Search

Adulteration of food is misleading consumers about the composition of foods in order to obtain economic benefits. Olive oil, wine and other alcoholic beverages, spices, tea, fish, honey, milk and dairy products, meat products, cereal products, beverages based on fruit juices, spices, coffee are falsified with the highest frequency. In addition, sufficient data on the frequency of adulterated food products are missing not only in Russia but also in the developed countries. This is because the purpose of the manufacturer and distributors of such products is primarily an economic advantage. Therefore, the majority of incidents of falsification of food products remained undetected since their production, generally had not led to the risk of food safety, and consumers often did not notice the reduction in quality of foodstuffs. The analysis of international data and data of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) has shown that, in order to improve the quality of food products and to reduce sales of adulterated food the following steps should be done: introduce the definition of falsificated food products into legislation of the EAEU; expand the list of methods for confirming the authenticity of the food and detecting the presence of substances which are not permitted for usage in the food industry; consolidate the principle of the responsibility of all participants in the treatment of food that does not comply with the mandatory requirements at the legislative level; introduce the indicators of the quality of foodstuffs in the technical regulations of the EAEU; return to the mandatory requirements for the quality of foods given in the interstate and state standards.

Introduction: Adequate, balanced nutrition is a precondition for the formation of health of the younger generation. The study of the dietary intake and peculiarities of the chemical composition offood is needed to substantiate measures aimed at the correction of the ration of adolescents., Purpose: Hygienic evaluation of the content of water soluble vitamins in foods and the ration of teenage population of the Omsk region. TASKS OF THE STUDY: 1. To determine levels of water-soluble vitamins content in foods forming the basis of the ration of the population the Omsk region. 2. On the base of a study of the actual nutrition of adolescents to determine the levels of water-soluble vitamins consumption. 3. To give a hygienic assessment of adolescent nutrition in the Omsk region in terms of provision with water-soluble vitamins, and to identify priority directions of the alimentary correction of the revealed disorders., Methods: The analysis of 389 food samples for the content of water-soluble vitamins (B1, B2, B6, PP C, folic acid) was performed with the use of reversed-phase HPLC high pressure on the Shimadzu LC-20 Prominence detector. The hygienic assessment of the actual nutrition of adolescents aged 13-17 years (sample survey; n = 250; 2012-2014) in the Omsk region was performed by the method of the analysis of food consumption frequency., Results: There were noted significantly lower concentrations of vitamin B1 and B2 in the studied samples of cereals, bread and vegetables in comparison with reference data. Consumption levels of vitamins B1, B2, PP folic acid in the diet of adolescents in the Omsk region are lower than recommended values. In the structure of nutrition there is not enough milk dairy products--in 82.4 ± 2.4%, fish and sea products in 90.8 ± 1.8% of adolescents., Conclusion: The actual nutrition of the adolescent population of the Omsk region is irrational, unbalanced in quantitative and qualitative terms, and does not provide the necessary level of consumption of most important water-soluble vitamins. Priority for the correction nutrients there are B1, B2, folic acid (B0).

The present report is dedicated to consideration of conditions of life, diet and labor activity of population of Western Europe n the second half of XVIII-first half of XIX centuries. The literary monuments, published testimonials of witnesses, materials from medical guidebooks and handbooks of those times are used to present the data concerning the anti-sanitary conditions of settlements, residential and public buildings and lacking of personal cleanliness among population. The issues are considered relating to inadequate quantity and low quality of food The exploitation of female and children labor in factory manufacture and dramatic moral degradation of fabric workers is considered too. The overall impact of these factors on mass morbidity and mortality of population is analyzed.

Provides the ability to use the principle of tolerance in substantiation of the maximum permissible levels (MDU) residual amounts of antibiotics of tetracycline group (ATG) in meat and dairy products. Using the data of monitoring research of food products, carried out in 2005-2011, in the system of Rospotrebnadzor was conducted analysis of the levels of tolerance of residual quantities of ATG in the meat, meat by-products, chicken eggs, milk, dairy and other products. The conclusion weas made that the Russian Federation hygienic norm MDU of ATG of meat and dairy products - 0.,01 mg/kg (SanPiN2.3.2.2804-10) - justified, consistent with the principle of tolerance and reduces the risk of negative consequences for the population.

Nutrition is one of the most critical aspects of human health and longevity. The idea of balanced nutrition supposes adequate supply of energy, macro- and micronutrients and furthermore normal functioning of specific mechanisms of nutrition. Contemporary biochemistry based on high performance methods, which assume increasing biological information. Developing of proteomic and metabolomic methods gives an opportunity to investigation macro- and micronutrients mechanisms of action. This was an incitement to formation new directions in biochemistry of nutrition: nutriproteomics and nutrimetabolomics.

Organization of nutrition for young athletes implied a regime, which includes the distribution of meals throughout the day, the multiplicity of power an nutrients that must be strictly consistent with the mode of the training process. Athletes' requirements in energy and nutrients vary considerably depending on the sport discipline and the amount of intense of physical activity. In the Institute of Nutrition of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences the recommended average daily sets of products, which are based on daily energy expenditure of young athletes, depending on the duration and intensity of physical activity in diverse kinds sports has been developed, these kits provide young athletes the necessary nutrients and micronutrients. In precompetitive period athletes must be given high physical activity and the diet should be mainly protein and fat-containing, with a high level of fiber. The training process should be intense for three days, then the athlete is advised to transfer to the carbohydrate-rich diet that is combined with a significant reduction in the intensity of trainings--glycogen super compensation. During competition period meal should be well digestible and low-volume. It must contain proteins of high biological values and carbohydrates in the required quantity. During this period the inclusion of new dishes and products in the menu for athletes is not desirable. During marathon the main aim is to recover the energy, water, mineral resources, and to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations. This is achieved in the following ways: carbohydrate intake with a relatively small amount of liquid, high product content of vitamins and minerals that helps to maintain the water-salt metabolism at the appropriate level, taking food in liquid form, in small portions. In the recovery period adequate nutrition should achieve the following objectives: to restore the acid-base and fluid and electrolyte balance, eliminate the effect of metabolic products (urea, lactic acid, ammonia, etc) associated with high physical activity; restore carbohydrate stores, provide plastic exchange, synthesis processes. The article also contains the basic sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the catering departments, selection of products and sports doctors.

The foods that were available in the local raw materials base and imported from other regions of Russia to Yamal were tested for cadmium, lead, nickel, and chromium. The objective of the investigation was to analyze the contamination of food products by with heavy metals and to predict a human risk to the North Yamal population. The levels of heavy metals in foods were measured by an atomic absorption method in acetylene-air flame, by using a Spectr AA-50B spectrophotometer (Varian, Australia). The investigations showed that the contamination of traditional foods in indigenous peoples of the North was higher than that made in other regions of Russia. The intensive development of the Arctic leads to increased man-made pressure on the health of indigenous ethnic groups.

Gerontodietology is one of the most important parts of dietetics studying problems of nutrition of elderly and old persons and persons with high risk of early and pathological aging, developing principles of rational nutrition, prophylactic and curative nutrition and methods of its organization. Functional structure of modern gerontodietology, its scientific-methodical bases, terminological features are presented. Composition and features of healthy nutrition of elderly people is described in details, methods of its optimization and individualization are given. Notions of geriatric dietotherapy, its principal difference from curative nutrition of patients of other ages are described. Large section of the article is devoted to the modern problems of prophylactic gerontodietology, intended more for persons with high risk of early aging than for elderly persons. Theoretic basis and methodological contents of prophylactic gerontodietology are presented; practical recommendations on dietetic means to prevent intensive development of involution processes and organic pathology in the body are described.

Sociological poll of inhabitants of Chelyabinsk concerning a balanced diet was conducted. Every second chelyabinets needs change of the food, but thus has for this purpose no sufficient money resources. Deficiency in a food of animal protein, the majority of vitamins, macro- and microelements and saturation of a diet by carbohydrates and fats was shown. It was established that the products of mass consumption: bakery, dairy, meat,fat-and-oil products and sweets can be considered as potential products for enrichment, oriented for low-and middle-income countries primarily.

The data on of alimentary risk factors of osteoporosis have been observed. The frequency of decreased bone mineral density, vitamin and calcium diet content and sufficiency with vitamins evaluated by means of blood serum level determination among patients suffering from chronic diseases (of cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, osteopenia and osteoporosis).

In experiments in rats it is set, that peroral introduction with the feed of mould spores in a doze 10(3) CFU/g results in a disbalance of microbiocenosis of intestine. It shows up violation of localization of bifido- and enterobacteria and their increased growth in a small intestine. Thus, also antagonistic activity of an aerobic component of microflora is reduced and frequency of detection of potential-pathogenic types of enterobacteriaceae is increased. Entering of fungi spores at a dose 10(6) CFU level is accompanied by more expressed infringements of aerobic populations of intestinal microflora in rats.

On the basis of studies of dependence of vitamins contents in blood serum from daily consumption of vitamins it has been allowed to prove following sizes of recommended daily intake: of vitamin A -- 900 microg retinol equivalents, vitamin C -- 90 mg, vitamin E -- 15 mg, vitamin B2 -- 1,8 mg. The evaluation of vitamin receipt on the basis of analysis of dietary intake for the last month before admission using the food frequency method and the elaborated values allows with sufficient probability to judge about adequate sufficiency of an organism with these vitamins.

There are presented method approach to analysis of the monitoring results of food chemical safety in real time; offered the model of present and research of montoring results for reveal of importanceb pollutions.

The data on norms of physiological requirements in energy and nutrients for various of population Russian Federation are quoted.

Monitoring of nutrition structure in Krasnoyarsk territory population showed that the consumption rate of major food products is not stable and changes from year. The current situation provokes worsening of population health and growth diseases.

The results of studying influence of seasonal factor on rat reproductive system are presented. Function of reproductive system was estimated according sexual hormones in blood of pregnant rats, level of gametogenesis in female gonad, prenatal and postnatal development. The analysis of the data has not revealed correlation with climatic factors. Values of all studied parameters were in accord with the limits physiological norm and did not form obviously traced tendencies.

The paper presents the results of determination of the basic sources of micronutrients in the nutrition of the rural population of the Chuvash Republic. The importance of foodstuffs, the sources of nutrients, was determined by factor mathematical analysis, by estimating the weight factors. All the products used in the daily ration were studied, which permitted elucidation of the importance of individual Russia-specific products. By reason of the uniform pattern of nutrition in Chuvashia, virtually all study micronutrients were found to come with baked goods, milk, and potatoes. The quantity of fresh vegetables and fruits in the actual diets of the examinees is so low that it exerts no significant effect on the intake of vitamins and minerals. In addition, all vegetables and fruits used in the daily ration are generally used in the personal subsidiary plots. Berries that commonly grow in Chuvashia, such as cranberry, bilberry, sea-buckthorn, and red whortleberry, were also observed to be virtually unused in nutrition, although it is just the berries that are gold mines of vitamins and minerals.

The brief information on existing official methods of research of food dyes in food stuffs in the various countries are given. The special attention is given to a urgency of development of methods of extraction of food dyes from the complex foodstuff containing carbohydrates. In article are given the data on frequency of use of various kinds of food dyes in the food-processing industry of Russia.

Toxicity of sodium fluoride added to nutrition products is assessed through peculiarities of kidney tissue culture growth in vitro--over 75% inhibition of cell clumps growth supports high toxic influence of sodium fluoride, the growth decrease from 63% to 74% signifies lower degree, the growth inhibition less than 62% demonstrates very low toxicity of the chemical.

Deterioration of bisquit keeping quality is usually caused by oxidation processes changing quality of fats in the composition of buisquits. The oxidation processes are characterized by changing of acidity - and peroxide number. Experimentally shown that the adding of dietary fiber to the formula of butter bisquit results in delaying of the fat oxidation process. This allows to prolong storage period of butter bisquit as compared with bisquits produced according to the traditional formula to 10 days.

The paper analyzes the results of the investigations of raw foods, foodstuffs for genetically modified components, conducted by the state sanitary and epidemiological service of the Russian Federation during its current sanitary inspection. The presented materials cover 2003-2004. The findings suggest that there is a great deal of foods containing genetically modified sources on the market and show the priority groups of foodstuffs and the distribution of these foods on the territory of the Russian Federation.

DSP toxins group and its classification are discussed. Optimal environment conditions for synthesis and source organisms are pointed. Its occurrence in food web and mollusks reaction on toxic algae presence in water are described. Mechanism of action, toxicity, tolerable contaminant levels in food, cases of poisoning and clinical presentation of intoxication are presented.

Analysis of estimation of nutrition 500 of elderly and senile patients with surgical disease at home. The diets of patients are characterised by foods rich of animal protein and carbohydrate. But a dificienny of meat, fish, dairy products frent, berries is marhed. The diets thas dificiency in rations of patients are characterized by irrational set basic food products, cannot provide daily needs for nutrients: animal protein, vitamins C, A, vitamins B group, beta-carotene and mineral element--Ca, Mg, P, Zn, Se. Entering of nutrional substance, such as vitamins, and mineral elements with a food is reduced in dietary restrictions, deficiency means, residence in country-side.

A growing morbidity among the population of the Maritime territory is preconditioned by a worsening social-and-economic situation, and by a sharply falling purchasing capacity of people, which had an absolutely negative effect on the structure of foodstuffs consumption. The qualitatively and quantitatively insufficient nutrition predetermines a deficit of macro- and micronutrient composition of daily ration and its value. Such defects of nutrition have a pronounced negative influence on the population's health and predetermine a high level of diseases of the digestive apparatus.

The technique of division both quantitative definition a trans- and two cis-beta-carotene in the foodstuff, not containing an alpha-carotene is developed. Division is carried out by Open-chromatography on aluminium oxide by system acetone-hexane from 0 to 3% of acetone in hexane (ml/ml) with an interval of 0.25%. Using the developed technique, it is carried out determination trans- and cis-beta-carotene in foodstuff, past thermal processing (tomato juice, tomato paste and the products enriched with carotene (milk sterilized and dry, bread, oil vegetative). In the investigated products from 20 to 45% beta-carotene was in cis-from, that considerably reduces biological value of a product at an estimation in terms of retinol-equivalent.

In clause the given literatures on structures of carbohydrates of vegetables, fruit, berry and nuts are resulted. The role separate carbohydrates and food fiber in ability organisms in discussion.

The aim of the work was to develop scientifically proved standards on nitrates in the human daily food ration. Six-month biological experiment was performed. The laboratory animals were given food nitrates as a part of their nutritional ration according to the generally accepted procedure that allows to administer the chemical compound (nitrates) as a pure substance. It allows to bring the conditions of the experiment closer to the natural ones and to obtain more significant results. Basing on the results thus obtained the threshold dose level for nitrates was established at 113,33 mg/kg and the sub-threshold at 82,37 mg/kg. The following was also calculated: Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for humans at 450 mg/rg and Maximal Allowable Level (MAL) in the human daily nutritional ration at 360 mg/kg.

Law of the Russian Federation "On technical regulation" shall substantially increase the importance of the requirements as to the foodstuff, process of production and liability for compliance with such requirements. The main goal of the Law is to provide for the requirements which shall be deemed to be obligatory, i.e. for those which have the most significant importance for safety of people, property, environment, plant, animals and which provide for the best informational resources for the consumers. This raises the problem of the need for development, broader usage of the complex approach to the evaluation of the multiply risk as well as fixing the set of factors for the purpose of determination of the level of their safety as regards certain objects set out by law, such problem being common for all sciences (including the science for the hygienic nutrition). In order to bring Law "On Technical Regulation" into effect it is very important that the specialists of various concentration realize the importance of the issues raised by this Law and the necessity of taking actions for solving such issues.

The review of literature data on the structure of carbohydrates in local and imported bakery, macaroni and confectionary products is given. The role of separate components of carbohydrates in organism's vital activity is discussed.

The article gives an account of the hygienic aspects of food safety of Russia, the questions of chemical and microbiological contamination of food products, vitamin and microelement deficiency in the diet of the population of this country. It outlines the ways of elimination of defects of the Russian population's diet.

The official control of food safety and quality is the most important tool for governmental protection of public health and consumers rights in foodstuffs business sector. Although historically each country developed it's own system reflecting national culture, economy etc., tremendous efforts were made in recent decades to pursue international harmonization of national food laws and regulation. The major goal of harmonization is to ensure that food laws and regulations of various countries are based on sound science and that consumers of various countries benefit from advances of new technologies. Germany and Denmark are members of European Union. Therefore basic principles of official foodstuffs control of both countries have been harmonized with respective EU directives. In contrast to Russia, the systems in both countries are not based on pre-market product certification and are focused instead on approval of manufacturing, storage and sale facilities as well as products related business practices of foodstuff suppliers.

Low level of provision of various population groups with animal proteins, poor choice of foodstuffs for common and dietetic use, inefficiency of meat and milk processing, loss of foodstuff quality as a result of industrial production determine the range of priority problems to be solved by specialists in nutrition hygiene. One of the main and most rapid approaches to solution of these problems is more rational utilization of the foodstuff potential created in the country for nutrition, but the chemical, sensory, and organoleptic properties of the manufactured foodstuffs do not always ensure their high biological value. Department of Hygiene of Nutrition, I. M. Setchenov Moscow Medical Academy, for many years has been engaged in development of biomedical rationale for effective use of raw material and processing protocols for preparation of common and dietetic food for various population groups. Special attention was paid to the effects of food-stuffs prepared by new technologies and recipes on metabolism. The most important results are summed up in this review.

The basic requirements to problems of registration, marking and labelling of the foodstuff prepared from generically modified sources are stated. The comparative analysis of the above-named problems in the different countries (USA, countries of EU, Russia etc.) is given.

Based on the data on hygienic monitoring of the actual food consumption in the population of the Oryol region and on the quality of foodstuffs, the authors developed hygienic recommendations whose introduction caused a great sociomedical effect: lower incidence of salmonellosis, dysentery, hepatitis virus A, and acute intestinal infections of unclear etiology.

Hygienic principles in preventive and current sanitary surveillance of small-capacity enterprises of food industry have been worked out. Their introduction into practice makes it possible to control some parameters of the quality and safety of products.

The retrospective analysis of 4 variants of norms of human physiological needs in food substances and energy accepted in 1951, 1968, 1982 and 1991 is given. Dynamics of the scientifically proved specification of value of needs is revealed and the necessity of permanent development of conceptual base of normalization is determined. Last one is based on two natural laws of a balanced diet: 1) compulsion of conformity energy expense and energy consumption; 2) the value of consumption of the basic food substances (fibers, fats, carbohydrates) should be in limits of physiologically necessary quantity proportion and be accompanied by satisfaction of human needs in different nutrients.

Relation between quality of nutrition products and condition not infectious morbidity of the population of Republic Adygea, connected with development of free-radical processes are shown. The levels of contamination of products by nitrates, pesticides, heavy metals are investigated, the contents of vitamins-antioxidants is established. Was applied biotesting fats with use test-culture T. piriformis which had shown in 50% of cases subacute toxicity of the investigated samples and 6.2%--acute toxicity. In 1994-1998 is marked the growth of morbidity of the population a cataract (21.3%) and stomach ulcer (61.8%), diabetes (51.5%) on a background of insignificant decrease of morbidity in general. The priority directions in optimization antioxidative status of organism and decrease of free-radical pathologies level.

I.P. Pavlov and I.P. Razenkov made a great theoretical, methodological and practical contribution into specification of "human-environment" problem. The followers have successfully continued research in this sphere, enriching science and practice including occupational medicine.