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Chemical analysis established that during electrochemical reduction in M2WO4 — WO3 (M — Li, Na, K, Cs, Tl) melts, tungsten oxide bronzes of various compositions and structures are formed. The dependence of the change in the equilibrium potentials of cathode products on the temperature and composition of the melt has been studied. It was found that with an increase in the content of alkali metal in tungsten melts, the number of crystal nuclei decreases. A decrease in the melt temperature and an increase in the cathode current density also lead to a decrease in the grain size of the cathode deposits, which makes it possible to obtain powders of tungsten oxide bronzes of controlled dispersion.

In this paper, we synthesize active carbon samples with various content of nitrogen and oxygen of heteroatoms, as well as surface functional groups. We determine the specific surface area and porosity of the obtained carbon, study its behaviour in the model oxide reduction processes, notably electrochemical oxygen reduction and catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Relying on the data analysis, we characterize the impact of surface chemistry and porosity on the electron-donating ability of nitrogen and oxygen containing active carbons. We take the perspective that this carbon can be applied as a fuel cell electrocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]