0.01) as well as in overweight patients (from 93.4 days, 95% CI 15–174 to 237.8 days, 95% CI 38–373, p < 0.001). Herewith, a high body mass index compared to a normal one recognized as the risk of animal death due to the disease progression. The feasibility of using metformin in overweight patients is consistent with a reliably high glucose level before starting treatment. Herewith, blood content of triglycerides and total cholesterol did not depend on the body weight of the dogs and was within the physiological norm in all dogs. Adjuvant therapy with cyclophosphamide (endoxan) and metformin in a metronomic mode for six months was accompanied by a slight decrease (within the lower limit of reference values) of the blood glucose level against the background of the absence of pronounced changes in the concentration of triglycerides and total cholesterol. Improved long-term prognosis and the insignificant risk of side effects allow recommending metronomic therapy with cyclophosphamide (endoxan) and metformin after mastectomy in female dogs with mammary gland carcinoma.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are currently frequently isolated from pets and farm animals. The long-term irrational use of antibiotics for the treatment of animals and humans is underestimated and requires further attention and research, including in Ukraine. The aim of our study was to identify bacterial isolates and study their sensitivity to antibiotics in urinary tract inflammation in dogs. According to the statistical data of the VetForce system of the BTNAU clinic, out of 202 dogs examined in the clinic, 15 (7.43 %) were diagnosed with diseases with signs of urinary tract inflammation. It has been established that a large number of microorganisms, mainly E. coli, Streptococcus urinae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, causes inflammatory processes of the urinary tract in dogs. A less common microorganism, Klebsiella pneumonia, proved to be resistant. It was found that bacterial cystitis (the first group of animals) prevailed 1.5 times more often than in animals with urolithiasis. In dogs of the first group of 6–12 years old and over 12 years old, the percentage of the disease was higher compared to the group from 0.6 to 1.6 years old by 10.2 and 22.2 %, respectively. Dogs of the second group, aged 1.6–12 years, suffering from urolithiasis (66.6 %), suffer from bacterial diseases 4 times more often compared to animals aged 0.6–1.6 years. Streptococcus urinae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated and identified from the urine of dogs in this group. In the associated form, E. coli and Streptococcus pyogene predominated in the urine of dogs. A resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumonia to amoxicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and tetracycline was identified. Antibiotics should be used rationally, taking into account that for the treatment of animals it is necessary to determine the sensitivity of the pathogen with which the animal was infected. Antibiotic therapy should be carried out until complete elimination, which is sometimes achieved through prolonged treatment.

Massive digestive disorders of neonatal calves, clinically manifested as diarrhea causing severe dehydration, toxemia, immunodeficiency and metabolic disorders, induce huge economic losses in animal husbandry. Etiopathogenetic lesions of the digestive organs are characterized by significant polymorphism, including a wide range of various (physiological, sanitary and infectious) factors. Massive gastroenteritises in neonatal calves are primarily caused by such infectious agents as viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Massive diarrheas are registered in 70–80% of newborn calves by the end of the first day of life. Diseased newborn calves die on day 5–10 and mortality ranges from 15 to 55%. Rotavirus, coronavirus, pestivirus, parvovirus, enterovirus and kobuvirus, along with bacteria, are most frequently detected in faecal samples collected from neonatal calves with diarrhea. Diagnostic and vaccine products for prevention of these infections have been developed in the Russian Federation. At the end of the 20th – the beginning of the 21st century a large number of cattle were imported to Russia from the countries affected with different contagious diseases (USA, Denmark, France, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, Finland, etc.). Despite the high activity and field effectiveness of vaccines against rotavirus and coronavirus infections and viral diarrhea, massive neonatal calf diarrheas causing significant economic losses were registered in a number of large-scale livestock farms. Torovirus as well as the above-mentioned pathogens were detected in fecal samples from diseased calves. This report provides data on torovirus infection indicating a wide geographical distribution of animal torovirus in many countries of the world. All this suggests the need to take into account torovirus infection when conducting epizootological investigations in farms affected with massive gastrointestinal diseases of neonatal calves.

The purpose of the research is the study of the current situation on ectoparasite infections in dogs in Moscow considering the season of the year.Materials and methods. The current situation on ectoparasitosis in dogs in Moscow was studied on the basis of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV and OOO GLOBALVET CLINIC (Moscow) in 2020–2022. Ninety-four dogs were examined in different seasons of the year. When examining the animals, attention was paid to pelage and skin damage. The history was taken with the animal sex, age, and pelage and skin state taken into account; the ears were examined; the pelage was combed out using a magnifying glass; ear contents were microscopically examined; and scrapings of the superficial and deep layers of the skin were made. The results were statistically processed using Microsoft Excel.Results and discussion. The infection of the dogs with Demodex canis was the highest possible in the autumn-winter period (7.4%), and in spring and summer it decreased to 5.3 and 4.2%, respectively. Ixodes ricinus ticks were only found on the skin and pelage of the dogs (18%) in the warm season. No significant difference was observed in the infection of the dogs with Otodectes cynotis, Sarcoptes canis and Cheyletiella jascuri in different seasons of the year. The seasonal dynamics of the infection of the dogs with different species of insects varied. Fleas were found in winter in 6.4% of the dogs, and in spring and summer in 8.5% and 10.6% of the dogs, respectively. The infection of the dogs with lice was 3.2% in winter, 4.2% in spring, 5.3% in summer and 6.4% in autumn. The maximum infection of dogs with lice was observed in summer (4.2%), and it decreased in winter to 2.1%.

The purpose of the research is to analyze literature data on epizootology, morphology and biology of Thelazia callipaeda, and on clinical signs of thelaziosis.Thelaziosis caused by Th. callipaeda is widespread and not limited to Southeast Asian countries. At the end of the last century, autochtonous infection cases of thelaziosis were noted in Italy, and later the disease was recorded in France, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Romania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, Slovakia, Serbia, Turkey, Hungary, Moldova, Austria, Czech Republic, Poland, etc. Cases of thelaziosis recorded in the United States of America and the Russian Federation were most likely allochthonous and imported from contaminated areas. In Russia, canine thelaziosis was recorded in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Tyumen. It was found that definitive hosts of Th. callipaeda were not only cats, dogs or humans, but also many species of wild animals, namely, gray wolf, red fox, pine marten, hare, wild cat, Iberian wolf, European grey rabbit, beech marten, pine marten, golden jackal, European badger and brown bear. The prevalence of Thelazia infection among populations of wild animals reached 38.1%. The maximum number of helminths found in one animal was 96 specimens. In the life cycle of Th. callipaeda, males of the fruit fly Phortica variegata and Ph. okadai, which can keep Thelazia larvae in their bodies for up to 180 days are involved. Phylogenetic analysis of the cox1 gene showed that Th. callipaeda isolated from diseased animals in different countries belonged to haplotype-1, which was common in Europe.

The purpose of the research is to study the efficacy of new multicomponent drugs for dogs and cats against arachnoentomosis and helminthosis.Materials and methods. The efficacy of new four-component Insacar Total C Plus Drops for Dogs and Insacar Total K Plus Drops for Cats was studied on target animal species. The experiment included 90 dogs and 82 cats including 38 dogs and 37 cats with monoinfection by ticks (Sarcoptes canis, Demodex canis, Notoedres cati, Otodectes cynotis, family Ixodidae), 39 dogs and 31 cats with monoinfection by insects (Ctenocephalides sp., Linognathus setosus, Trichodectes canis), 13 dogs and 14 cats with infection by helminths (Toxocara canis, T. cati, Toxascaris leonina, Taenia sp.), and 13 dogs and 10 cats with mixed infections. The drug was applied to the skin of the animals in dosages as specified in the instructions for use. The therapy effectiveness was monitored on days 14 and 28, and in case of Notoedres cati and Sarcoptes canis, on day 40.Results and discussion. The efficacy of multicomponent drugs against monoinfections with insects, ixodid ticks, ticks of the genus Demodex and helminths, as well as mixed infections of the dogs and cats was 100% in clinical studies. The efficacy in the cats with notoedric mange was 80%, and 83.4% in the dogs with sarcoptic mange. The advantage of four-component Insacar Total C Plus Drops for Dogs and Insacar Total K Plus Drops for Cats is the presence of several components, namely, imidacloprid, praziquantel, pyriproxyfen, and moxidectin. The unique combination of active ingredients ensures the efficacy of drugs against external and internal parasites including ixodid ticks, and preventive efficacy against entomosis and ixodid ticks for 30 days. The drops for dogs and cats are advisable against mixed infections.

Animal skin is a complex organ that directly perceives the influence of the external environment and performs a barrier-protective function, helps maintain the balance of the internal environment of the body. Disruption of each of the levels of the protective system leads to the development of inflammatory skin diseases. Treatment of wounds remains one of the most pressing scientific and practical problems of modern veterinary medicine. A number of researchers are searching for and developing new veterinary drugs for the treatment of wounds of various etiologies in small pets, but the use of drugs often causes adverse skin reactions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using a veterinary drug (ointment) in the treatment of wounds in domestic animals (dogs, cats, rabbits). The paper uses standard clinical, haematological, and biochemical research methods. The studies used a drug with the active substance dexpanthenol and excipients decamethoxine, Vaseline oil, emulsifier, glycerin, methylparaben, propylparaben, and purified water. The drug under study effectively reduced the wound surface area at all observation periods. It is proved that when using dexpanthenol-based ointment (10%), a complete wound-healing effect was observed in experimental animals on the 14th day of treatment: the area of wound surfaces decreased by 93.1±1.51%. The examined indicators were statistically substantially different from those in the group of untreated animals with skin wounds. The general clinical condition of domestic animals was examined, haematological and biochemical studies of animal blood were conducted under the conditions of applying an experimental drug to damaged skin areas. In animals with skin damage without treatment, the dynamic development of an acute inflammatory process in the body, the development of endogenous intoxication syndrome, signs of wound infection, pronounced exudation and slowing of contraction were observed. The developed veterinary drug with the active substance dexpanthenol simultaneously shows a pronounced antiinflammatory and wound-healing effect and provides a rapid therapeutic effect in wound processes in small pets

The purpose of the research is to study the tolerance of increased doses of topical preparations based on fipronil, praziquantel, moxidectin and pyriproxyfen in dogs and cats at increased therapeutic doses.Materials and methods. In the laboratory of ectoparasitoses on the basis of VNIIP, a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution of the Federal Scientific Center of VIEV RAS, two preparations were developed in the form of a solution for external use for dogs and cats based on praziquantel, pyriproxyfen, imidacloprid and moxidectin. Work on the study of tolerance to high doses was carried out on 15 kittens and 15 puppies under the age of one year, 15 adult cats and 15 adult dogs. Animals were divided into 8 experimental and 4 control groups according to the principle of analogues, 5 animals each. The drugs were used at 1.5 and 2 times the increased therapeutic dose four times with an interval of 7 days. The animals were observed for 30 days; noted the general condition, behavior, appetite, controlled weight and body temperature. Before the start of the experiment and 30 days after the start of the use of the drugs, blood was taken for general clinical and biochemical studies.Results and discussion. It was found that drugs in 1.5 and 2 times increased therapeutic doses, applied four times with an interval of 7 days, did not have a negative effect on carnivores. There were no changes in behavior, body temperature and weight, physical condition, clinical status, hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and functions of internal organs. The drug was well tolerated by dogs and cats of different breeds of different age groups, as well as by puppies and kittens. Manifestations of any allergic reactions were not observed. The obtained results of the studies confirm the safety of the use of drugs in practice in the recommended dosing regimen.

The purpose of the research is to perform a comparative diagnostic efficacy of microscopy, combined flotation method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used to detect Giardia spp. in dogs and cats.Materials and methods. The efficacy was compared between three methods to detect Giardia spp. on 60 fecal samples from dogs and cats from the Zaitsev+ and Paster Veterinary Laboratory.Results and discussion. The highest diagnostic efficacy was established for PCR, 78.3%; the diagnostic efficacy of combined flotation was 68.3%; the lowest diagnostic efficacy was found for the microscopy method, 43.3%. The combined flotation method to detect Giardia spp. is widely used in laboratory practice as it allows detection of other intestinal parasites in addition to Giardia spp. Microscopy is the fastest and simplest method for detecting not only Giardia spp. but also other intestinal parasites.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The etiological factors, pathogenesis and clinical and pathomorphological features of mastitis in dogs remain poorly understood, due to isolated, multidirectional studies on a small number of animals. Fibrocystic disease is diagnosed in different species of animals – small domestic, productive and laboratory animals. The clinical signs are not pathognomonic and an atypical course of the disease is possible. The potential role of mastopathy in the development of cancer has been proven, but the pathogenesis of functional dysplasia of mammary tissue, and the internal and external factors that may initiate further neoplastic transformation, remain poorly understood. Mastopathy in bitches is widespread and accounts for 8 to 30% of benign mammary gland neoplasms. Susceptibility varies considerably according to the distribution of breeds in the region. Compared to neoplasms (where the highest incidence is in animals over 7 years of age), mastitis peaks in 5-6-year-old dogs. A hormonal imbalance has been shown to be a direct cause of fibrocystic disease in bitches, and this has been experimentally confirmed in rats. The prognostic significance of estrogen and progesterone receptor expression was clarified. The importance of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of fibrocystic disease was shown. A high risk of mastopathy in overweight bitches has been established. Diabetes is a potential risk factor for fibrocystic disease, but further research is needed to clarify the patterns. The prospect for further research is to identify prognostic factors and key biological mechanisms to predict the course of the disease and to develop pathogenetically sound treatment protocols.

The purpose of the research is to study tolerance of Imidacloprid-Pyriproxyfen-Moxidectin-based drugs for veterinary use by target animal species.Materials and methods. The research was conducted on 15 clinically healthy outbred cats aged 1–2 years weighing 3–5 kg, 15 clinically healthy outbred kittens aged 7–9 weeks weighing 700–900 g, 15 clinically healthy outbred dogs aged 1–2 years weighing 18–20 kg, and 15 clinically healthy outbred puppies aged 7 weeks up to three months weighing 6–9 kg, in the Kurilovo Experimental Base, the Podolsk Department of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV, in 2021. Combined drugs, Insacar Total S and Insacar Total K (Imidacloprid, Pyriproxyfen and Moxidectin), were used as drips, which was resulted in good absorption of active substances through the skin. The effect of combined Imidacloprid-Pyriproxyfen-Moxidectin-based drugs was evaluated on general condition and behavior, body weight gain dynamics, animal morphological and biochemical blood parameters, and physicochemical urine parameters.Results and discussion. Drugs for veterinary use, Insacar Total K and Insacar Total S, in increased therapeutic doses (twice and five-fold) do not adversely affect the general condition and behavior of cats, kittens, dogs or puppies; no deviations were recorded in morphological and biochemical blood parameters, or physicochemical urine parameters.

Phenosanic acid prevents convulsions, reduces the frequency of epileptic seizures, and improves cognitive, intellectual and mnestic functions in patients with epilepsy. Therefore, phenosanic acid-based medicinal products are promising candidates for inclusion in combination antiepileptic therapy. In order to combine medicinal products rationally and ensure that the therapy is safe, it is useful to study the pharmacokinetic interaction of medicinal products planned for clinical co-administration.The aim of the study was to examine single-dose pharmacokinetic interactions between Dibufelon® 200 mg capsules (PIQ-PHARMA LLC, Russia) and two medicinal products planned for clinical co-application with it, namely, valproic acid and carbamazepine, in sexually mature dogs.Materials and methods: the study included medicinal products of phenosanic acid (Dibufelon® 200 mg capsules by PIQ-PHARMA LLC, Russia), valproic acid (300 mg prolonged-release film-coated tablets), and carbamazepine (200 mg tablets). The medicinal products were administered to beagle dogs (2 groups of 9 males each) as a single oral dose separately and in the following combinations: phenosanic acid with valproic acid and phenosanic acid with carbamazepine. Dose selection involved adjusting maximum human therapeutic doses using interspecies conversion factors. Phenosanic acid was administered at a dose of 24 mg/kg; valproic acid and carbamazepine were administered at a dose of 60 mg/kg. Blood sampling took place at baseline and in 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 24 h after dosing. Plasma concentrations of active substances were determined by HPLC-UV. Pharmacokinetic interactions were evaluated by changes in the main pharmacokinetic parameters (Сmax, Тmax, AUC0-24, MRT, Т1/2).Results: the study demonstrated rapid gastrointestinal absorption and prolonged systemic circulation of phenosanic acid administered separately (Tmax 2–4 h, T1/2 13–28 h) and combined with valproic acid (Tmax 2 h, T1/2 22 h). When administered with carbamazepine, phenosanic acid was eliminated from the systemic blood flow faster (T1/2 7.4 h).Conclusions: co-administration of phenosanic acid and valproic acid medicinal products had no significant effect on their respective pharmacokinetics. Whereas, the combination of phenosanic acid and carbamazepine demonstrated a significant decrease in the Tmax values of phenosanic acid and the MRT values of carbamazepine. The pharmacokinetic changes suggestive of a possible interaction between phenosanic acid and carbamazepine need further clinical investigation.

Dynamics of cerebrospinal fl parameters in postoperative period during correction of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in dogs is an important diagnostic aspect that allows monitoring changes in the state of animals after surgery. An accurate analysis of cerebrospinal fl id provides a wide range of information about the patients neurological health. The assessment should consist of macroscopic, quantitative and microscopic analyses. Сell count is the most important and potentially sensitive indicator of disease. The aim of this study was to determine changes in the cerebrospinal fluid during the postoperative period in the correction of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. In the study, there were 9 dogs of various breeds, aged from 2 to 8 years (experimental group), the indicators of cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of 3 healthy outbred dogs obtained as a result of medical examination at the age of up to 5 years were used as a control. Surgical intervention was carried out according to the B.P. Meij, N. Bergknut, which consists in dorsal access to the L7-S 1 vertebral arches, soft tissue dissection, dissection of the dorsal ligament, formation of channels in the cranial articular processes of S 1, L7. From each animal, three liquorograms were taken for examination three times on days 1-3 after surgery, on days 12-15 and 27-30 after surgery. The study of cerebrospinal fluid was performed within 30 minutes after taking. As a result of the data obtained, it was found that the cellular composition of the liquor of dogs in the postoperative period of correction of lumbosacral stenosis was within the physiological norm, erythrocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid were not detected. The number of nucleated cells in operated dogs was the highest on days 1-3 after surgery. On the 12th-15th day after the operation, cytosis in the experimental and control groups of animals was 1.27 cells/l more. On days 27-30 after surgery, cytosis in dogs in the experimental group was lower by 0.45 cells/l compared to the control. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid can help in the diagnostic assessment of the condition of animals in the postoperative period. However, it should be borne in mind that results are rarely specific to any particular condition and should be interpreted in the light of clinical and additional diagnostic findings.

The purpose of the research is to study the therapeutic efcacy of drugs in the form of a solution for external use based on imidacloprid, pyriproxyfen and moxidectin against gastrointestinal nematodes and Diroflaria spp. microflaria in dogs and cats.Materials and methods. . The studies were carried out on the basis of VNIIP (fl. Federal State Budgetary Scientifc Institution FNTs VIEV RAS) on dogs and cats of different sex and age, body weight spontaneously infected with parasites. The diagnosis, as well as the effectiveness of the drugs, was confrmed in a complex manner based on the anamnestic and epizootological data, the clinical picture and laboratory research methods (detection of helminth eggs in the animal's feces using the Fülleborn method with subsequent differentiation, microscopy of animal blood smears to detect microflariae). To rule out infection of animals (dogs) with babesia, blood samples were taken and a laboratory analysis was performed to detect parasites (Babesia canis).Results and discussion. 100% effectiveness of Insacar Total C (for dogs) and Insacar Total K (for cats) has been established for nematodes of the gastrointestinal tract (toxocarosis, toxascariosis, uncinariosis, hookworm, trichuriosis) and diroflariosis (the initial stage of the disease). Side effects and complications after treatment of animals with drugs were not revealed

Pyometra is one of the most common and dangerous diseases in bitches, and its complicated course requires immediate treatment and, consequently, the need for highly informative, objective and reliable diagnostic approaches to recognition at the earliest possible stages of the disease. However, the complexity of the pathogenesis, staging and polysymptomatic pyometra cause certain problems in making the correct diagnosis and, consequently, the provision of adequate therapy. Despite the fact that today a number of methods for diagnosing pyometra in bitches have been proposed, none of them fully meets the needs of modern practical veterinary medicine. The purpose of the study was to conduct a systematic analysis and generalization of scientific publications on methods, criteria and approaches for the diagnosis of pyometra in bitches. Research methods such as search, selection, processing and analysis of literature sources in the field of research according to the rules for systematic reviews of the literature are used. Based on the analysis of data from selected articles, conclusions were made about the state of the chosen area of research – the effectiveness of methods, criteria and approaches for the diagnosis of pyometra in females. It is important in the diagnosis of pyometra to detect not only pathognomonic signs, but also early sepsis and the symptom complex of multiple organ failure. Therefore, the diagnosis of pyometra in bitches is made comprehensively, taking into account the anamnesis, clinical examination of animals, laboratory tests of blood and exudate. The standard package of diagnostic measures is based on the analysis of anamnesis data, determination of typical clinical signs, assessment of laboratory parameters and results of ultrasound examination. However, in practical veterinary medicine, the diagnosis of pyometra in bitches is usually made on the basis of anamnestic data and their revision, clinical examination and ultrasound diagnosis. When recognizing pyometra, it is necessary to keep in mind other possible causes of vaginal discharge and / or uterine enlargement, accompanied by a violation of the general condition of the animal, which should be considered as a differential diagnosis. Current research trends indicate promising development of biomarkers based on serum and endometrial transcripts for early diagnosis, prediction and differentiation of pyometra.

Dogs are naturally characterized by a high level ofinjuries, which can reach up to 50 % of the total surgicalpathology. At the same time, abdominal pathology issignificantly common in this species of animals andsurgical treatment of the sepathologies is accompanied bya significant somatic and visceral pain response. The workwas performed at the Department of Surgery and Diseasesof Small Pets of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian Universityin the period 2015-2020. The material for the study wereclinically healthy and sick dogs admitted to the clinic ofdiseases of small animals of the university. Forming theclinical-experimental base for research, nosological formsof pathology and frequency of its occurrence were taken into account, attention was paid to the peculiarities of surgicalintervention depending on the species of animals, type andintensity of pain response and correctness of anesthesia.Visceral type of pain reaction was studied in dogs aged2 to 10 years, who underwent abdominal surgery. Somaticpain reaction accompanies bone fractures and their surgicaltreatment. Included in the study of dogs with fractures of thefemur or humerus aged from 1 to 10 years.High levels of endotoxicosis are characteristic of thepathochemical phase of abdominal surgical pathology in dogs,with the concentration in the blood of malonic dialdehyde(14.8 ± 0.55 μmol / l) and molecules of average weight isrespectively 1.6 and twice higher than normal. However,the lowest level was found under balanced acepromazineketamine-propofol anesthesia, with no probable changes inmolecular weight peptides and a slight increase in the level ofmalonic dialdehyde only 1.1 times (p 1.15), in 43 % – parasimaticotonia (LF/HF

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Breast tumours are the most common neoplasm in intact she-dogs. However, breast tumours in she-dogs differ significantly in morphological features and biological behaviour, so the definition of prognostic factors is relevant. A study on tumour cell dissemination in breast tumours in she-dogs by migration of these cells into blood and lymphatic vessels depending on their histological characteristics and disease stage was conducted. The study of the problem was performed on the basis of the clinic of modern veterinary medicine “Best” in Zaporizhzhia. She-dogs with breast neoplasms of different ages and breeds were used as objects in the proven absence of signs of metastatic lesions of other organs and tissues, including lungs, abdominal organs and bones. The presence of cancer cells in the vessels was determined by the tumour clots formed by them, fixed to the endothelium. The study revealed the presence of angioinvasion regardless of the clinical stage of the tumour process. In this case, the dissemination of tumour cells by migration into lymphatic vessels was observed only in the second clinical stage of breast tumours. In patients with stage 1 breast cancer in the vast majority of cases (66.7% of patients) angioinvasion is registered in the micropapillary invasive carcinomas (ICD-O code 8507/2). Tumour cells in blood vessels were verified in simple cribriform carcinoma (ICD-O code 8201/3) in more than 80% of she-dogs with stage 3 breast cancer. In contrast to the above groups, in patients with stage 2 cancer, migration of tumour cells into both blood and lymphatic vessels was found. Most often the signs of angio- and lymphoinvasion were found in invasive carcinoma mixed type (ICD-O code 8562/3), tubulopapillary carcinoma (ICD-O code 8503/3), and tubular carcinoma (ICD-O code 8211/3) ‒ in 34.1% and 36.8%, 19.3% and 26.3%, 17.0% and 10.5% of cases, respectively. The obtained results allow predicting the probability of penetration of tumour cells into blood and lymphatic vessels with a high degree of reliability, which in the future can better predict the biological behaviour of breast tumours.

The purpose of the research is studying the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin in the blood serum of cats and dogs after a single administration of antiparasitic drug «Neoterika Protecto tablets».Materials and methods. The studies were performed at the premises of the Kurilovo experimental farm of the VNIIP – FSC VIEV on clinically healthy animals of both sexes aged 1-4 years, namely, 6 cats weighing 1.5–2.0 kg and 6 dogs weighing 10.3–13.8 kg. The drug was administered once orally at the rate of 1.5 mg of moxidectin per 1 kg of body weight. Blood samples were taken in the amount of 2 ml from cats and 4–5 ml from dogs before the drug and after 3, 6, 12, 24 hours, and 3, 6, 10, 20, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days. The study used the high-performance liquid chromatography. We determined the moxidectin content in the blood serum. Based on the results, we calculated the pharmacokinetic parameters of the active substance in the body of cats and dogs.Results and discussion. It was found that the active substance concentration within 3 hours after a single use of the moxidectin-based drug in the form of tablets reached a level of 134.8–498.0 ng/ml in cats and 479.08–1459.4 ng/ml in dogs; moxidectin was present in the bloodstream of cats and dogs for 90 days. Thus, a single administration of the drug at the recommended therapeutic dose of 1.5 mg/kg allows for the therapeutic moxidectin concentration to be maintained for 90 days.

The purpose of the research is comparative assessment of the efficacy and determining the optimal dosage of Helmintal Mini syrup against intestinal parasitoses of animals.Materials and methods. The studies were performed at the premises of the Lvenok veterinary clinic (Moscow). In total, the experiments involved 68 dogs and cats of various breeds, aged 2 to 11 months, infected with intestinal nematodes and coccidia. The animals were divided into test and control groups; the study drug was administered to the test, and the reference drugs were administered to the control. A drug with a toltrazuril content of 50 mg/ml and a drug with a moxidectin content of 0.6 mg/ml were used as follow-on drugs. The diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy of the drugs were confirmed based on the clinical pattern and laboratory tests by absence/presence of protozoan oocysts and helminth eggs in animal feces in laboratory studies (Fülleborn’s method); and we recorded the dynamics of clinical signs of the diseases.Results and discussion. In a comparative assessment of the efficacy of Helmintal Mini syrup with follow-on drugs, it showed the same high efficacy at coccidioses and intestinal nematodoses of animals as registered drugs containing similar active substances. The most effective and safe doses of Helmintal Mini syrup have been determined, namely, 0.5 and 1.0 ml per 1 kg of body weight.

The purpose of the research is identifying a species of the causative agent of canine babesiosis in the Kirov Region.Materials and methods. To determine the parasite species, we microscopically examined smears from the peripheral blood of sick dogs stained by the Romanowsky-Giemsa method and Leucodif. The microscopy was performed with a binocular microscope Micromed-1. For morphometric assessment of the causative agent, we used a digital camera and software for image analysis ToupView.Results and discussion. We found parasites of various shapes and sizes in erythrocytes of the dogs’ blood in an amount from 1 to 4, rarely 8, 16, and 32. Parasites having large paired pear-shaped forms prevailed (100% in Kirov and 92.86% in Vyatskiye Polyany), which were mainly connected by thin ends at an acute angle and located in the center of an erythrocyte. In Vyatskiye Polyany, we found single small pear-shaped parasites in 7.14%, that were also located along the periphery of an erythrocyte. Based on morphological features, the causative agent of “large” Babesia infection (piroplasmosis) of dogs in the Kirov Region is Babesia (Piroplasma) canis (Piana et Galli Walerio, 1895), and of small Babesia infection of dogs is B. (P.) gibsoni (Patton, 1910). In the Kirov City environment, babesiosis proceeds in monoinfection (81.58% prevalence of infection), and the B. canis infection rate is 28.57% in the south of the Region. We recorded a mixed infection of B. canis + Anaplasma sp. (35.71%), B. canis + Anaplasma sp. + Ehrlichia canis (14.29%), B. canis + E. canis (14.29%), and B. gibsoni + Anaplasma sp. (7.14%) in 71.43%.

Over the past decades, the number of dogs and cats has increased significantly on the territory of Ukraine. At each step, animals are in danger of non-contagious and contagious etiology. Parasitic diseases are almost half of the entire contagious pathologies of small animals. Number of invasive diseases depends on the following factors: season, age, sex, breeding features and also implementation and control of preventive measures against helminthiasis. Therefore, our research is to study thefeatures of distribution, seasonality, species composition and extensiveness of invasion of dog gelminthias on the territory of Bila Tserkva district, Kyiv region. The helminthocoproovoscopy research was carried out with a combined method standardized by G.O. Kotelnikov and V.M . Khrenov. The result of the study of faeces tests showed the problems of Bila Tserkva district with nematodoses and cestodoses of dogs. Regarding the species composition of the helminths we found, the helminths of the Nematoda class had a significant advantage: T. vulpis, T. canis, T. leonina, A. caninum, C. plica, U. stenocephala; among Cestoda class helminths, only D. caninum was diagnosed. Diagnosed pathogens of helminthiasis in dogs were mono- and myxinvasions. The research of seasonal dynamics of dog helminthosis revealed a high prevalence throughout the year. In summer, the helminthic prevalence of dogs reached the maximum index. In autumn, the intensity decrease. In winter, we received the minimum EI. In spring, the number of ill animals was increased. The species composition recorded by us in the spring was presented: T. vulpis and T. canis, both mono- and myxinvasion. In summer, T. vulpis, T. canis, C. plica, A. caninum, U. stenocephala. In winter, T. vulpis and T. canis dominate again. A feature of the autumn season for helminthiasis in dogs was the predominance of T. vulpis over other species of nematodes and cestodes in dogs. Regarding the age, sex and breed characteristics of the dog, the following results were obtained. The most comfortable were animals aged from birth to 7 years. Sex of animals (female, male), as shown by the results of our study, without affecting the infestation of helminthic infestations of dogs. As follows from the analysis of the results of helminthological studies, more susceptible are animals of the German Shepherd, Dachshund, Russian Spaniel breeds.

Scabies mites, in particular Sarcoptes scabei and Demodex canis, remain undesirable but permanent members of zoocenoses in metropolis around the world. This is due to the contacts of domestic animals with wild relatives (foxes, raccoon dogs, coyotes), which are massively infected with various types of ticks. The purpose of our research was to find out the epizootic situation with demodicosis and sarcoptic mange of domestic dogs in Kyiv, as well as to establish the sources of their infection. The actual results were obtained on the basis of the "Veterinary Clinic of Doctor Medvedev" (Kyiv) according to the data of routine work with patients for 2009-2020. Diagnostic procedures consisted of clinical and dermatological examination of dogs, examination of skin scrapings, trichoscopy, "Scotch tape" test, a Wood's lamp examination and others. Over 11 years, 1473 dermatological examinations of domestic dogs were carried out. Of these, 230 dogs (15.6%) suffered from demodicosis at the age of 5 months to 7 years. Sarcoptic mange was much less common: a total of 59 sick dogs (4.0%) were identified. Both of acaroses were seasonal, with an increase in the incidence in fall and winter. Regarding the breed factor: Pugs (10.43%), Staffordshire Terriers (10.0%) and French Bulldogs (9.56%) were more prone to demodicosis; to sarcoptic mange – German wirehaired pointer (13.6%), German hunt terrier (11.9%) and Shorthaired pointer (10.2%). The stray dogs and cats were source most often of infection of domestic decorative dogs with mites Sarcoptes scabei var canis. Hunting dogs mainly became infected during the hunting season during contact with animals of the wild fauna, most often – foxes. Clinical manifestations of acaroses occurred mainly in young animals not older than 3 years (70.5 and 76.7% for demodicosis and sarcoptic mange, respectively). In addition, in male dogs sarcoptic mange is more often recorded (59.3%), in female dogs – demodicosis (53.9%).

Sacroiliac joint instability is a fairly common pathology of the musculoskeletal system, which is observed in dogs of various breeds, sex, and age. This problem has received little attention in the research field, veterinary literature and clinical practice due to similar symptoms with more studied and treated pathologies of the musculoskeletal system, that are more common in everyday practice. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a differential diagnosis of pathologies that are similar in clinical manifestation. Radiography remains the main method for examining bones and their joints even today. But examining the sacroiliac joint requires the development of an optimal protocol for radiography of the studied area. The research was conducted on the basis of the Clinical and Diagnostic Center of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of the Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University for one year on 20 dogs of different age, sex, and breeds. Radiography was performed to diagnose the instability of the sacroiliac joint. A combination of a Triones tw-120 X-ray machine and an Alfa-4600 digital receiver was used for the examination. According to the results of the study, it was found that there was no significant difference between the central positioning method of the animal and the angular one for assessing the state of soft tissues, but the angular method was more suitable for assessing the state of the sacroiliac joint structures since it allowed a more detailed analysis of the state of the articular surfaces and the location of the iliac bones relative to the sacrum. This kind of x-ray examination should be performed only with sedatives. Since the position of the animal’s body on radiography is not physiological and in the case of sacroiliac joint instability there is pain, these factors will negatively affect the accuracy of the study. It was also found that the use of M-shaped pillows significantly improved the quality of the obtained X-ray image. When working with the radiograph, it is necessary to pay attention to the condition of the joint surfaces, as osteoarthritis and osteosclerosis in the future may cause instability of the sacroiliac joint. If there is an X-ray of the joint space, the congruence index should be calculated. It is important to take into account the anamnestic data of the animal, as pregnant females may have abnormalities. Compliance with the proposed protocol of diagnostic actions in case of suspicion of sacroiliac joint instability will make it possible to accurately diagnose, prescribe appropriate treatment, plan the course of the surgery and prevent the development of this pathology in the future.

This paper provides data on the clinical signs of pododermatitis in dogs and also investigates effective treatment regimens. The urgency of the stated problem is due to the growing incidence of pododermatitis in dogs, its polyetiological nature, which requires a multifaceted approach to diagnostics and the introduction of effective treatments methods. Thereby, the purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical manifestations of skin diseases of the distal extremities in dogs and to determine the efficacy of complex therapy of pododermatitis. The studies were based on clinical research methods in dermatology, parasitological (skin scraping), bacteriological, and mycological (seeding on nutrient media with subsequent isolation of the pathogen) surveys. Based on the findings of the study, the absolute number of cases revealed lesions of 2 paws (53.3%), much less often – all 4 limbs (26.7%). It was found that mainly localisation of superficial skin lesions was found in 56.2% in the area of the interdigital space and 43.7% of cases – only on the plantar surface of the pastern (metatarsus), rarely – inflammation of the claw phalanx (31.2%). The main clinical signs of dermatitis of the distal extremities in dogs were erosive and ulcerative inflammation, alopecia, papules and pustules filled with purulent exudate, erythematous inflammation, haemorrhage, areas of lichenification. Studies on the treatment of dogs with pododermatitis caused by Staphylococcus intermedius, Demodex canis and Malassezia pachydermatis have shown the following: introduction of drugs Bravecto, Cefuroxime, Orungal, Apoquel and Derinat increased the efficacy of therapy in animals of the experimental group, as compared with the control (from 28.6% to 66.7%), reducing the duration of treatment to 21 days (p˂0.01) and extending the remission period to an average of 185 days (p˂0.01). The prospect of further research is the unification of clinical, morphological, and biochemical blood parameters as diagnostic criteria for pododermatitis in dogs

Primary hepatitis (PH) is one of the most frequently diagnosed hepatic diseases in dogs. Its popular forms are acute hepatitis (AH) and chronic active hepatitis (CAH) which can progress to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. This investigation aimed to evaluate the use of hepatocyte released Canine familiaris miRNAs(cfamiR)-122 and -21 as serum biological markers for the early and reliable diagnosis of PH and to reveal the onset of hepatic fibrosis. After the ultrasonographic and histological examination, fifteen healthy dogs were involved in the study as control group to compare with other thirty dogs confirmed to have AH or CAH (n = 15). Activity of liver enzymes as well as serum level of globulin and total bilirubin were significantly elevated in AH (P 0.001) and CAH (P 0.01) groups whereas, serum level of total protein, albumin, BUN and A/G ratio were significantly lowered in both PH groups (P 0.01) compared to control. Cfa-miR-122 significantly expressed in AH (P 0.001) and CAH (P 0.01) and exhibited a potential significance in distinguishing these groups from control with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.98 and 0.96, respectively. Additionally, cfa-miR-122 displayed a potential role in distinguishing AH (P 0.05) from CAH group with an AUC of 0.85. Cfa-miR-21 was only expressed in dogs of CAH group and displayed a potential role in distinguishing this group (P 0.001) from AH and healthy groups with an AUC of 0.99 and 0.88, respectively. Therefore, cfa-miR-122 can be significantly expressed in dogs with two forms of PH whereas, cfa-miR-21 could be potentially enhanced only in chronic form of PH and may act as new non-invasive biomarker for distinguishing AH from CAH.

The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of using the temperature DDU (dirofilaria development units) model for predicting the spread of dirofilariosis in dogs in various regions of the Republic of Armenia.Materials and methods. To obtain temperature models of dirofilariosis in various regions of Armenia, the method of mathematical modeling was applied. The method for determining the number of generations of Dirofilaria spp. infection is based on the effect of the average daily air temperature on the rate of development of Dirofilaria larvae in mosquitoes with a threshold of 14 °C. For a negative value of DDU, the value is set to zero. At temperatures above the threshold, DDU accumulate. For the development of larvae to the infective stage, an amount of 130 DDU is required. The number of possible generations of one generation of larvae L3 was calculated by dividing the annual sum of temperatures above 14 °C by 130 DDU, taking into account that 130 DDU should accumulate within a period not exceeding 30 days. The calculation uses daily data on the average daily air temperature in the period from 2017 to 2019 for Shirak, Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions of Armenia.Results and discussion. Temperature modeling of DDU is not of high significance, since it takes into account only the average daily air temperature and does not take into account other factors affecting the incidence rates. The largest number of generations of larvae in mosquitoes could be realized in the Armavir and Ararat regions – on average, 16 generations per year. At the same time, the infection of dogs with dirofilariae in the Armavir region was 42.8%, and in the Ararat region – 29.6%. In Aragatston region, on average, 14–15 generations are developing per year. Dirofilariosis was not detected in the studied dogs. In the Shirak region, on average, 7–8 generations are developing per year. Dirofilariae infection was detected in 3.6% of the dogs studied. Based on the temperature DDU-model of dirofilariosis (on the dates of the end of the first and last incubation of dirofilariosis larvae in mosquitoes for several years), as well as the results of phenological observations, we have developed schemes for effective prevention of dirofilariosis. In order to organize and conduct veterinary preventive measures to prevent infestation of dogs by dirofilariae, it is necessary to organize two lines of defense. The first line of defense: the use of anthelmintics from the group of macrocyclic lactones in Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions, which is carried out monthly, and in the Shirak region - from April to January. The second line of defense is repellant treatment of dogs in the Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions from March to November, and in the Shirak region from April to October. The practical application of temperature DDU-models of dirofilariosis allows specialists of veterinary and sanitary services to establish the timing of the epizootic season of dirofilariosis, as well as organize and conduct veterinary preventive and therapeutic measures among the population of dogs in endemically disadvantaged areas of the republic.

Laboratory diagnostics for any animal pathology refers to special research methods and helps not only in establishing the fi nal diagnosis, but also in expanding data on the course of primary pathology and determining secondary complications based on changes in blood parameters. For this purpose, a clinical study of the blood of dogs with varying degrees of intensity of dirofi lariasis invasion was carried out. It was found that the number of erythrocytes decreased in animals of the experimental groups, depending on the intensity of invasion. Severe erythropenia was found in the group of animals with the highest degree of invasion intensity (2.04±0.50 1012/l (p

The paper presents materials on pathomorphological changes in the organs of dogs with intestinal yersiniosis, the disease which is still considered to be predominately asymptomatic. The aim of the study was to determine the main pathomorphological changes in dogs with spontaneous intestinal yersiniosis caused by Y. enterocolitica. To achieve this goal, pathological and pathomorphological studies were performed on 12 corpses of dogs aged 8-22 months between 2017-2020. The specimens had a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of intestinal yersiniosis as a monoinfection, and three of the corpses had complications of infectious hepatitis and two corpses with complications of pseudomonosis. The material for the study was extracted during an autopsy of dogs that died due to acute and rarely chronic spontaneous intestinal yersiniosis, as well as when it was complicated by other infectious diseases. Fixation of pathological material (pieces of lungs, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, stomach, small and large intestine, kidneys) and the manufacturing of paraffin sections were performed according to generally accepted methods. The resulting sections were stained with Karatsi hematoxylin and aqueous solution of eosin. The most significant changes were found in the organs of the gastrointestinal tract (congestive catarrhal-hemorrhagic processes in the acute course and atrophic and productive in the chronic), liver (protein and fat dystrophies, local areas of necrobiosis and cytolysis of hepatocytes), spleen in the kidneys (signs of granular and hyaline-drop dystrophy of the epithelium of the tubules and dystrophic-atrophic processes in the glomeruli), characteristic of septicemia and toxemia. Based on the analysis of literature sources, the results of the study, it was found that intestinal yersiniosis of dogs is a disease that has multiorgan pathology, but due to the similarity of clinical manifestations and lack of specific diagnostic laboratories it is often disguised as other bacterial and viral diseases. The complex of pathomorphological changes in the organs of the deceased animals, taking into account the results of serological and pathological studies, can be considered a basic protocol for diagnosing intestinal yersiniosis in dogs

The purpose of the research is to determine the main clinical signs of dirofilariosis in dogs, taking into account the peculiarities of animal exploitation and to analyze the efficacy and convenience of using some diagnostic techniques. Materials and methods. The main clinical signs of dirofilariosis in dogs on the farms of Armenia have been studied. The presence of microfilariae was determined in native smears and using a modified Knott method. We also used the Asan Easy Test Heartworm and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test one-step cassette rapid tests for visual detection of Dirofilaria spp. antigen in blood serum. Results and discussion. 8.5% of dogs in the farms of the Republic of Armenia are infected with Dirofilaria sp. The most infected were dogs aged 5–8 years (75%). The main symptomatic signs of dirofilariosis in dogs were established in the specific conditions of the studied region and the specifics of the specific exploitation of animals. It has been established that the immunochromatographic test systems Asan Easy Test Heartworm and SNAP 4Dx Plus Test for visual detection of canine Dirofilaria spp. antigen in blood serum are the most effective for the diagnosis of dirofilariosis.

The purpose of the research is studying the tolerability profile of drug» Gelmintal Mini Syrup» based on toltrazuril and moxidectin in therapeutic and increased doses administered once and repeatedly to target animal species. Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on 45 cats and kittens, and 45 dogs and puppies. In each experiment, the animals were divided according to the principle of analogy into three groups of 5 animals each. In the first experiment, the drug was administered once in two- and 5-fold increased doses; and the animals were followed-up for 30 days. In the second experiment, the drug was used daily for 7 days in therapeutic and 3-fold increased therapeutic doses; and the animals were followed-up for 15 days. During the experiments, we recorded the animals’ general condition, behavior and appetite, monitored their body weight and temperature, and collected blood and urine to study a number of parameters that characterize the physiological state of experimental animals. Results and discussion. «Gelmintal Mini Syrup» in therapeutic and increased doses administered once and repeatedly does not adversely affect the general condition of cats and dogs. Hematological, biochemical and urological values were within the physiological range.

The purpose of the research is studying the epizootology of babesiosis and biochemical parameters of dogs with babesiosis in Barnaul. Materials and methods. The studies were conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Epizootology, Parasitology and Veterinary-Sanitary Examination of the Altai State Agrarian University and at the Barnaul Central Veterinary Hospital. Statistical analysis was performed according to the laboratory research journal from 2013 to 2017. Babesiosis was diagnosed based on clinical evidence and microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total and conjugated bilirubin, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, calcium and phosphorus contained in the blood serum was determined. In total, 1258 blood samples of dogs of different sex, age and breed were examined. In order to identify age-related features in hematological parameters, we formed 4 groups of 30 dogs in each age group. We studied indicators such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the total number of red blood cells, and white blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and color index, and counted formed elements. The spread of ixodic ticks was studied in Barnaul and a suburban area of Chernitsky Forest. Ixodic ticks were collected on flag. A total of 535 live ticks of the Ixodidae family were collected. The species of ixodic ticks was identified using the Guide to arachnoentomoses. Results and discussion. The rate of babesia infection in dogs was 36.3%. Most often babesiosis occurs in outbred dogs, the terrier, German Shepherd dog, Cocker Spaniel, Central Asian Shepherd dog and dachshund. Males, especially those over the age of 8, are more infected with Babesia. Most cases of dog lesions by babesiosis occur in Zheleznodorozhny, Central and Industrial Districts of Barnaul. The disease is diagnosed from early April to late June, and from early August to late October. Significant indicators for identifying the pathology of individual systems and organs of the animal affected by babesiosis are aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, total and conjugated bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase. The level of total protein under the age of two years is lowered, while calcium and phosphorus are within physiological values.

In our studies, we examined the indices of erythrocytopoiesis in service dogs for physical activity. The studies were conducted on 1.5−2 years old Belgian Shepherd (Malinois) dogs who performed exercises from the international Mondioring program, which included physical and emotional training to train dogs for the Armed Forces, Border Troops and National Police. Blood was collected from animals before training (at rest) and after the training process (lasting 2 hours). It was found that 62.5 % of animals showed a tendency to increase the total number of erythrocytes and their populations − "old" and "mature". Such changes in dogs during exercise are indicative of more intense maturation of “young” erythrocytes in the peripheral blood, elimination of “mature” cells from the depot, increased resistance to the membrane of their membranes, and intensifi cation of the processes of erythrocyte attachment and delivery. With regard to hemoglobin content in the blood and hematocrit, these fi gures in 75.0 % of dogs after exercise tended to increase. However, red blood indices (MСН and MCV) tended to decrease, indicating an increase in the erythrocyte adaptation processes to physiological hypoxia during exercise and the appearance of a large number of unsaturated microcytic forms of erythrocytes in the bloodstream in particular. In the study of the ferumotransferrin complex, it should be noted that in 87.5 % of the animals, the amount of ferum, TIBC and transferrin levels increased, which are related to the release into the bloodstream of the reserve reserves of the ferrum for hemoglobin formation and adequate ability of hepatocytes to synthesize during transplantation.

The purpose of the research devoted to the study of the possible factors of transmission of larval nematodosis pathogens, namely to clarify the possibility of nematodes eggs transfer from the soil to people’s homes on the dogs' paws and on people's shoes.Materials and methods. Three types of samples were examined for the presence of nematode eggs: the washings from the dog paws, from the shoes of dog owners, and the shoes of individuals that do not have pet dogs. To detect helminth eggs, the original protocol of the flotation-sedimentation method was used. A total of 150 volumetric samples were investigated.Results and discussion. In 17.3% of the samples from the paws of dogs and in 10.7% of the samples from the shoes of their owners, the eggs of parasitic nematodes were found. Toxocara eggs were found in 8.5% of samples, among them T. canis in 3.4%, T. cati in 5.1%; the eggs of Ancylostoma sp. in 2.5%, Trichuris cf. vulpis in 1.7%, Capillariidae gen. sp. in 2.5% of samples. In samples from the shoes of people who do not have dogs, nematode eggs were not found. All the eggs morphologically seemed to be alive. One third of the Toxocara eggs contained an embryo at the cleavage stage, the eggs of Trichuris and Capillariidae were at the zygote stage. Hookworm eggs contained larvae. The number of eggs found in the samples from the paws of dogs was almost double that on the shoes of their owners. Our study demonstrates that invasive parasitic agents can be carried from soil to human homes on shoe soles and dog paws. This fact needs to be accounted for when assessing the risk of worm infection in humans and dogs.