Search

The article investigates the effect of innovative forms of fertilizers containing a full set of macro and microelements on the condition of plants, yield and quality of sunflower seeds in the foothills of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. ORGANOMIX brand M for oilseeds has a fungicidal effect and, having an immunity inducer and growth stimulator in its composition, promotes plant growth and the formation of seed tissues, an increase in overall yield, the accumulation of fat in seeds, and an improvement in the quality indicators of sunflower seeds. The article presents average data for the period 2021-2023. Sunflower has high requirements for the provision of soil with nutrients and is especially sensitive to boron deficiency. Double non-root treatment of sunflower plants in the phase of 2-3 and 4-6 pairs of true leaves with liquid chelated fertilizer ORGANOMIX oilseed, enhanced with the microelement BOR, has made it possible to obtain the highest yield under the experimental conditions - 26.4 c / ha of sunflower seeds. The quality of sunflower seeds plays a major role for agricultural producers. The fat content of seeds is the main quality characteristic and it depends on the husk content, which is determined by hereditary characteristics and the external environment has little effect on it. In our experiment, the highest oil content was obtained in the variant of using the ORGANOMIX oil fertilizer, enhanced with microelements BOR and ZINC in a mixture with ORGANOSTIM - 47.0%, the husk content varied from 24.5 to 25.9%.

Relevance. The use of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of tomato in the first place should ensure the best conditions for the nutrition of plants during the entire growing season in accordance with their need.The research methodology was based on generally accepted methods for vegetable growing. The main goal of this study was to improve the zonal technology for cultivating tomato in open ground using leaf dressing with KCL and KNO3 preparations, aimed at increasing the level of yield during irrigation in the north of the Astrakhan region. Field experiments were carried out at the experimental irrigated land use area of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Caspian Agrarian Federal Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences" in the period from 2021 to 2023. The scientific novelty of the study was the theoretical and practical justification for the use of leaf dressing with KCL and KNO3 in the cultivation of vegetables, aimed at the formation of highly productive commercial products.Results. During the research work, a comparative analysis of various standards of use of drugs was carried out, highlighting the most promising option. Three-year studies found that the use of potassium fertilizer KCl with a concentration of 0.5%), 30... 40 days. after planting (flowering), 50 days. after planting and 60 days. after planting gave a significant increase in yield relative to the control option. Conclusions. Based on the results of the analysis, an average of five charges, the KCl treatment variant Background + 3 (concentration 0.5%) was identified, which had the highest yield of 130.56 t/ha. This option was significantly different from both control and other options under study. The increase relative to the control was + 4.08 t/ha or + 3.2%.

Relevance. The study of the reaction of potato varieties, especially new ones, to the use of a complex of agrotechnical techniques, including foliar top dressing with water-soluble fertilizers, is an urgent task. For this purpose, 4 potato varieties of different ripeness groups (Red Scarlett, Nevsky, Golubizna, Grand) were studied in two regions of Russia using agrochemicals Agrovin Micro. Methods. The article presents experimental data on the study of biometric indicators, yield and quality of potatoes for non-root top dressing in conditions of leached chernozem and sod-podzolic sandy loam soils of the Central region of Russia. The objects of research were potato varieties of various ripeness groups. Foliar fertilization of plants with agrochemicals Agrovin Micro was carried out in the phases of germination, budding and 20 days after the last treatment in two consumption rates – 1.0 and 2.0 l / ha. Control – without processing (K) with background N90Р90К135.Results. On average, over the years of research, the best options for all varieties turned out to be options with the use of additional leaf treatment with an agrochemical at a maximum dose of 2 liters /ha. Due to three-fold foliar top dressing for the critical phases of potato plant growth, the greatest yield increases and maximum values of dry matter and starch content to the mineral background were obtained. In the conditions of the Tambov region, the increase in yield, depending on the variety, ranged from 24.2 to 59.3% or 6.0-10.5 /ha and in the conditions of the Moscow region – 3.3-28.9% or 1.2-7.1 t/ha. The most suitable for processing into fried potato products from the studied varieties turned out to be Red Scarlett and Grand. All other things being equal, the color index of crispy potatoes and fries on these varieties was higher than the Nevsky variety by 1.0-1.5 points.

The experience of technological development of our country is an important source of ideas and approaches to the further development of agriculture based on domestic equipment and technologies. The study of its evolution necessitates the using of periodization. It is currently undeveloped for chemization of agriculture, more often being replaced by a set of key dates and biographies. So, it is nesessary to develop a holistic version of the structuring of chemization history. (Research purpose) To propose and substantiate the authors’ version of Russian agriculture chemization periodization. (Materials and methods) Monographs, legal acts, collected works and publications of outstanding scientists were studied using chronological, genetic and periodization methods of historical research (Results and discussion) The proposed periodization integrates previous historical ideas and hypotheses. The chemization of Russian agriculture has more than 250 years of history, which can be divided into 6 stages: preparatory (prehistory of chemization, which has three sub-stages), formative, extensive, stabilization, intensive and decentralized. The starting point is a publication of work «On lands fertilization» by A.T. Bolotov in 1770. Currently, the prerequisites for a new stage in the development of chemization are being formed, and it main attributes are digitalization, mechanization and biologization in the highest degree. (Conclusions) The proposed approach to structuring the history of Russian agriculture chemization is useful both for researchers and for training organization. The presence of clear guidelines increases the effectiveness of studying the historical aspects of agriculture, science and technology, which are so necessary for the professional and personal development of future agronomists and engineers.

Purpose: to identify an effective combination of primary soil tillage methods, fertilizer background, water consumption features at different sowing dates and their influence on the yield of new pea varieties in Rostov region. Materials and methods. The research was carried out in 2022–2023 at the experimental stationary of the scientific center. The following were studied: basic soil tillage methods (plowing, combined, chiseling) (factor A); fertilizer backgrounds: 1) without fertilizers, 2) Р₄₀K₄₀, 3) P₆₀K₆₀, 4) P₈₀K₈₀, 5) N₁₅Р₄₀K₄₀, 6) N₃₀P₈₀K₈₀ (factor B). Sowing was carried out in two stages. Soils are ordinary chernozem. Results. Higher yields were obtained in the variants of the 1st sowing date, regardless of cultivation and fertilizers. The increase was 6.3–6.8 % for the Donets and 6.9–8.4 % for the Amulet varieties, compared with the data for the 2nd term. A decrease in yield was noted with combined and chisel tillage, regardless of the fertilizer background and sowing dates; it was 6.0–6.3 and 5.2–5.3 % for the Donets and Amulet varieties, respectively; 4.9–5.2 and 3.5–4.7 %, compared with plowing (factor A). The highest pea yield according to factor B was provided by the N₃₀P₈₀K₈₀ variant: 3.03 and 2.86 t/ha for the Donets varieties, 2.56 and 2.39 t/ha for the Amulet varieties. The yield increases reached 0.89–0.93 t/ha (44.3–45.2 %) and 0.67–0.71 t/ha (38.3–38.9 %), respectively, compared to the control. The difference in average yield between the P₈₀K₈₀ and N₃₀P₈₀K₈₀ variants did not exceed 0.09–0.13 t/ha for the Donets variety and 0.03–0.06 t/ha for the Amulet variety. Conclusions. The best average yield was obtained in the variant with plowing and N₃₀P₈₀K₈₀ nutrition at the first sowing period in 2023, amounting to 3.72 t/ha for the Donetsk variety and 2.91 t/ha for the Amulet variety. The lowest water consumption coefficient of peas was also noted here – 804 m³/t.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a vital aromatic crop widely utilized in culinary and fragrance industries. The present study was conducted to implement a two-year field experiment (2019 and 2020) aimed to assess the impact of various fertilizers on the growth, yield, and essential oil composition of basil cultivated in Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. The fertilizer treatments included: no fertilizer (control), chemical fertilizer (NPK at 90-120-90 kg/ha), cow manure, chicken manure, and a combination of chemical fertilizer, cow manure, and chicken manure. The application of fertilizers resulted in significant improvements across various parameters compared to the control group. Basil plants treated with fertilizers exhibited increased height, la teral stem count, fresh and dry yields, chlorophyll and carotenoid content, essential oil yield, and essential oil content. The essential oil extracted from basil contained notable volatile compounds, with methyl chavicol, linalool, β-elemene, and epi-α-cadinol identified as the major constituents. The proportions of these compounds varied among the fertilizer treatments. Notably, the combined fertilization approach involving chemical fertilizers, cow manure, and chicken manure emerged as the most effective and significant in promoting basil growth and essential oil production. These findings not only contribute to the optimization of basil cultivation practices but also provide insights for the agricultural community, emphasizing the importance of balanced fertilization for maximizing the quality and yield of basil essential oil in the Vietnamese context.

There was studied the influence of soddy-podzolic light loamy soil of different cultivation status on the agronomic efficiency of mineral fertilizers application with varying doses of nitrogen and biological preparations applied against the mineral background, in Pskov region. On moderately cultivated soil the linear dependence of grain yield on nitrogen rates was established. An increase in nitrogen doses from 20 to 80 kg a. i./ha resulted in obtaining an additional yield compared to the control variant, which is dependent on soil pH: yield growth by 6% to 42% was recorded on soil with pH of 5.6; from 8% to 73% – on soil with pH of 5.3; from 32% to 69% – on soil with pH of 5.2; from 66% to 175% – on soil with pH of 4.8. Payback from applied fertilizers rose with increasing doses of nitrogen. Soil properties also influenced the payback value. The maximum payback, 12 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK, was recorded when N80P40K70 with split nitrogen fertilizing was applied to the soil with pH = 4.8. The introduction of biological products to the variant with mineral fertilizers (N20P40K70 + N20) contributed to an increase in grain yield : the introduction of microbiological preparation Bisolbifitis provided additional 7.55%; spraying of foliar fertilizers – 3.67%–8.78%. On the soil with long-term cultivation status the dependence of yield on the doses of applied nitrogen in the range from 20 to 80 kg a. i./ha looked like a polynomial. Maximum yield was obtained in different years when nitrogen was applied at rates from 40 and 60 kg a. i./ha. An increase in the dose of nitrogen from 20 to 40 kg was accompanied in 2019 by an increase in the yield of grain from 11.2% to 22.6%. An increase in nitrogen rates from 20 to 60 kg in 2020 and 2021 resulted in the growth of grain yield from 20% to 65%. Respectively. When the most effective doses of nitrogen were applied the payback from fertilizers was 5 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2019; 7 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2020; and 10 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK in 2021. On the soil cultivated and improved for a long-term the effect of foliar fertilizers with biological preparations Kodamine B-Mo and K-Humate-Na was less significant (3–3.5%).

Background. The use of slow-release fertilizers is currently widely used in irrigated agriculture, since it allows for economical consumption of macroelements, increasing their efficiency, preventing the nutrients losses and environment pollution. Purpose: to determine the agrochemical efficiency of slow-releasing bentonite-modified fertilizers, to identify the amount of macroelements uptake by cotton and to calculate the economic efficiency of these fertilizers. Methodology: The study of agrochemical effectiveness on cotton was carried out according to "Methods..., Tandoned., 2013; VNIISSiAVH methods, 2005. Originality: 1. In a lysimetric experiment, the agrochemical effectiveness of bentonite-modified nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers was proven; 2. an increase in the accumulation of NPK and the extent of uptake under the influence of bentonitemodified fertilizers has been established; 3. The economic efficiency and the amount of bentonite-modified fertilizers net profit were calculated. Findings: bentonite-modified fertilizers, due to slow-releasing properties, enhance growth, development and the formation of vegetative and reproductive biomass; increase productivity and the utilization rate of macroelements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: to analyze literary sources and determine the features of the cotton cultivation technological process. Discussion. The technology for cotton cultivation is determined by the biological properties of this crop and its requirements for the soil, as well as the specifics and originality of crop rotations. Based on an analysis of research by scientists involved in cotton growing, the best predecessors – legumes and leguminous crops – were stated, the positive effect of mineral fertilizers on cotton productivity was determined, the technology of soil cultivation and its impact on cotton productivity and water consumption was examined. The necessity of using early ripening cotton cultivars for the southern regions of Russia due to the biological properties of which a sufficient amount of effective temperatures is required, is substantiated. An analysis of existing methods of seed delinting (denudation, cleaning from fiber) is given to improve flowability, maintain an accurate seeding rate, etc. Sowing methods and optimal seeding rates for different types of cotton are considered. Providing plants with moisture is of decisive importance among other components of cultivation technology. In this regard, the existing methods of cotton irrigation are analyzed. One of the important techniques that ensures a higher yield is to mint plants to redistribute nutrients to the already formed fruit. The specificity of harvesting which is carried out in several stages as the boxes open – in the pre-frost and post-frost periods is noted. Conclusions. There is a possibility of cultivating cotton in the south of Russia by introducing the properly selected varieties with the development of agricultural technology for cultivating this crop for local agroclimatic conditions, including the creation of a set of measures to meet the crop’s needs for nutrition, moisture and provide plant protection from diseases, pests and weed control.

An investigation was carried out in Diktel Rupakot Majhuwagadi Municipality, Matikore, Khotang. The aim was to evaluate how both organic and inorganic fertilizers influence the growth and yield traits of the New Kuroda carrot variety. The study utilized a Randomized Completely Block Design with seven treatments, including Control (T1), compost manure + Boron (T2) at 20 t/ha, poultry manure + Boron (T3) at 6 t/ha, vermicompost + Boron (T4) at 4 t/ha, NPK + Boron (T5) at 100:100:100 Kg/ha, neem cake + Boron (T6) at 5 t/ha, goat manure + Boron (T7) at 15 t/ha, and Borax at 10 kg/ha, replicated thrice. The results showed a significant impact of both organic and inorganic fertilizers on all growth and yield parameters. The tallest plants were observed in the compost manure + Boron treatment, followed by goat manure + Boron, whereas the Control had the shortest plants. Importantly, notable differences in yield parameters were noted among the treatments at 100 days after sowing (DAS). The highest root yield per plot was achieved with compost manure + Boron, indicating its superiority, followed by goat manure + Boron, whereas the Control had the lowest yield. This research suggests the use of organic manures to effectively enhance carrot yield.

Background. Humatized fertilizers, due to their physicochemical and biological properties, are of particular interest for use on low-humus soils, including degraded soils, especially in irrigated agriculture. Purpose. Testing the agrochemical efficiency and agroecological safety of using new organomineral (OMU) and humin-containing fertilizers based on Angren oxidized coals on cotton under the conditions of typical gray soils of Uzbekistan. Methodology. The study of agrochemical effectiveness on cotton was carried out according to Methods..., Tandoned., 2013; VNIISSiAVH methods Originaliti. Humic urea and humic superphosphate have valuable nutritional, prolonged and resource-saving properties. The agrochemical effectiveness of HA and GS on cotton has been proven. Findings. HA and GS based on oxidized Angren brown coals enhance growth, development, formation of vegetative and reproductive biomass. Humic fertilizers GK and GS increase cotton plant productivity by 10.7 and 7.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of different types of field crop rotation, fertilizers, drainage and hydrothermal conditions on the dynamics of humus in reclaimed soil. The studies were carried out on the experimental fields of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (reclamation sites “Kuzminskoye Boloto 2”, “Semenovskoye” and “Gubino” in the Tver region). Waterlogged soils were drained using closed drainage (inter-drain distance is 18–20 m, drain depth is 0.9–1.2 m). The soils of the experimental plots are soddy-podzolic, light loamy, gleyic, formed on a moraine or thin binomial. Observations of the dynamics of humus were carried out in the grain-grass-row, grain-grass, grain and grain-row types of crop rotation. The influence of crop rotation on the content of humus in the soil was determined, first of all, by the composition, the structure of the crops grown and agricultural technology of their cultivation. Due to plant residues, 56.6–76.5 % of the volume of mineralized humus were restored in grain-grass-row crop rotation, 51.8 % in grain, 26.4 % in grain-row crop rotation. The most significant qualitative changes in the composition of humus were observed in grain-grass-row crop rotation: with a positive humus balance, the ratio of humic and fulvic acids increased from 0.63 to 0.74. The use of organic and mineral fertilizers significantly changes the balance of humus in the arable layer of the soil. With an organic-mineral fertilizer system, the annual loss of humus (in kg/ha) on the drained plot was 6.8–11.4 times less, on the non-drained plot – 2.1–2.6 times less than in the variant without fertilizers. Drainage of waterlogged soils increases the role of fertilizers in the accumulation of humus, reduces its losses and improves the quality parameters of humus – the ratio of humic and fulvic acids in the composition of humus under the influence of drainage increased from 0.61 to 0.88. The impact on the dynamics of humus of hydrothermal conditions has been established. In years with a dry first half of the growing season, an increase in humus content is observed; in excessively wet years, on the contrary, a decrease is observed. The correlation coefficients of humus content with hydrothermal conditions in May-June were – 0.84 (in 1985–1993) and 0.95 (in 2014–2022).

The article presents the history of the origin and development of hydromodule research at the Kirov Meadow-Swamp Experimental Station, their practical implementation and ecological significance in the development of the principles of a saving, soil-protective and environment-forming system of agriculture on organic soils in the conditions of the North-East of the European part of the Russian Federation. The main object of long-term research is a typical lowland peatland «Gadovskoye», located on the territory of the Kotelnich peat base of the Kirov region. Special attention is paid to the search for the most effective ways to regulate the water regime of drained swamps used in feed production. It has been established that the most operational, efficient and environmentally friendly method is sluicing, when additional moisture is supplied to the root layer from below. The most optimal range of groundwater regime for annual and perennial forage grasses is shown. The correlation dependence of yield on the degree of drainage of peat deposits is presented. A significant contribution to the reclamation science was made by hydromodule studies on the cutover bogs of the Kirov region. The chemical composition of groundwater and waste swamp waters has been studied on the «Gadovskoye», «Zenginskoye», «Bakhtinskoye», «Pishchalskoye» peatlands, and others, the relationship of the water-physical properties and water regime of the residual deposit with food and temperature regimes, as well as with the coefficient of water consumption of plants and the bearing capacity of the soil of cutover bogs has been established. Agroecological monitoring of the developed peatlands, which have been in culture for more than 40−60 years, shows that during the operation of these facilities there is a gradual decrease in their productivity, due to a decrease in the total agricultural background, partial and even complete violation of the hydrological functions of the drainage network. In order not to completely lose these anthropogenic formations from the sphere of cultural nature management, it is necessary, first of all, periodic repairs of the entire drainage system. Further restructuring within the landscape shell will make it possible to construct fundamentally new post-swamp forest-meadow agroecosystems, where other alternative fields to forage production (hunting, forestry activity, berry-officinal, mushroom, etc.) can be provided.

The productivity of agricultural crops is determined by the choice of varieties, planting material, the optimal time of sowing and planting depending on the climatic conditions of the region, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers, and care methods. Planting material plays an important role in the growth and development of onions and the formation of yield. Onions are very demanding in terms of nutrition, this is due to the length of the growing season, growth rates and poorly developed root system. To obtain high and high-quality onion yields, it is necessary to use fertilizers in an accessible form. Water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers quickly and evenly penetrate deep into the soil. Fertilizers improve the growth and development of plants, regulating nutrition processes, increase the yield and quality of the resulting products. As a result of many years of research, it was found that optimizing the mineral nutrition of onions through the use of fertilizers in active form provides a significant increase in the yield of onions. A comparative assessment of the productivity of onions when grown from sets of different fractions using water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers in the conditions of the Udmurt Republic has been little studied.Materials and methods. The purpose of the research: to improve the technology of cultivating onions depending on the fraction of the set and fertilizing with water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers. In 2020–2021 On onions of the Stuttgarter Riesen variety, a two-factor experiment was carried out to study the effect of fertilizing with Aquarin and Rastvorin fertilizers when using different fractions of sets for planting. The studies were carried out using generally accepted methods.Results and its discussion. In the Udmurt Republic, the optimal for planting Stuttgarten Riesen onions is the medium and large fraction of the set, and the positive effect of water-soluble complex mineral fertilizers Aquarin and Rastvorin on the yield and its structure has been revealed. However, it is more economically profitable to use the fine fraction of sets when growing onions.

The dynamics of growThe main goal of the research was to find possible methods for improving the elements of agricultural technology for cultivating spring wheat (eincorn) in the conditions of the foothill zone of Kabardino-Balkaria. The research was carried out in 2019-2022 in accordance with B.A. Dospehov’s Field Experience Methodology [1, p. 41-46]. As a result, it was established that the dynamics of plant growth and development were directly related to unequal growing conditions. The timing of sowing significantly affects the water and temperature mode of eincorn. The change in the level of mineral nutrition of eincorn plants was quite convincing depending on the predecessor. The duration of developmental phases in the initial periods of plant growth and development varied, while the difference at the initial stage was quite noticeable, but later decreased, but persisted until harvesting. It was established that a delay in sowing einсorn led to a decrease in crop productivity by 30%. Optimizing the place of eincorn in crop rotation could increase yield by 0.59 t/ha. The weight of 1000 seeds, filminess, crude protein content and gross protein yield per hectare were higher when sowing early after fertilized peas.All quality indicators deteriorated when sowing was delayed. Protein content was reduced by 1.2% and 10.9%. The dependence of this indicator on the predecessor was not very high and ranged from 1.2 to 1.9% when the predecessor was peas and it was re-sowing. In terms of protein productivity per hectare, the best results were obtained in the early sowing option, where the predecessors were corn for silage and peas, in the fertilized version amounted to 348.2 kg/ha. The grain quality tended to increase, and, therefore, grain completeness in the early stages after the predecessors of peas and corn increased as well.

The current study was conducted at the agricultural site ‘Gubino’ of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (Tver Region) in 2011–2022. The purpose was to study the efficiency of drainage of waterlogged soils, fertilizers and agro-reclamation techniques when growing spring wheat in the conditions of the North-Western part of the Non-Blackearth region. The soil of the agricultural site was soddy-podzolic, light loamy and gleyic sandy loam, drained by closed drainage. The field trials have established the influence of drainage of gleyic soils, the use of fertilizers, volumetric slotting of the soil to a depth of 45–50 cm, ridge plowing and ridge belt-scattering method of sowing on spring wheat productivity. Drainage increased wheat productivity on the extensive background by 17.8 % (0.34 t/ha), on the medium-intensive and intensive background by 16.9–19.4 % (0.56–0.60 t/ha). Mineral fertilizers improved productivity more significantly, against a drained background, wheat productivity increase at medium fertilizer rates (N45Р15K45) was 1.20 t/ha (53.3 %) and at high fertilizer rates (N90Р30K90) it was 1.91 t/ha (84.9 %). The combined effect of drainage and fertilizers improved spring wheat productivity on waterlogged soil by 2.2 times (by 2.25 t/ha). The highest payback of 1 kg of fertilizers by a spring wheat yield was obtained on a drained plot with average fertilizer application rates of 9.8 kg of grain. A high effect was obtained from agro-reclamation techniques aimed at improving the water-air regime of soil. With volumetric slotting of the soil, spring wheat productivity raised by 0.50–0.97 t/ha (13.2–26.4 %), with ridge plowing by 0.36 t/ha (12.0 %), with ridge belt-scattering method of sowing with growing spring wheat on ridges 40–80 mm high by 0.45 t/ha or 13.7 %, in relation to the existing technology of row sowing. The study results can be used in the development of adaptive agricultural technologies for cultivating spring wheat on drained lands.

Timeliness. The prerequisites for the cultivation of bog cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) in industrial plantations have led to an increased demand for high quality planting material obtained by clonal micropropagation (in vitro). Studies have been carried out on the of ex vitro growing completion of cranberry plants using different mineral fertilizers and types of light under greenhouse conditions.Methods. Ex vitro plants of a selected form of cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) obtained using the clonal micropropagation technique were the objects of research. Experimental adapted cranberry plants were planted in 0.5 L containers in 'Veltorf' peat substrate with an acidity of at least pH 3.5-4.0, to which mineral fertilizers were added according to the variants: APAVIVA N15P15K15(S10) 0.08 and 0.16 g/L, Sulfoammophos N16P20(S12) 0.072 and 0.144 g/L, N12P52 0.1 and 0.2 g/L, control without fertilizer. The plants were placed under different types of light: under LED phytolamps (UnionPowerStar – 40W-T) with a photoperiod of 16 hours and under natural light (without the use of additional lighting) under greenhouse conditions.Results. It was found that during of the ex vitro growing completion of bog cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) plants in containers, the advantage of LED phytolamps was revealed, when using them in all experimental variants on the 42nd day of growing the morphometric indicators of plant development were almost 2 times higher than in plants grown under natural light. The type of mineral fertilizers and type light significantly influenced the total length of shoots (82.9±13.74- 107.4±35.95 cm vs. 58.6±20.92 cm in control) and leaf surface area (41.1±6.46-54.1±4.67 cm2 vs. 22.9±9.63 cm2 ). Conclusion. The results we obtained contributed to a better representation of the ex vitro growing conditions of bog cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos L.) plants using different types of lighting (phyto-lighting with a 16-hour photoperiod and natural light – without adding additional light) and the selection of optimal doses of mineral nutrition. The best, under LED lighting, were N16P20(S12) at a concentration of 0.072 g/L and N15P15K15(S10) at a concentration of 0.16 g/L.

In production technology to create a highly productive sowing of grain crops, careful regulation of numerous factors that determine the formation of a high yield is required. In various soil and climatic conditions of crop cultivation optimization of technological methods determine the crop size and its quality indicators. Therefore, in order to achieve the highest yield, it is necessary to create conditions for growth and development, under which the largest number of productive stems with the maximum grain mass should be preserved until harvest [1, 8, 13].The yield of the studied variety of Yarovaya spring eincorn is directly dependent on the satisfaction of crops with mineral nutrition elements. The level of efficiency of mineral fertilizers is increased by optimizing the timing of sowing and the selected predecessor.Optimization of mineral nutrition makes it possible to increase the yield of this crop by an average of 16.1%. The early sowing of eincorn after the predecessors of peas and corn for silage makes it possible to maintain the optimal number of productive stems of more than 4.6 million. plants per hectare with the highest grain weight per plant.At the same time, the interaction of the number of plants and different levels of mineral nutrition has led to a significant change in the quantitative indicators of eincorn productivity by changing the mass of grain from one plant, which significantly increases the yield to 2.87 t/ha, which is 200% higher than the worst case and 67% higher than the control variant in our studies.The introduction of mineral fertilizers does not have a great effect on the content of spikelets in the ear, while it has an effect on the quality indicators and the physical weight of the grain in the ear. The weight of seeds from 1 productive ear when mineral fertilizers are applied reaches 0.8 g compared to the control variant.With an early sowing period with a predecessor of peas and corn for silage, the efficiency of mineral fertilizers increases.

Copyright of Digital Translation: International Journal of Translation & Localization is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Ecology is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the results of the economic and bioenergetic assessment of winter barley cultivation methods for harvesting bulky fodder. In a short-term experiment the effect of five levels of mineral nutrition on two methods of tillage in the crop rotation link soybean – winter barley, on fused leached chernozems of the southern foothill zone of Adygea has been studied. Differentdepth methods of tillage have been used for 20–22 cm (plowing) and 12–16 cm (surface tillage). As a background on the variants, the main fertilizer ammophos and ammonium nitrate have been used as top dressings (N30; N45; N60). It has been revealed that the use of surface treatment reduces the yield of winter barley green mass by 21-41%. The average yield varied from 8.8 for surface tillage to 12.8 t/ha for plowing. The highest level of productivity is 19.2 for plowing and 12.0 t/ha for surface treatment. It has been revealed that the green mass of the studied varieties of winter barley in 1 kg of natural feed contains, on average, from 0.42 to 0.605 EFU (energy feed units). Analysis of the nutritional value of the obtained green mass has shown: in 1 kg of dry matter of feed for plowing: crude protein 10.1%, exchange energy 11.72 MJ, feed units (Ke) 1.12; for surface treatment – 8.8%, 11.72 MJ, 1.13 (Ke). The highest yield has been formed according to the cultivation method, with the introduction of 60 kg of a.i. N by background (N24 P104) – by plowing. The most profitable plowing option is: Background + N60 (Romans variety), with a yield of 19.2 t / ha, the profit from the sale is 10603.8 thousand rubles, the profitability level is 58.3%. Bioenergetic assessment of cultivation methods has shown that for each unit of energy invested in the production of winter barley green mass, on the best options, from 2.75 to 2.92 units of energy have been obtained.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is important to establish methods and approaches that ensure phytosanitary recovery of agrocenoses. Phytosanitary recovery of agroecosystems of fodder crops is possible by pre-treatment of seeds, application of mineral and organomineral fertilizers in order to increase resistance of plants to diseases and soil suppressiveness to phytopathogens. The aim of the research was to establish the influence of mineral, organomineral fertilizers and preparations for pre-treatment of seeds on the microbiological activity and suppressiveness of the soil in the rhizosphere of spring barley, peas and spring rapeseed. Field and laboratory studies were carried out on the pilot field and in the laboratories of the FSBOU VO Kurgan GSHA from 2001-2020. Studies have found that the introduction of mineral fertilizers into the soil changed the number of the main ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of plants (bacteria that absorb organic and mineral forms of nitrogen, nitrifiers, cellulose-decomposing and denitrifying bacteria, oligonitrophilic and nitrogen-fixing bacteria). When introducing mineral fertilizers, an increase in cellulosic, proteolytic, catalase, invertase and total biological activity of the soil was noted. When introducing mineral fertilizers in the rhizosphere of spring barley, soil suppressiveness increased to 56.7-63.2% in relation to root rot pathogens. There was a negative correlation between soil suppression and the development of root rot of spring barley, which was -0.93, the regression equation was as follows: y = 47.08-0.05x. Soil suppressiveness against pea fusariosis pathogens increased with the introduction of mineral fertilizers by 32.2-46.0%. The correlation between soil suppression, development of pea fusariosis was -0.90, respectively, the regression equations were as follows: y = 54.11-0.05x. Soil suppressiveness against root rot pathogens and rapeseed fusariosis increased to 43.7-48.4% or 2.2-2.3 times compared with control.

The article presents the results of field experiments on deepening the arable horizon of gray forest medium loamy soil to increase its fertility through applying organic fertilizer under PY-3-35 layer plow to a depth of 2527 cm. Low mineralization of organic fertilizer during layer cultivation under oxygen deficiency conditions contributed to accumulation of humus in soil by 6.6 t/ha more than during conventional plowing, and by 7.5 t/ha - than during disking. It also improved water-physical and biological properties of soil: number of water-resistant aggregates increased by 4.6 and 5.3 %, soil density lowered by 0.03 and 0.04 g/cm3, number of earthworms increased by 3...6 individuals, expanded reproduction of fertility was provided, productivity of arable land increased by 7.0 and 6.7 % and crop quality increased compared to conventional plowing and disking, respectively. Deep manure incorporation extended life of organic fertilizer up to 5 years, while after conventional plowing and disking this process lasted only 2...3 years. It is not economically and environmentally beneficial, since frequent application requires a lot of fuel, and a large amount of harmful chemical compounds contained in combustion products is dumped into the environment.

The article presents the results of field studies conducted in 2018-2020 on the leached chernozem of the Volga foreststeppe. The objects of the research are the varieties of spring wheat Tulaykovskaya 10 (control), Yoldyz and Tulaykovskaya 108. At seeding rates of 5.0 and 5.5 million viable seeds per 1 ha the effect of mineral fertilizers was studied. The fertilizers were represented by a complete NPK mineral fertilizer of 16 kg a.i. and by top-dressing with mineral nitrogen fertilizer in the tillering phase at the doses of 30, 60 and 90 kg a.i./ha against this background. An increase in the seeding rate of seeds from 5.0 to 5.5 million seeds per 1 ha led to a significant increase in the yield of spring wheat in all years of study (by 0.11-0.26 t/ha), the weight of 1000 seeds – by 1.44 g (LSD05 = 1.14), the nature of grain - by 8 g/l (LSD05 = 5). The effect of top-dressing with nitrogen fertilizers has been proved – the increase in yield ranged from 0.15 to 0.28 t/ha over three years on the average, the maximum from a dose of 60 kg a.i. A statistically significant increase in the weight of 1000 seeds was provided by nitrogen fertilization in doses of 60 and 90 kg a.i./ha – by 2.79 and 1.87 g, respectively (LSD05 = 1.47), grain nature increased at doses of 30, 60 and 90 kg a.i./ha by 34, 23 and 16 g/l, respectively (LSD05 = 2). The average yield of spring wheat varieties with the selected combination of factors (5.5 million seeds/ha, N60) was in the range of 2.64-2.70 t/ha with a mass of 1000 grains 44.03-44.56 g, the nature of grain 765-783 g/l. The studied varieties differed in responsiveness to nitrogen fertilization (N60 against the NPK background): Tulaykovskaya 10 (+0.43 t/ha), Tulaykovskaya 108 (+0.39 t/ha), Yoldyz (+0.24 t/ha). Increases in yield from an increase in the seeding rate were 0.20 (Yoldyz), 0.25 (Tulaykovskaya 108) and 0.26 t/ha (Tulaykovskaya 10). In general, according to the experiment relative to the control variety Tulaykovskaya 10, the variety Yoldyz stood out with a stable increase in yield over the years of research (+0.08 t/ha), statistically significant in years with insufficient moisture. The Yoldyz variety was distinguished by an increased profitability of cultivation – up to 59.4 % at a seeding rate of 5.5 million viable seeds/ha against the background of applying mineral fertilizers N16P16K16 for pre-sowing soil cultivation.

Background. The enterprises "Maxam-Chirchiq", "Navoiyazot", "Farg`onaazot", "Ammofos-Maxam", "Qo`qon superfosfat zavodi", "Dehqonobod kaliyli o`g`itlar zavodi", "Elektrokimyozavod" produce mineral fertilizers, for which the actual problem is the development of technologies for mono- and dicalcium phosphate fertilizers. Purpose. Obtaining NPCa-fertilizer based on the decomposition of the Kyzylkum phosphorus concentrate (MOFC) with nitric acid. Methodology. The filtration of the nitrate-calcium-phosphate pulp formed from MOPA with nitric acid was used; monocalcium phosphate was obtained by neutralizing the liquid phases with ammonia. Originality. It has been shown that to improve filtration, the nitro-calcium-phosphate pulp was settled, the main fraction settled by 80%, forming 4-7% of the thickened part of the total mass of the pulp; the rest is filtered and separated into solid and liquid phases. Findings. The decomposition processes were carried out on the basis of adding 55% nitric acid to MOPA at a rate of 80-120%, the ratio T : L = 1 : (2.5-3.3), a temperature of 40°C and a process duration of 40 minutes. Mono- and dicalcium phosphate fertilizers have been obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. The production of onions and its preservation for the year-round provision of the population is an important strategic task. In March-May, there is often a shortage of onions due to high storage losses and incorrect determination of the optimal timing of implementation.Methods. Studies on the effect of fertilizers and plant growth regulators on the preservation of onion hybrids were conducted in 2014-2017 at the ARRIVG-branch of the FSVC. We tested 3 hybrids of onions grown in an annual culture on 6 variants of plant nutrition backgrounds. Harvesting of onions (turnips) was carried out manually, followed by drying in a greenhouse and laying for storage in a vegetable storehouse at a temperature of -1...0°C and a humidity of 80-90%.Results and discussion. The optimal duration of storage of new hybrids and the terms of sale of products when stored in cooling conditions for onions. Data on the shelf life and implementation of onion hybrids, depending on the nutrition background, are presented. Mathematical descriptions of the dependences of the total losses of 3 modern hybrids on the duration of storage and the influence of fertilizers and growth regulators are obtained, which is of great practical importance for the agricultural and industrial complex. Conclusions. A positive effect on the preservation of onions of treatments of vegetative plants with solutions of potassium nitrate (10 kg/ha), Zircon (0.25 l/ha) and Tenso Cocktail (0.7 kg/ha) against the background of N90P90K90 was revealed. The maximum yield of marketable products after 7 months of storage at -1...0℃ and 80-90% humidity in Bennito F1 was on the N90P90K90 + KNO3+ Zircon + Tenso Cocktail variant-89,6%, losses from diseases 2,8%; Poisk 012 F1 on the variant with the use of Zircon against the background of N90P90K90-52,1%, losses from diseases 31,2%; Pervenec F1 on the N90P90K90 + KNO3 variant- 91,4%, losses from diseases 1,4%. Pervenec F1 was distinguished by the best preservation during three-and seven-month storage. In general, the use of micro-fertilizers and a growth regulator had a positive effect on the preservation of onions.

The major sources of rough feed production in Yakutia are native hayfields and range lands, which provide 85 % of all feed. Natural grasslands and range lands occupy extensive grounds – 1.4 million hectares, of which 740 thousand hectares are hayfields and 670 thousand hectares are range lands. Grasslands of Yakutia are economically the most important source of sup-porting the agricultural sector and the livelihoods of the local population. The article analyzes the developed agritechnologies for improving grass and range lands of Yakutia and substantiates promising energy-saving methods for yield enhancement during land reforms. Currently, the research on the improvement and restoration of grass and range lands is focused on energy-saving, the use of renewable local resources and the biologization of grassland culture in order to increase the productivity and bulk feed quality. The analysis of the northern grassland culture development during the intensification has shown that the development of own seed multiplication system of released varieties and species of legume grasses makes it possible to introduce successfully energy-saving agritechnologies. The article proposes various methods of energy-saving in agritechnologies, such as: application of organic fertilizers, use of the released local varieties and species of perennial grasses, increase in the area of legume-grass plant formations for improving the feed quality and the use of multiple-function agricultural equipment for cost saving.

The field experiment on identifying differences in the effect of the herbicide and foliar feeding of plants with liquid nitrogen fertilizer (UAN-32) against the background of autumn tillage with a cultivator or plow on potato yield and phytopathologic characteristics of tubers during storage was carried out in 2019-2020 in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The experiment was laid on sod-podzolic sandy loamy soil in production conditions on two varieties of potato ‒ the super-early Сolomba variety and the medium-early Innovator variety grown for seeds. The variants under study were surface application of the soil herbicide Gezagard in a tank mixture with UAN-32 and foliar feeding of plants with UAN-32 (N42) during the growing season against the background of N42P42K169 (calcium chloride in autumn + ammonium nitrate phosphate in spring). The results indicate that the background fertilization provides the yield of Colombа variety potato of 20.7-29.0 t/ha, the Innovator variety – 17.4-23.1 t/ha. The use of the herbicide is more effective during autumn tillage with a cultivator, providing an increase in yield of 28-37 % on both potato varieties, feeding of plants with UAN-32 contributes to an increase in yield (8-10 %) only on the Сolomba variety. Plowing the soil for potatoes helps to avoid the pest damage of tubers and to reduce their susceptibility to rhizoctonia by 6-27 %, to wet rot ‒ up to 55 %. In general, it has been established that due to autumn plowing with fertilization at a dose of N42P42K169, it is possible to obtain an increase in potato yield exceeding the increase provided both by herbicides and the use of foliar feeding of potatoes.

Background. Soil organic matter is a key factor in soil fertility. Providing agriculture with them is of decisive importance for the development of the industry. A promising direction in the development of the production of organic fertilizers is the technology of processing brown coal and their waste. Purpose: to determine the impact of humic fertilizers from processed Angren brown coal on the dynamics of microbial communities of irrigated typical serozem during the growing season of cotton. Methodology: In a two-factor experiment, the number of soil microorganisms of the main ecological and trophic groups and their ratio were studied; statistical and correlation analysis - using "STATISTICA 10.0" and "Excel" data package. Originality: For the first time, the effect of humic fertilizers on the number of microorganisms of physiological and ecological-trophic groups that transform nutrients in the soil has been established, factorial and variance analysis confirmed the relationship between biological and agrochemical characteristics of the Findings: It has been established that the use of nitrogen and phosphorus humic fertilizers, based on oxidized brown coal, transforms soil microbial complexes. Humic fertilizers reduce the intensity of mineralization processes, increasing the utilization factor of nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the conditions of the Sverdlovsk region, spring wheat is the main grain crop, which occupies 40% in the grain wedge structure. The purpose of our study is to identify the effect of the weather factors and nutritional backgrounds on wheat productivity in field crop rotations. The study was carried out on dark gray forestry soil in the stationary trial of the Ural Federal Agricultural Research Center of the Ural Department of RAS. The object of study was the spring wheat variety ‘Krasnoufimskaya 100’, sown after various forecrops. The current paper has presented the results of the analysis of data on precipitation, average daily air temperature, STC according to some months, as well as the spring wheat productivity, depending on the moisture conditions and the background of nutrition. There has been identified that in the moisture years the growing season of spring wheat lasted 90 days, in the arid years it reduced on 10 days, and with moisture excess it was 102 days. All differences in the growing season length are mainly due to the length of the interphase period ‘heading – full ripeness’, which varied from 40 to 60 days depending on the year moisture conditions. When using mineral and organic fertilizers, the largest wheat grain yield (3.80–4.25 t/ha) was obtained with 1.62 units of STC in May-August. With insufficient moisture on an unfertilized nutritional background, the spring wheat productivity was not more than 1.4–1.6 t/ha, and under favorable hydrothermal conditions, it increased in 1.8–2.1 times compared to the arid conditions. The maximum intensity of grain formation in the interphase period ‘heading – full ripeness’ was identified under moderately moisture conditions.

Winter wheat is currently the main grain field crop in the European part of Russia. However, to increase the cultivation efficiency, it is necessary to improve cultivation technology. The purpose of the work is to identify new promising varieties and improve the winter bread wheat cultivation technology for the arid conditions of the Povolzhie. In 2015–2019 there was conducted an agroecological testing for 17 winter wheat varieties, which were most widespread and had the prospects for their introduction in the Povolzhie. During 2011–2018 there were studied five cultivation technologies (options) of the winter wheat variety ‘Svetoch’ in the six crop rotation sequences. The study has established that when cultivating winter wheat in the blackearth (chernozem) steppe of the Povolzhie, the varieties ‘Marafon’, ‘Novoershovskaya’, ‘Zhemchuzhina Povolzhiya’, ‘Severodonetskaya yubileynaya’ and ‘Svetoch’ were the most promising varieties. Under favorable moisture conditions, it was most profitable to cultivated the varieties ‘Rostovchanka 7’, ‘Izyuminka’, ‘Marafon’, ‘Bazis’, ‘Severodonetskaya yubileynaya’, ‘Skipetr’. When cultivating winter wheat in ‘black’ fallow, it is more rational to use early fallow, which begins to be cultivated in the spring when the soil is physically matured. The early spring additional fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increases winter wheat productivity on 0.28 t/ha (9.3%). In order to obtain the maximum net income (11324.8 rubles/ha) and profitability (115.0%), it is most expedient to use the biological product ‘Bionex Kemi’ (3 l/ha) on commercial wheat crops.

The influence of long-term application of different doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers in field crop rotation on the content of basic nutrients in grain and straw of spring barley has been established. The study was held in the conditions of podzolic black heavy loam soil of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The relative nutrients removal by spring barley depending on the doses of different types of fertilizers and their combinations in the field crop rotation is calculated. It is shown that the content of basic nutrients in the harvest of spring barley (grain and straw) significantly depends on the content of their mobile compounds in the soil. This is especially true of nitrogen and less of potassium. Economic removal of nutrients from the grain harvest of spring barley depends on the doses of fertilizers in the field crop rotation and the ratio of nutrients in them. The largest share is nitrogen (65–122 kg / ha), followed by K2O - 47–92 and P2O5 26–51 kg / ha. From 1 ton of grain and the corresponding amount of straw, spring barley of the Commander variety removes 19.2–22.4 kg of nitrogen, 7.8–9.2 - P2O5 and 14.0–16.8 kg of K2O from the soil, depending on the fertilizer and saturation of field crop rotation with different types of fertilizers. Straw is an important source of soil organic matter reproduction and the return of nutrients used for crop formation. Depending on the system of fertilization, 17–25% of nitrogen, 25–30% of phosphorus and 68–69% of potassium are returned to the soil with spring barley straw via economic removal. It is specified that spring barley of the Commander variety absorbs N, P2O5 and K2O in the following ratio: 1: 0,4: 0,3 to form a unit of grain yield and the corresponding amount of straw in the conditions of podzolic black heavy loam soil of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe

In the Russian Federation, solving problems of land use, land relations, and land policy leave the basis for social, environmental, economic, and overall political stability of the state. The area of the Belgorod region is 2713.4 thousand hectares, including arable land - 1654.4 thousand hectares (61 %), pastures - 347.6 thousand hectares (12.8 %), hayfield - 68.1 thousand hectares (2.5 %), forests and other lands - 316.5 thousand hectares (22.7 %). The area of eroded soils is 53.6 % of the entire territory of the region. They include: slightly washed out soils - about 35 %, moderate washed out soils - about 13 %, strongly washed out soils - 5.6 %, and flushed - about 1 %. According to Belgorod agrarian scientific center of the RAS area of eroded lands in the Belgorod region has increased in the Western natural-agricultural zone - by 5.1 %, in the Central - by 8.4 % and in the South-East - by 9.1 % over the last 3040 years. Currently, the concept of adaptive landscape farming has been developed, which provides for comprehensive measures to prevent soil degradation and create environmentally sustainable agricultural landscapes. Adaptive landscape soil protection system of agriculture provides for expansion of perennial grasses up to 25 %, introduction of leguminous crops and annual grasses in crop rotations. With a reduction in the use of mineral and organic fertilizers in modern economic conditions, it is impossible to achieve a balance of humus acceptable for sustainable development of the studied agricultural landscape. System of agriculture adapted to local landscapes provides for introduction of the whole complex of soil conservation measures which can stop land degradation caused by soil erosion. Introduction of adaptive landscape system of agriculture in the pilot farm of the Belgorod agricultural research center allowed to minimize erosion processes, stabilize soil fertility, and significantly improve economic indicators and energy efficiency of agriculture in the economy. The area of arable land was slightly reduced, and the area of forest belts and soil protection crop rotations increased. The average yield of grain crops and sugar beets increased greatly, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers increased significantly, their payback improved, and the crop industry became profitable and cost-effective. Only through adaptive landscape agriculture it is possible to stop water erosion, create conditions for stabilizing and increasing soil fertility, ensure the biologization of agriculture and increase its economic efficiency. Ultimately, this will increase production of domestic agricultural products and increase Russias food security.

In 2016–2017 at the experimental selection site of ARSRITTP the influence of modern agrochemicals of Potassium Humate, Bio Fish, Plantafol, Mikrovit, Rexolin ABC, Floroni of the traditional mineral fertilizer ammonium nitrate on the quality of tobacco raw materials of the Virginia variety type from the world collection of the Institute was studied. The dominant indicators of the smoking benefits of tobacco are proteins, nicotine, carbohydrates and chlorine. It has been determined that three-fold foliar treatment of tobacco seedlings in the main phases of development «cross», «ligules» and «fit for planting» with complex agrochemicals improves the chemical composition of tobacco raw materials, and does not change the quantitative indicators of nicotine. The content of water-soluble carbohydrates in raw materials increased by 4–60% and 7–57%, the amount of proteins decreased by 3–11% and 8–16%, respectively, for the years under study. The preplanting application of ammonium nitrate to the soil reduces the quality of raw tobacco. Fertilizer in doses of N60 and N90 helped to reduce the amount of nicotine in tobacco over two years of research by 4–8%, and in doses of N120 and N150 to increase it by 1,5–15,0%. A decrease in the content of carbohydrates in the raw material was established with a decrease in the doses of ammonium nitrate by 39–235% relative to the control. The protein content was at the level of the variant without treatment. The amount of chlorine in the raw material is determined within the permissible limits for good flammability of tobacco (less than 0,4%).

The purpose of the current research is to study of the biological characteristics of rice growth and development, as well as the productivity of the new promising varieties in the Tersko-Sulak sub-province; to identify the optimal doses of mineral fertilizers and the best forecrops for the cultivation of these varieties by herbicide-free technology; to recommend the varieties identified by grain productivity and quality for regionalization in the republic. The novelty of the research is that for the first time in the RD conditions there have been studied the biological characteristics of growth and development, as well as the productivity of new promising rice varieties ‘Flagman' and ‘Kuboyar' in comparison with the standard variety ‘Regul' spread in the republic. The rice cultivation contributes to productivity increase of saline lands and the development of soils in the solonetz complex. The conditions of the Tersko-Sulak sub-province, the presence of large rivers (Terek, Sulak), a favorable thermal regime make it possible to obtain here high yields of rice meeting the requirements of agricultural technology. The ability of rice to withstand soil salinity from 0.05 to 1.5%, depending on the nature of salinity, makes it possible to significantly increase the productivity of saline lands, the area of which is more than 50%. There have been studied two forecrops (winter wheat, alfalfa), four doses of mineral fertilizers (N110P50K70, N140P80K100, N77P35K49, N98P56K70) and three rice varieties ‘Regul', ‘Flagman', ‘Kuboyar'. For two years of research, the variety ‘Flagman' sown after alfalfa with a dose of mineral fertilizers N98P56K70 produced the largest yields of 6.79 t/ha in 2018 and 6.85 t/ha in 2019, which was on 1.81 t/ha and 1.32 t/ha more than in the variant without fertilizing. The varieties ‘Regul' and ‘Kuboyar' with the same doses of mineral fertilizers produced the average yields of 5.76 and 6.20 t/ha, respectively. The highest efficiency of mineral fertilizers was established where the soil was well supplied with organic matter, i. e. when the varieties were sown after alfalfa.

The results of the influence of pre-sowing seed treatment, the main application of mineral fertilizers and foliar fertilizing with ammonium nitrate, urea, organo-mineral fertilizer D2 or bacterial preparation Escort-bio on the formation of productivity and quality of spring wheat of the Elegia mironovskaya variety are presented. Experimental investigations were carried out on the Chernozem of the South during 2014-2016. In the conditions of the educational, scientific and practical center of the Nikolaev NAU. The results of research showed that the introduction of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers before sowing and foliar fertilizing of spring wheat crops on average over three years provided an increase in grain yield by 1.00–1.58 t/ha in variants with water treatment of seeds and by 1.08–1.72 t/ha when processing seeds with microbial preparation Escort-bio. Pre-sowing treatment of escort-bio seeds contributed to the additional production of 0.14–0.28 t /ha of grain, depending on the fertilizer option. The highest grain yield was formed by applying N30P30 for pre-sowing cultivation, treating seeds with a microbial preparation and carrying out the phase of plant exit into the tube of feeding with ammonium nitrate with a dose of N30. Pre-sowing treatment of escort-bio seeds and foliar fertilizing contributed to an increase in the payback of fertilizers by increasing the yield of spring wheat. The maximum specified indicator is determined by the background of bacterial seed treatment, the main application to the sowing of N30P30 and carrying out two top-UPS with organo-mineral fertilizer D2 or Escort-bio. Application of fertilizers and foliar top-UPS on average over three years increased the protein content of spring wheat by 0.7–1.4 %, and gluten – by 1.2–1.9 %. The maximum both indicators of grain quality are determined in the version of the main application of N30P30 with making-up at the beginning of the earing phase with urea at a dose of N30 –14.9 and 28.1 %. The conditional yield of protein and gluten from a hectare of spring wheat sowing with an improvement in the background of plant nutrition grew and reached maximum values in the variants of N60P30 before sowing or N30P30 before sowing with fertilizing with ammonium nitrate at a dose of N30 in the phase of exit to the tube

In the field studies of 2018…2019, the influence of macronutrients and weather conditions on pigment complex of leaves of meadow clover (Trifolium pratense L.) Dymkovsky variety was assessed. The study was carried out in grainfallow-grass crop rotation in the conditions of Kirov region. Leaf samples (fully developed second or third leaf from above) were taken in the flowering phase, and the chlorophyll and carotenoids content were measured spectrophotometrically under laboratory conditions. It has been found that the content of pigments in the leaves of meadow clover depended mostly on weather conditions of the year of cultivation. The concentration of green pigments (Chl a+b) in clover leaves was in the range of 15.34...19.05 in the conditions of warmer and dry 2018 and 11.47...14.10 mg/g dry matter in colder and humid year of 2019. Chl a accounted for 9.64...11.36 and 6.67...7.98 mg/g (2018 and 2019, respectively). Colder conditions promoted an increase in the ratio of Chl a associated with light-harvesting complexes (from 69…78 up to 89…96 %). Weight content of carotenoids was 2.69...3.12 and 1.52…1.88 mg/g in 2018 and 2019, respectively, and correlated with the content of a total chlorophyll (r = 0.53…0.82). The weight ratio of chlorophylls a/b (1.54... 1.75 in 2018 and 1.18... 1.47 in 2019) indicates a lack of insolation in the conditions of mutually shading of leaves of the created phytocenosis. However, the weight ratio of the sum of chlorophylls to carotenoids (5.7... 6.7 in 2018 and 6.86... 9.65 in 2019) suggests that this abiotic factor has not led to disorders in the structure of the photosynthetic leaf apparatus. Weather conditions considerably modified influence of fertilizers on pigment synthesis: in 2018, nitrogen fertilizers reduced the content of chlorophylls by 11…22 %, full mineral fertilizer on acid soil background led to decrease in the content of pigments by 6.7…11.7 %. In colder conditions of 2019 nitrogen fertilizers did not influence the content of pigments, full mineral fertilizer increased the content of Chl a by 14.1…17.8 %, carotinoids – by 18.2…25.4 %. In the conditions of 2019 the content of Chl a significantly depended on nitrogen content in leaves (r = 0.52…0.92) and correlated with phosphorus level in the soil: for Chl a – r = 0.74 and 0.54, for Chl b r = 0.73 and 0.75 (acid soil background and soil background with lime application, respectively).

Pig farms are a significant source of environmental pollution, since their activity is accompanied by the generation of large volumes of concentrated waste and wastewater. Particularly dangerous for the environment are sewage effluents, which are characterized by a high content of contaminants. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the problem of biotechnological utilization of liquid waste of pig farms, which, through the use of biogas, would not only improve the local environmental situation, but would also be economically viable. The purpose of the work is to study modern methods of ecological biotechnology, namely methane fermentation of manure waste from pig farms. This will solve the problem of wastewater disposal, while ensuring the production of a significant amount of biogas and of fermented biomass, which is a fertilizer. The authors determined that the slurry is subjected to continuous methane fermentation at a temperature of 45°C. Methane digestion of the substrate with a moisture content of 96.1; 93.8 and 91.12% were carried out at the dilution rates of 4.2·10-3, 5.0·10-3, 6.3·10-3 h-1 . The amount of biogas synthesized per unit of dry matter loaded (DMloaded) depends largely on concentration and dilution rate. The maximum production of biogas (220 dm3 /kg DMloaded) was recorded at a dilution rate of 4.2·10-3 h-1 . The methane content of biogas was 70-78% depending on the substrate concentration and process conditions, which testifies to its full use as fuel. The pH of the culture fluid ranged from 7.5 to 8.5 and did not require artificial regulation. Reducing the intensity of the process of purification by chemical oxygen demand (COD) has a direct dependence on the substrate moisture and reversed the speed of dilution. The highest purification efficiency (88.92%) was achieved when the substrate was digested with maximum humidity (96.1%) and the lowest dilution rate (4.2·10-3 h-1). The following forms of vitamins of the cobalamin group have been found in fermented biomass: B12 and factor III, which are active forms of the vitamin, and factor B is inactive, with a large number of them. The total content of vitamins largely depends on the characteristics of the substrate (type and concentration of pollutants), fermentation parameters, etc. and ranges from 21.23 to 43.74 mkg/g DM

The purpose of the current study was to determine the amount of moisture consumed by winter wheat to produce yields with the use of biological products and fertilizers. Under the conditions of insufficient and unstable moisture in theRostovregion, the granular mineral fertilizers applied in winter wheat cultivation caused by a moisture deficit do not always give a positive effect. In this case, in our opinion, the use of new biological products and fertilizers in a liquid form for the pre-sowing treatment of seeds and vegetative plants is a very promising direction. Thus, there have been carried out field trials to study the effect of various water-soluble fertilizers and biological products on the moisture consumption and productivity of winter wheat variety “Niva Stavropoliya” sown in fallow lands. The field trials were conducted in 2016–2018 at the AFC (SA) “Rus” of the Salsky district, located in the southern part of theRostovregion. There have been studied such biological products as “Extrasol”, “Rostok”, “Aquamix” and water-soluble fertilizers “Aquarin5”and “Aquarin9”when using optimal doses of fertilizers. The trials have shown that the combined use of biological products and water-soluble fertilizers was the most effective, when used 0.1 kg/t “Aquamix” for seed treatment + 2 kg/ha “Aquarin5”during a period of tillering + 2 kg/ha “Aquarin9”during a period of head formation together with the use of mineral fertilizers. As a result, productivity increase was 36% compared with that of the control.

The current paper has presented the data on the efect of bio products “Extrasol”, “Rostok”, “Aquamix” and water-soluble “Aquarin 5” and “Aquarin 9” on productivity and yield structure elements of the intensive winter wheat variety “Niva Stavropoliya” and the half-intensive variety “Viktoriya” sown after oilseed fax on the fertilized felds. There has been established that the largest yields of the variety “Niva Stavropoliya” (5.59 t/ha) and of the variety “Viktoriya” (3.7 t/ha) were formed under the compound use of fertilizers and bio products as follow: Р60К40 before sowing (in a weedfree fallow) and N60Р60К40 (sown after oilseed fax) + N30 in the tillering phase + N30 in the phase of head formation + “Aquamix” (0.1 l/t in seed treatment) + “Aquarin 5” (2 l/ha in the tillering phase) + “Aquarin 9” (2 l/ha in the phase of head formation). There has been identifed that the main yield structure elements of the studied varieties showed their largest values under the compound use of the bio products “Aquamix” and water-soluble “Aquarin 5” and “Aquarin 9” on the fertilized felds. On average for 3 years the variety “Niva Stavropoliya” showed the increase of ‘number of ears’ from 413 pcs per m2 in the control variant, and to 432–467 pcs per m2 in the treated variants. the variety “Victoria 11” had 357 pcs per m2 in the control variant and 379–415 pcs per m2 in the treated variants. In addition, in comparison with the control variants, there has been identifed an increase of other yield structure elements, namely “number of grains per head”, “grain weight per head” and “1000-grain weight”.

The most optimal sowing period was determined in one of the experiments with winter barley for the conditions of the southern Steppe zone of Ukraine, such as the 2nd decade of October. At the same time, during sowing in the 1st decade of October, the average grain yield over the years of cultivation, for varieties and preparations from pre – sowing seed treatment increased by 13.7 %, for sowing in the 2nd decade it Legume-cereal grass mixtures cause alkalization of sod-podzolic soils by slow recovering of soil microorganism activity by root excreta and plant residues. Research purpose was to study the influence of legume-cereal grass mixtures composition and fertilizers on accumulation of root mass and symbiotic nitrogen in sod-podzolic surface-gleyed soil during 2015–2018. Analysis of research results showed that in variants without fertilizers yield capacity of legume-cereal grass mixtures was fluctuated in the range of 7.23–7.54 t/ha of dry mass. Accumulation of roots in 0–20 cm layer of soil was 7.43 t/ha, which indicates the formation of strong turf upon the years of research. Introduction of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (Р60К60) helps to increase the yield capacity of legume-cereal mixtures up to 2 %. Accumulation of root mass increased upon the years of research irrespectively from fertilizer application and composition of legumes and grass mixtures. The highest amount of root mass was in variant with Lotus corniculatus-cereal grass mixture and applying of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (P60K60) – 7.77 t/ha. Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Galega orientalis showed significantly less root mass accumulation. Nutrient content of root mass in 0–20 cm layer of the soil averaged over the years of research was nitrogen – 1.00-1.54 %, phosphorus – 0.19–0.22 %, potassium – 0.85–0.87 %. Formation of symbiotic apparatus in legume crops highly dependent on: fertilizer application, biological features of plant growth and development. These features also have an influence on symbiotic nitrogen accumulation over the years of their cultivation. Received experimental data demonstrate expediency of fertilizer application upon the cultivation of legume-cereal grass mixtures on Precarpathian sod-podzolic soils and importance of further research to improve the technology of their cultivation.

The studies were conducted in the years of 2012–2017 in the zone of unstable moisture on leached blackearth (chernozem) in FSBSI FSC ARRIOC (Krasnodar). The object of research is the oilseed flax variety “ARRIOC 620”. In the variants of oilseed flax cultivation technology differing in the amount of fertilizer and the seeding rate, there were identified the biometric indicators and such yield structure elements as “plant height”, “length of a technical part of a stem”, “number of bolls per plant”, “number of plants”, “number of bolls”, “plant and seed weight per area unit”, “1000 seed weight”. There has been established that both fertilizers and seeding rate contributed to the variation of these indicators, which changed oilseed flax productivity. It has been found that productivity depends on moisture supply during the most important period of vegetation. In years with precipitation distribution characteristic for the arid zone of moistening (according to the STC), the productivity has been greatly affected by the moisture supply in May and June which corresponds to the growth stages “cotyledons – flowering”. In years with precipitation distribution characteristic for the humid and slightly arid zone of moistening (according to the STC), the productivity depended on the moisture supply in June, i. e. in the period “bud formation – flowering”.

Digital agriculture predetermines the development of robotic agricultural technologies for the application of pesticides and fertilizers using unmanned aerial systems, which are based on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with a certain working load for monitoring agricultural land and applying agrochemicals. (Research purpose) To develop a technology for variable-rate application of pesticides and fertilizers using unmanned aerial vehicles in digital agriculture. (Materials and methods) In the process of study, the authors used the methodological recommendations on the application of chemicals in the precision farming system (offered by VIM), as well as the normative and technical documentation for unmanned aircraft systems. (Results and discussion) It was shown that the developed technology includes the sequential execution of information and technological operations in off-line and on-line modes. It was found that the application rate of the liquid pesticides of 10-20 liters per hectare reduces losses due to drift from the treatment area and ensures the highest productivity of pesticide application using unmanned aerial vehicles. It was determined that the field processing performance increases as the run length increases, and decreases with the increasing flow rate of the liquid chemical. The rational run length was established to equal 0.8-3.2 kilometers. The authors established requirements for the spraying quality of unmanned aerial vehicles. It was proved that to increase the productivity of unmanned aerial vehicles during plant top-dressing, it is necessary to use unmanned aerial vehicles with a larger working load of 300-400 kilograms. (Conclusions) The authors have developed a technology for variable-rate application of pesticides and fertilizers using unmanned aerial vehicles, algorithms for preparing them for flight, monitoring agricultural lands, making a field orthophotomap, electronic maps of vegetation indices, the phytosanitary status of crops, and variable-rate application of pesticides and fertilizers.

The studies have been carried out on low-humus ultra heavy clay fused leached chernozems of the Republic of Adygea in 2015-2018 in the link of crop rotation: winter wheat, corn for green fodder, clover. The influence of tillage methods and levels of mineral nutrition on crop yields and economic efficiency of cultivation have been studied. It has been established that annual disking led to a decrease in the yield of corn and clover in the rotation link, in comparison with plowing.Accounting for yield with the annual use of surface cultivation indicates its decrease: for corn for green fodder by 1.7 t / ha (14.8 %) compared with the annual plowing; for clover, 3.0 t / ha (10.7 %) in comparison with the annual plowing; for winter wheat, the yield level for both processing methods is the same 4.9; 4.9 t / ha.Cultivation techniques and processing methods have had a positive effect on increasing the output per unit area. Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of winter wheat cultivation in the crop rotation link has shown that the most profitable option is the background (the use of recommended doses of fertilizers on average for both methods of tillage) with a yield of 5.95 t / ha; profit from sales of 32,108 thousand rubles / ha - profitability of 150.0 %.The best option when cultivating clover in the crop rotation link by the aftereffect of green manure fertilizers for plowing at a yield of 33.7 t / ha profit from sales is 17,336 thousand rubles / ha, profitability is 106.0 %. For corn for green fodder the best option is sowing rapeseed on green manure and planting it, the yield is 15.9 t / ha, profit is 2675 thousand rubles / ha, profitability is 20.0 %.

In field experiments with tomato and pepper the biological removal of nutrient elements on the background of mineral fertilizers, manure, granulated avian litter, organomix and microbiological concentrates (Azoto and Phosphate Barvar) has been found out. It has been confirmed that in tomato crops of 500-750 centner/ha with appropriate vegetative mass the annual biological removal of nitrogen varies between 110 (without fertilizers) and 178 kg/ha (N150P80 kg/ha), in the case of fertilization with P2O5 and K2O it was 61-93 and 166-289 kg/ha respectively, which is substantially higher than the dosages of the applied fertilizers (N150P80 K150 kg/ha). The main part of the nutrient elements is removed from the soil. The vegetative mass of the pepper and its yield of 230-320 centners/ha at similar dozages of fertilization speaks for the significantly low level of biological removal, which makes: nitrogen – 55-76, P2O5 and K2O - 38-49 and 77-96 kg/ha, respectively. The main part of the removal is carried out by the fruit of the investigated crops. The microbiological concentrates have a weaker effect as compared with organic-mineral fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. At present, in chemical and agricultural science, the concept of using specialized fertilizers designed for specific climatic conditions and crops is being developed, with the aim of: 1. applying the best form of fertilization (Right Source); 2. in the optimal dose (Right Rate); 3. in the required time frame (Right Time); 4. in the most appropriate way (Right Place). Taking into account the 4R-strategy, scientists of the Institute of National Economy and Development of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan are developing single and complex fertilizers intended for irrigated agriculture in sierozem conditions, taking into account the high biological activity of soils and the accelerated transformation of nutrient NPK elements. Prolonged fertilizers provide a slower and more gradual release of nutrients into the soil solution, which reduces the rate of circulation of macronutrients, minimizing their losses and increasing the utilization rate. Purpose: Determination and comparison of the agrochemical efficiency of new prolonged phosphorus single and complex fertilizers, their effect on the growth, development and yield of cotton, as well as the dynamics of the content of humus, mobile and gross forms of phosphorus and nitrogen in irrigated typical gray soil. Methodology: The selection and analysis of soil samples was carried out from the arable horizon during the periods of the main phenological phases of the development of cotton plants. Harvesting, phenological observations, descriptions and counts in the experiments were carried out in accordance with the methods of NIISSiAVKh. The content of total and available nitrogen N total was studied in the soil; NH4 + and NO3-; P total and P2O5; carbon (humus). Statistical and correlation analysis was carried out using STATISTICA.10 and Excel (Data Analysis package). Originality. For the first time, the influence of new slow-dissolving single and complex phosphorus fertilizers on the development of plants and the yield of cotton, as well as the content of gross and mobile forms of macroelements in dynamics by the phases of plant development has been shown, relationships and dependences of the agrochemical regime of the soil and indicators of plant productivity have been revealed. Findings. It was found that the use of slow-dissolving single and complex phosphorus fertilizers, due to the altered properties of the granules, reduces the intensity of mineralization of N- and P-compounds, optimizing nutrition and accelerating the development of plant organs (by 7.4 and 3.7%), which is expressed in the formation a greater number of fruit elements and, accordingly, an increase in yield (by 14.4 and 16.3% compared to the control). The slow-acting properties of fertilizers make it possible to provide plants with adequate nutrition without excess and, accordingly, without loss of macronutrients, and to achieve a positive balance in nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil with an increase in yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Plant & Soil Science is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Мета. Удосконалити адаптивні технології вирощування пшениці озимої, які забезпечать заплановану густоту стебло­стою та продуктивність колосу, що дасть можливість сформувати максимальний урожай з високою якістю зерна. Методи. Польові, лабораторні дослідження, математично-статистичний аналіз. Результати. Протягом 2011–2015 рр. проводили спостереження за процесом формування продуктивності пшениці озимої ‘Бенефіс’ за різних технологій вирощування. Зокрема, наведено показники щільності стеблостою, кількості закладених квіток, колосків і зернівок у колосі, їхньої редукції за етапами органогенезу, величини потенційної врожайності пшениці озимої і ступінь реалізації її у фактичній. Встановлено, що такі елементи технології вирощування як дози добрив, система захисту рослин позитивно впливали на щільність продуктивного стеблостою з IV до XII етапів органогенезу. Найбільшу кількість збережених стебел (695 шт./м2) до XII етапу відмічали у варіанті з унесенням на фоні побічної продукції попередника Р135К135N60(ІІ)+N75(ІV)+N45(VІІ), інтегрованого захисту. Реалізація продуктивних стебел за цих умов складала 41,3%. Величина втрат стебел з IV до XII етапу органогенезу коливалась в межах 657–986 шт./м2 залежно від доз добрив, системи захисту. Кількість квіток (зерен) у колосі з V до XII етапу змінювалась залежно від умов живлення рослин і зростала із збільшенням доз внесених добрив в колоссі обох порядків. За кількістю квіток у колосі інтегрований захист мав перевагу над мінімальним. Найбільшу кількість квіток з V до IX етапу отримали за внесення на фоні побічної продукції попередника Р135К135N60(ІІ)+N75(ІV)+N45(VІІ), інтегрованого захисту. Висновки. Встановлено, що в умовах північної частини Лісостепу України на темно-сірому опідзоленому ґрунті найвищу продуктивність пшениці озимої отримано за інтенсивної енергонасиченої технології вирощування з внесенням Р135К135N60(ІІ)+75(ІV)+45(VІІІ) на фоні побічної продукції попередника за інтегрованої системи захисту. Ця технологія забезпечувала урожайність 6,56 т/га зерна першого класу якості групи А.

In the world practice of introducing solid mineral fertilizers, almost 90 percents of the machines used are equipped fertilizer application is about 10 percents. It has been still confi rmed that their small width of application results in insuffi cient productivity, and in practice they are not used for introducing the main amount of fertilizers in pre-sowing soil preparation. (Research purpose) Designing a pneumatic sucker-rod machine providing for increased uniformity of fertilizer dispersing when introducing the main amount of fertilizers and further dressing vegetative plants. (Materials and methods) The authors obtained relationships allowing to determine rational constructive-and-kinematic parameters of a device for fertilizer metering and distributing through ejectors and dispersing surfaces using the laws and methods of classical mechanics and mathematics. Experimental studies were carried out using a developed and manufactured sample, and testing its operability in fi eld conditions using standard and specifi c techniques. It was determined that the quality of fertilizer dispersing with a pneumatic sucker-rod machine is mainly aff ected by the uniformity of their supply by reel-type units to the air stream and rods with holes, and the pattern of fertilizer distribution to ejectors depending on the distance between them. (Results and discussion) The authors have made patterns of fertilizer transportation and metering with reel-type sowing units and determined the method and pattern of distributing an air-mineral mixture through the rod channels. The authors obtained a mathematical description of the processes of mineral fertilizer application, taking into account the qualitative indicators of their uniform dispersion over the fi eld surface. It was noted that the uneven distribution of fertilizers when the rod length is appropriate corresponds to the design standards. (Conclusions) The authors have revealed that the rate of distribution unevenness of ammonium nitrate amounted to 8 percents. It has been found that even at the machinery designing stage it is possible to evaluate performance indicators in terms of unevenness depending on the metering quality and the distance between sowing ejectors.