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The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effects of oral collagen supplementation on joint function, muscle recovery, and overall musculoskeletal health in athletes. Collagen, a key protein in the body, is essential for the health of joints, muscles, and connective tissues. As collagen production declines with age, supplementation has become a promising strategy for improving athletic performance and reducing injury risk. This review analysed recent studies published from 2016 onwards, focusing on the impact of collagen supplementation, particularly in combination with regular training. The research involved a comprehensive literature search in the MEDLINE database, initially identifying 82 records, with 39 undergoing quality assessment. Ultimately, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. The findings indicate that collagen peptides significantly enhance joint stability, reduce pain, and accelerate recovery from injuries such as Achilles tendinopathy. Moreover, collagen supplementation combined with resistance training was shown to improve muscle strength, body composition, and recovery markers more effectively than training alone. The review also highlights collagen's role in extracellular matrix remodelling and anti-inflammatory responses, offering potential benefits in tissue repair and injury prevention. These results suggest that collagen supplementation could be a valuable addition to athletes' training regimens, warranting further research to optimize dosing strategies and explore its mechanisms of action.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has been a global epidemic since the 1980s, with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) aiming to eliminate it as a public health threat by 2030. As of 2017, 36.9 million individuals were living with HIV worldwide, making HIV infection a leading cause of death globally. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a highly effective biomedical prevention method that can reduce the risk of HIV transmission by over 90% when taken consistently. This review examines the awareness and knowledge of PrEP among students, focusing on variations across gender, race, sexual orientation, study type, university type, and country of residence. A literature search conducted in the MEDLINE database between February and March 2024 identified 26 relevant studies published in the last ten years. Findings reveal significant disparities in PrEP awareness and knowledge, influenced by factors such as field of study and geographic location. While healthcare students generally show higher awareness levels, gaps remain, particularly among non-healthcare students and in different regions. Targeted educational initiatives are crucial to enhance PrEP acceptance and utilization. Addressing these gaps is essential for improving HIV prevention efforts and ultimately achieving UNAIDS' 2030 objective.

A FEW QUESTIONS ABOUT SAMOTNA MATKA AND SAMODZIELNA MATKA, AND THEIR LEXICOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION The author raises questions about how the terms samotna matka [single mother] and samodzielna matka [independent mother] are accounted for in a lexicographic description, whether they are considered discontinuous units, and what relationships exist between them. The author of the article presents corpus data that allows dating the appearance of the term samotna matka and the collocation samodzielna matka in Polish. The author comments on selected definitions of the adjective samotny (lonely). Then, she presents arguments in favour of recognising the combination samotna matka as a linguistic unit. Similar arguments were presented for the collocation samodzielna matka. The article also addresses issues of differences in valuation associated with the discussed collocations and indicates how a new collocation affects the meaning of the older unit.

PROBLEMS WITH THE PHONOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF POST-PALATAL PLOSIVE SOUNDS The article reports the most important phonetic changes which took place in the contemporary Polish language. The aim of the chapter is to answer the questions that arise when learning phonetics and phonology, especially in regard to phonemes /k΄/ and /g΄/. In this paper the author presents various opinions on the phonological distinctiveness of the two sounds. The author focuses on the phenomenon associated with depalatalisation of consonants [k΄] and [g΄] and presents solutions adopted in academic textbooks. Finally, the author presents suggestions for the phonological interpretation of selected consonants.

The article deals with the management of the 2023 European Games by the public administration in organizational terms. In the main, the formal and legal regulations constituting the framework for the management of a major sports event were analyzed. The paper uses the dogmatic-egalitarian research method, which required an analysis of the detailed legal regulations of this area. The research aspects contained within the article form a functional whole developed by the four co-authors. They can be summarized as a kind of commentary on selected aspects most relevant to the management of the 2023 European Games. It is important that in their creation, research methods familiar to management and quality sciences and legal sciences were used. In the main, the predominant method was dogmatic and exegetical, which required an in-depth analysis of organizational aspects in the context of the use of literature and views of doctrine, as well as analysis of the legal text.

In 2016, three universities in Poland established, on the basis of the provisions of the no longer applicable Act of 30 April 2010 on financing science, the first in Poland "Polish scientific network - Research and development work for the dissemination of sports law". On the basis of this project, the next step was to establish a registered association under the name of Towarzystwo Sieci Naukowej Sportowego (Towarzystwo Sieci Naukowej Sportowego), this entity as a unique entity on the sports market is responsible for the entire spectrum of activities in the field of management and law in sport. The article aims to discuss good practices in the activities of third sector organizations on the example of the said association. The work uses the dogmatic-exegetical method of research, thanks to which the wording of the statute and the agreement of the scientific network were quoted. An empirical method was also used, which is related to the experience of some of the authors - members of the said association.

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disease classified as hypersomnia of central origin. Core symptoms of the disease (hypersomnia and cataplexy) are particularly burdensome for patients. The etiology of the disease is not fully understood. There are several theories explaining the essence of the disease. One of the possible causes is the disruption of the autoimmune system leading to the disappearance of hypocretin-releasing neurons. Currently, multicenter studies on synthesizing hypocretin-like proteins that may be the basis of causal narcolepsy treatment are conducted. As yet pharmacotherapy contributes only to reduce the symptoms of the disease. Commonly used medications are amphetamine derivatives, modafinil, pitolisant and γ-hydroxybutyric acid sodium salt (GHB).

Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological disease classified as hypersomnia of central origin. Core symptoms of the disease (hypersomnia and cataplexy) are particularly burdensome for patients. The etiology of the disease is not fully understood. There are several theories explaining the essence of the disease. One of the possible causes is the disruption of the autoimmune system leading to the disappearance of hypocretin-releasing neurons. Currently, multicenter studies on synthesizing hypocretin-like proteins that may be the basis of causal narcolepsy treatment are conducted. As yet pharmacotherapy contributes only to reduce the symptoms of the disease. Commonly used medications are amphetamine derivatives, modafinil, pitolisant and γ-hydroxybutyric acid sodium salt (GHB).

Straipsnyje analizuojamos Irako specialiojo tribu­nolo, įkurto 2003 m. gruodžio 10 d., statuto nuos­tatos, materialiniai ir procesiniai Tribunolo veiklos aspektai. Nurodoma, kad Statutu įdiegtas stebėtojų ir patarėjų tarptautinės teisės klausimais institutas – keliamas jų veiklos teisinio apibrėžtumo klausimas; apibūdinama Tribunolo jurisdikcija: nuo 1968 m. lie­pos 17 d. iki 2003 m. gegužės 1 d. padarytiems nusi­kaltimams, numatytiems Statuto 11–14 straipsniuo­se, už kuriuos gali būti traukiami tik Irako piliečiai ir nuolatiniai Irako gyventojai, nusikaltimus padarę Irake ir už jo ribų teisti. Nurodoma, kad nėra regla­mentuota asmenų, Tribunolo trauktinų baudžiamo­jon atsakomybėn, amžiaus riba; juridiniai asmenys (pvz., Baath partija) nėra teisiami. Taip pat, lyginant su Tarptautinio karinio tribunolo nuostatomis, Irako specialusis tribunolas negali paskelbti nė vienos gru­pės ar organizacijos kriminaline. Straipsnyje taip pat analizuojami nusikaltimai, už kuriuos gali teisti Irako specialusis tribunolas, lyginamas kitų ad hoc tribunolų veiklos teisinis re­glamentavimas. Autorė, be to, palyginusi Irako speci­aliojo tribunolo statuto ir Romos statuto bei 1949 m. Ženevos konvencijos papildomo protokolo nuostatas, daro išvadą, kad baudimas už kai kuriuos Irako spe­cialiojo tribunolo statute numatytus nusikaltimus būtų nesuderinamas su nullum crimen sine lege, nes tai nėra universaliai tarptautiniu lygiu pripažįstami nusikaltimai; terorizmo nusikaltimo Statute taip pat nenumatyta – tai būtų Irako nacionalinių teismų ju­risdikcijos klausimas. Taip pat teigiama, kad Statuto 11c) punktas turėtų būti traktuojamas kaip novela, nes numato agresiją kaip nusikalstamą veiką. Straipsnyje analizuojamos kaltinamųjų, liudytojų, nukentėjusiųjų teisės procese; pabrėžiama, kad Irako specialiojo tribunolo statute nenumatyta žalos atlygi­nimo instituto, kompensacijos už neteisėtą areštą ar sulaikymą; skiriama dėmesio reguliuojant procesą in absentia, Tribunolo sprendimo peržiūrai. The Iraqi Special Tribunal was established directly by the Iraqi Governing Council on December 10, 2003. The Tribunal has been mandated to try the accused for crimes under international law (genocide, crime against humanity and war crimes) and some violations of Stipulated Iraqi Laws. This article contains an analysis of the provisions of the Statute of the Iraqi Special Tribunal with regard to its material and procedural aspects. The Statute of this Tribunal was created taking for the pattern the Statute of International Criminal Court. However, the opinions of the Iraqis were also taken into account; the Iraqis wanted to have the solely power to exercise jurisdiction of this Tribunal.