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Introduction. The analysis of the current state and prospects of space-based radar surveillance tools is important for determining their functions in global aerospace information systems, which aim to monitor air and space, as well as the Earth's surface. Radar surveillance information is used for the purposes of economic analysis, environmental monitoring, mineral search, emergency monitoring, detection and recognition of specified object s at sea and on land, as well as for ensuring national security. In this regard, it is of relevance to develop methods for preliminary assessment of the resolution capacity of novel high-precision onboard radar systems installed on a spacecraft, considering their main technical characteristics, the parameters of the spacecraft movement and the influence of the atmosphere. A priori estimation of spatial resolution values requires a method for calculating the corresponding indicators meeting the required quality of the synthesized radio holograms.Aim. To derive mathematical dependencies and logical rules allowing a priori estimation of the spatial resolution of radar images obtained by the onboard equipment of a radar complex.Materials and methods. Analytical methods were used to determine the resolution error of onboard radar systems with a synthesized aperture in the lateral (azimuthal) direction and range, as well as the theory of radar signal processing.Results. A comparison of the experimental and analytical data on the resolution capacity of an actual radar system confirmed the validity on the proposed method. The developed methodology was used to determine the procedure of calculating the error when estimating the resolution capacity in terms of azimuth and range. Conclusion. The proposed method can be used for both designing novel radar systems and comparing existing radar complexes, depending on the resolution requirements.

High-quality soils are an important resource affecting the quality of life of human societies, as well as terrestrial ecosystems in general. Thus, soil erosion and soil loss are a serious issue that should be managed, in order to conserve both artificial and natural ecosystems. Predicting soil erosion has been a challenge for many years. Traditional field measurements are accurate, but they cannot be applied to large areas easily because of their high cost in time and resources. The last decade, satellite remote sensing and predictive models have been widely used by scientists to predict soil erosion in large areas with cost-efficient methods and techniques. One of those techniques is the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). RUSLE uses satellite imagery, as well as precipitation and soil data from other sources to predict the soil erosion per hectare in tons, in a given instant of time. Data acquisition for these data-demanding methods has always been a problem, especially for scientists working with large and diverse datasets. Newly emerged online technologies like Google Earth Engine (GEE) have given access to petabytes of data on demand, alongside high processing power to process them. In this paper we investigated seasonal spatiotemporal changes of soil erosion with the use of RUSLE implemented within GEE, for Pindos mountain range in Greece. In addition, we estimated the correlation between the seasonal components of RUSLE (precipitation and vegetation) and mean RUSLE values.

Magnetic force lines of the Earth are shown strictly analytically to fill some continuous class of surfaces and are obtained from the solution to the equation of magnetostatics. It is proven that their origin is a consequence of the effect of the Earth’s rotation.

Приведен пример реализации опытного фрагмента кластера обработки геофизических данных в модели облачных технологий. Предложенная архитектура позволила уменьшить время на проведение научных исследований и численное моделирование за счет сокращения сроков реконфигурирования вычислительных ресурсов в соответствии с требованиями экспериментов. В качестве примера апробации решения выбрана задача численного моделирования сферической мантийной конвекции на основе данных сейсмической томографии. Уравнение Стокса решается методом конечных элементов с помощью программного кода CitcomS. Представлены результаты трехмерного моделирования глобальной мантийной конвекции. Расчеты демонстрируют структуру мантийных течений в современной Земле. Под континентами, кроме Восточной Африки, Юго-Восточной и Восточной Азии и Западной Антарктиды, находятся нисходящие мантийные потоки и отрицательные аномалии температуры. Нисходящий мантийный поток под Евразией и восходящий поток под Арктикой толкают Северную Евразию на юг, порождая напряжения в коре и процессы горообразования внутри Евразии. Еще один мощный нисходящий мантийный поток возникает между Америками в Карибской зоне субдукции. Древние кратоны характеризуются холодными областями мантии под ними. Под Восточной Африкой находятся положительная температурная аномалия и восходящий мантийный поток, ответственный за систему рифтов на поверхности африканского континента. Похожая аномалия обнаруживается и в районе Байкальской рифтовой зоны. Глобальный восходящий поток находится под Тихим океаном., We present an example of the realization of a geophysical data processing cluster in a cloud technology model. Cloud technologies can increase the efficiency of computing resources due to their virtualization and ensuring elasticity. The proposed architecture allows reducing the time of numerical modelling by decreasing the time on reconfiguring computing resources in accordance with research requirements. As an example of testing the solution, the problem of numerical modelling of spherical mantle convection based on seismic tomography data was taken. The Stokes equation is solved by the finite element method using CitcomS code. The results of three-dimensional modelling of global mantle convection are presented. Calculations demonstrate the structure of mantle flows in modern Earth. Under the continents, with the exception of East Africa, Southeast and East Asia and West Antarctica, there are downward mantle flows and negative temperature anomalies. The descending mantle flow under Eurasia and the ascending flow under the Arctic push North Eurasia to the south, is causing stresses in the crust and orogenic processes within Eurasia. Another powerful downward mantle flow occurs between North and South America in the Caribbean subduction zone. Ancient cratons are characterized by cold regions in the mantle beneath them. Under East Africa, there is a positive temperature anomaly and an upward mantle flow, responsible for the East African Rift System. A similar anomaly is also found in the Baikal rift zone. A global ascending mantle flow forms under the Pacific Ocean., №25 (2020)

Исследуется зондирование снежного покрова методом радарной интерферометрии. Предложена приближенная модель интерферометрического зондирования, основанная на методе малых возмущений. Поле обратного рассеяния рассматривается как когерентная сумма волн, рассеянных на неровностях границ раздела “воздух - снег” и “снег - почва”. Представлены результаты определения водного эквивалента снега с помощью радарной интерферометрии на ровной земной поверхности (равнина) и поверхности с уклонами рельефа (холмисто-гористая местность). Проведена оценка вклада рассеяния от поверхности снега в значения амплитуды и интерферометрической фазы. Выполнен анализ влияния уклонов рельефа на оценку параметров снежного покрова. Приведены результаты численных оценок. Показано, что для местности с уклоном рельефа около 45изменения в интерферометрической фазе относительно ровной поверхности достигают 40%. Однако если склоны сравнительно ровные (менее 10), эти изменения не превышают 10%, The main characteristics of the snow cover determining its impact on the environment are its thickness and the snow water equivalent (SWE). SWE assesses the water content in the snow cover. Radar interferometry is one of the methods for determining SWE. The paper presents the results of snow cover sensing by radar interferometry on both flat Earth’s surface and terrain with relief. A backscattering model taking into account backscattering from the snow surface is proposed in contrast to the existing methods. The backscattering field is considered as a coherent sum of waves scattered on the irregularities of the air - snow and snow - soil interfaces. These interfaces are statistically rough surfaces with random irregularities, whose heights are described by uncorrelated stationary random functions with their mean values, standard deviations, and correlation radii. It is assumed that the irregularities are small compared to the wavelength, their slopes are small, and the conditions for the applicability of the method of small perturbations are satisfied. It is also supposed that roughness does not affect the coherent field according to the Born approximation. The incident and scattered waves are assumed to follow Snell’s law. The coherent waves reflection and transmission coefficients are determined by Fresnel formulas for a flat interface. The contribution of backscattering from the snow surface to the values of the amplitude and interferometric phase is estimated using small perturbation method. It is shown that the relative error of interferometric phase determination due to the influence of the wave scattered by the air - snow boundary does not exceed 8% for the angles of incidence of 20-45and the density of snow 0.2-0.3 g/cm. The approximate relations show the linear dependence between the interferometric phase and SWE. The model is extended to the general case of backscattering from snow cover on the Earth’s surface with relief. The influence of terrain slopes on the interferometric phase is estimated. It is shown that for hilly terrain with slopes of about 45, the relative changes in the interferometric phase could reach 40%. However, if the slopes are relatively flat (less than 10), these changes do not exceed 10%., Вычислительные технологии, Выпуск 4 (25) 2020

The paper presents the description of hand-made pottery from the excavation of the watch-tower Kazan II near Uzunlar earth bank in 2017. The tower is dated to the second half of the I c. B.C. Technological analysis of 92 vessel rims of was carried out, using the method developed by A. A. Bobrinsky. The information about the raw material and paste composing was obtained. The analysis results demonstrate two clearly distinguishable pottery-making traditions: one with the paste composed of silty clay and grog and the other, with the paste composed of silty clay and crushed shell. Morphologically, the pottery with grog is similar to the vessels from the late-scyphian sites of North-West, Central and South-West Crimea. Most of the big container vessels and some of the small pots are made according to this pottery making tradition. The pottery with crushed shell is similar to vessels from Polyanka settlement in morphology and paste. Most of the small pots, bowls and cultic and votive ceramic are made according to this pottery making tradition. The author supposes that the tower garrison consisted of members of two cultural groups who made pottery according to the abovementioned traditions. The group producing ceramic with grog might be similar to late scyphian population of Crimea.

A new technique for building a model of the internal structure of rock mass has been developed. It is based on using the properties of Markov processes and data processing the earth's surface topography. The paper shows the opportunities of calculating speed 3D models and some of the cross-sections on the example of the area near the Kola superdeep well. Ключевые слова: вероятностный прогноз, марковская статистика, 3D модель, зондирование.

Within the Ingul Megablock of the Ukrainian Shield, according to the data of three-dimensional density modeling, at the scale of 1 : 200 000, the thickness of conditionally allocated “granite”, “diorite”, “basalt” layers, which abroad have the name of the upper, middle and lower crust, are determined and their characteristic is given. In relation to the thickness of each layer to the total crust, which is expressed in parts, four types of crust are distinguished: granite, diorite, leuco-basalt, basalt. Since the composition of the Earth’s crust is an important factor in assessing the prospects for minerals, a comparison of the location of the ore deposits of manifestations of hydrothermal and hydrothermal-metasomatic genesis with a real composition scheme is made. It is established that most of the deposits of minerals are confined to blocks of granitic-diorite and diorite types of crust, and the smaller — gravitates to blocks of leuco-basalt and basalt types.

Petrochemical sections along the stretches of geophysical profiles have been plotted based on the data of velocities of seismic waves propagation in consolidated crust, distribution of the main petrochemical types of rocks along the depths, the correlation between calculated content of silicon, calcium and iron oxides in the allocated domains and general concepts on regularities of the Earth’s crust formation. Complex analysis of materials allows subdivision of four metamorphic complexes of rocks in the section of consolidated crust: three plutonic acidic ones, three plutonic hypabyssal ones of average composition, two volcanic-plutonic of basic composition and one complex volcanic-plutonic of ultrabasic composition with different degree of alkalinity. Petrochemical blocks subdivided reflect rock associations of different age but closely similar by chemical composition. Complex hybrid rock associations on the level of medium crust are characterized by special petrochemical diversity. Comparison of composition and time of formation of that or other exposed rocks and analysis of the history of the region development demonstrated their sufficient accordance and admissible reflection in petrochemical sections. According to definite concepts on formation of gold mineralization the areas were subdivided which reflect the processes of ore formation in subsurface products and probable zones of location of the native sources of metals.

Global warming in the future is an existential threat to human civilization. To prevent further changes in the Earth's climate is intended of space system for regulate the temperature of Earth's atmosphere, proposed of G.A. Sizentsev. In this system, the main role is played by the solar-sailing ship (SSS) arranged in a Lagrange point L1 of the Earth-Sun system. Due to the large area of sails SSS, drifting in the plane normal to the flow of sunlight, reduces the amount of solar radiation incident on the Earth. For practical implementation of space system for regulate the temperature of Earth's atmosphere is necessary to solve complex problems related primarily to the efficiency of attenuation of solar radiation flux. In this paper we study the solar limb darkening on the reduce of the outgoing radiation flux from sun with using the SSS. On the basis of well-known law of solar limb darkening, expressions are obtained for attenuation of the radiation flux when the SSS is at the center of the solar disk, and with deviation the SSS from center of the solar disk at a certain angle. Evaluation is made for the total stream and separate sections the spectral range (from average UV- to the near IR-range). Found that attenuation will decrease at the displacement of SSS to solar disk center, because from there comes the most intense radiation flux. For constant attenuation values of the radiation flux is necessary to ensure a stable position of the SSS with respect to the center of the solar disk, or design should allow the SSS to regulate the transmission amount of the radiation flux. Is shown, that the greatest attenuation occurs in the spectral range of 260 ... 300 nm, corresponding to middle UV-range. Currently, there are published data on the significant effect of fluctuations in the UV radiation on the Earth's climate. Conclusion, that more research is needed of possible effects of reduce UV-radiation on the Earth's climate when regulating of the solar constant with the SSS.

Экспериментальные исследования сейсмоакустических шумов выполнены нами в течение ряда лет, в различных районах России, частично вместе с зарубежными коллегами, в Индии и в США, на поверхности земли и в скважинах. Наши наблюдательные данные дополнены другими, пока малоизвестными, редкими. Экспериментально изучена тонкая структура высокочастотных микросейсм в связи с теллурическими процессами, приливными деформациями земли и эмиссионным откликом земной коры на экзогенные геофизические процессы, планетарные явления. Выявлены аномалии тонкой временной структуры микросейсм, связанные с теллурическими и астрономическими явлениями–земными приливами, летним и зимним солнцестояниями, весенним и осенним равноденствиями, дневным и ночными стоянием Солнца. Полученные результаты сопоставлены с данными о связи сейсмичности и характера микросейсм с эфемеридами планет, затмениями Луны и Солнца. Предложены направления дальнейших исследований влияния теллурических процессов и планетарных событий на сейсмоакустические шумы, изучение нематериальных полей, We have executed a set of seismoacoustic noise experimental studies over a number of years, in different regions of Russia, partially together with the foreign associates, in India and in the USA, on the earth’s surface and in the bore holes. Our observant data are augmented by others, thus far little-known, rare. The fine structure of high-frequency microseismic disturbances in connection with the telluric processes, the tidal deformations of the earth and the emissive response of the earth’s crust to the exogenous geophysical processes, the planetary phenomena is experimentally studied. Anomalies of the thin time structure of microseismic disturbances, connected with the telluric and astronomical phenomenon - terrestrial flows, the summer and winter solstice, the spring and autumnal equinoxes, the day and night standing of the sun are revealed. The obtained results are compared with the data about the connection of seismicity and microseismic disturbances nature with the ephemeris of planets, the eclipses of the Moon and Sun. The directions of further studies of the telluric processes influence and planetary event on seismoacoustic noise are proposed, pour on the study of nonmaterial fields, Геология и геофизика Юга России, Выпуск 4 2016

Concentration of K, U and Th has been investigated in the rocks of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle of platforms, geosynclines and oceans. The coinsidence has been found between total modern heat emanation in the crust and upper mantle of three types of regions with significant differences in the distribution of sources in depth. The values of upper mantle rocks radiogenic heat generation in these regions are about 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08 μW/m 3 respectively. Correspondence of heat generation to geological history, heat flow and deep temperatures has been set for platforms. Implementation of energy conservation law in geological processes has been proven.

Приводятся краткие сведения о пересечениях глубинными геофизическими исследованиями структуры Большого Кавказа и результаты работ последних лет вдоль Адыгейского профиля (Дагомыс Абад-зехская Гиагинская), где впервые с равномерным шагом наблюдений получена комплексная геофизическая характеристика разреза земной коры в крест всей структуры орогена. На основании фактических материалов МОВЗ, МТЗ и гравимагнитных съёмок выделяются отдельные элементы структуры Большого Кавказа, как части Альпийского коллизионного пояса, очевидно возникшей при пологом надвиге с севера земной коры Скифской плиты на консолидированную кору закавказских микроплит., Brief information about the intersections with deep geophysical studies of the large Caucasus structure is given and the results of the last years works along the Adygea profile (Dagomys-Abadzekhskaya-Giaginskaya), where for the first time with the even step of observations obtained the complex geophysical characteristic of the earths crust section into the cross of the entire structure of orogen. On the factual materials basis MWEDE, MTS and gravimagnetic surveys the separate elements of the structure of the large Caucasus are separated as the part of the Alpine collision belt, which obviously arose with the gently sloping thrust from the north of the scythian plate earths crust on the consolidated crust of the Transcaucasian micros-plates, Геология и геофизика Юга России, Выпуск 4 2015

В результате анализа многолетних рядов наблюдений за естественным импульсным электромагнитным полем Земли (ЕИЭМПЗ) по сети из 10 регистраторов, расположенных от Черного до Каспийского моря в пределах сейсмоопасных районов Северо-Кавказского региона, выделены характерные образы аномалий, предваряющих сейсмические события с магнитудой более 4. Сделана попытка проанализировать взаимосвязь аномалий ЕИЭМПЗ с активизацией сейсмичности наиболее горячих сейсмических областей Центрального и Восточного Кавказа., An analysis of long-term series of observations of the natural pulsed electromagnetic field of the Earth in a network of 10 registrars, located on the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea within the seismic areas of the North Caucasus region, marked characteristic regional features of the behavior of diurnal and seasonal variations of geophysical fields. Developed a method for detecting anomalies with the offset intensity seasonal background. Do an attempt to analyze the relationship anomalies with the activation of the hot seismic regions in Central and Eastern Caucasus, Геология и геофизика Юга России, Выпуск 4 2015

Along the profile EUROBRIDGE-97 11 local objects of low resistance (OLR) on the results of the two-dimensional inversion of magnetotelluric sounding have been found. Most of the objects are located in the transition layer of the crust. In the upper mantle of the northern part of the Pripyat Trough and of the south of the Ukrainian Shield conductivity objects spatially consistent with the high values of heat flow were found. Connection of OPS with seismic sections along the profile has been considered.

Защита атмосферы Земли это вопрос морали, потому что, повреждая природную среду, человек наносит ущерб той или иной части общества, а также оказывает неблагоприятное воздействие на другие жизненные формы, тем самым сокращая биоразнообразие., The protection of the Earths atmosphere this is a question of morals, because, damaging natural medium, man does damage to one or other part or of the society, and also exerts unfavorable influence on other vital forms, thus reducing bio diversity, Геология и геофизика Юга России, Выпуск 4 2014

Characteristic of density distribution along latitudinal fault zones and estimated profiles has been given. Possibility has been found of north-south inclination of each of latitudinal fault zones. Criteria of selection of promising areas for the search of kimberlites and lamproites have been determined. Within the limits of the USh and DDD two types of such areas specific by their features have been selected. Confinement of predicted areas for the search of kimberlites and lamproites to a certain type of material composition of the crust (mainly diorite) has been revealed. It has been found that ore fields and the areas in the western part of the USh are situated above the areas of development of crustal-mantle mixture and are mainly the blocks of leuko-basaltic type, and in the eastern part they are specified by the absence of crustal-mantle mixture and are confined to blocks of diorite type of the material composition of crust.