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Background. Currently, it is quite relevant in breeding to create varieties with high yields of raw materials and the content of biologically active compounds. This work aim is to identify promising forms of P. caeruleum L. is for further inclusion in the breeding process based on biomorphological, anatomical, cytogenetic studies and the bioproductivity of colchicine-induced and wild-growing forms in comparison with the Lazur variety. Materials and methods. To obtain polyploids in 2018, the seeds of the P. caeruleum L. the Lazur variety were germinated in Petri dishes on filter paper at room temperature. When the roots reached the length of the seed, they were placed in different concentrations of colchicine solution 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 % and 0.52 % for 12 and 24 hours, then washed in running water for three hours. Results. The article for the first time presents data on a comparative study of three forms of Polemonium caeruleum L. in terms of morphological characteristics, microscopy of the leaf epidermis and cytogenetic analysis. It was established that the raw materials productivity of the underground part of the plants tetraploid forms in the C1 generation significantly exceeded the diploid and wild forms of plants by 32 %, as well as the yield of seeds by 22 %. In the C2 generation, the yield of raw materials (rhizomes with roots) in tetraploid plants increases in relation to the control by 56 %, seeds by 34 %. Quantitative determination of the amount of triterpene saponins in terms of β-escin in the plant material of three forms of P. caeruleum L. showed an excess of this indicator in the colchicine form by 24 % in the grass and by 36 % in rhizomes with roots, in the wild-growing form - by 15 % in the aerial part and decrease in the underground part by 9 % in relation to the control. It was found that plants of colchicine and wild forms differ in the presence of larger stomata compared to the control. Based on the pattern of DAPI-bandin and the distribution of 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA genes, a generalized species idiogram of blue cyanosis was constructed, taking into account polymorphic variants of DAPI-bandin patterns and indicating the location of the sites of 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA genes. The cytogenetic stability of the resulting tetraploid form was revealed. Conclusion. The article presents comparative studies on morphological characteristics, bioproductivity, microscopy of the leaf epidermis and cytogenetic analysis of the tetraploid form (colchicine) of P. caeruleum L. in comparison with the variety Lazur (diploid form) and the wild form of P. caeruleum L. plants.

Introduction. The article presents the results of the use of growth regulators and micro-fertilizers on the medicinal culture namely Polemonium ceruleum L. according to the concept of exogenous bioregulation of growth processes, the productivity of raw materials and the content of biologically active substances in raw materials. Rhizomes with roots of this species (Rhizomata cum radicibus Polemonii) are included in the Russian State Pharmacopoeia 14th edition as an expectorant. The purpose of this work is to identify the possibility of increasing the yield and quality of Polemonium caeruleum medicinal plant raw materials with foliar treatment by Hardy’s retardant, Siliplant micronutrient fertilizer, Zircon growth regulator and their tank mixture under conditions of the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. Experiments to study the effect of Siliplant microfertilizer, Zircon growth regulator, their tank mixture, and Hardy’s retardant on the growth, development and bioproductivity of Polemonium caeruleum plants was conducted in 2019-2020 in the field crop rotation at the All-Russia Medicinal Plants Research Institute (VILAR). In the second and third years of the growing season, two treatments of plants were performed with preparations at the following consumption rates: Siliplant (1 l / ha), Zircon (50 ml / ha), Siliplant (1 l / ha) + Zircon 50 ml / ha), Hardy (0, 2 l/ha), in the control plants were treated with water. Consumption of solution - 300 l / ha. The first treatment was conducted in the budding phase (2nd decade of May), the second - two weeks after the first. The quantitative content of triterpene saponins in terms of β-escin in medicinal raw materials was determined according to the Russian Farmacopeia (FS 2.5.0039.15). Results. Microfertilizer Siliplant and Hardy retardant increased the yield of roots and rhizomes of Polemonium caeruleum plants by 0.24 and 0.16 t/ha, respectively. The highest content of biologically active substances was observed in plants treated with Siliplant, Siliplant + Zircon and Hardy, the excess over the control was 22 %, 11 %, and 7 %, respectively, while in the variant with the growth regulator Zircon the opposite picture was observed – the content of biologically active substances on 14 % less. The tests carried out showed that all experimental options for seed yield and weight of 1000 pcs. outnumbered control. The greatest increase in seed yield was observed in the Siliplant and Hardy variants (25 and 17 %, respectively). The Siliplant + Zircon and Zircon variants showed lower efficiency – the excess was 11 and 6 %. In addition, the treatment of plants with all studied preparations is an effective method of increasing sowing qualities: energy of seed germination increases by 50-63 % and germinating capacity by 6-13 %. Conclusion. The results of the study are relevant for the development of environmentally friendly agricultural technologies for the cultivation of Polemonium cаeruleum medicinal crops.

Introduction. The article deals with the mythologized characters of the Bashkir mythology ― sikhyrsy (сихырсы, sorcerers). Its aim is to identify and to interpret the characters and their names, as well as other related vocabulary. Data and methods. The research materials include folklore texts and entries of dictionaries of the Bashkir and of other Turkic languages. The main methods employed for the analysis are descriptive and comparative. Results. The main, most common names of Bashkir sorcerers have been established. These are the terms сихырсы and боҙомсо, which come from lexemes sykhyr (сихыр: magic, witchcraft, sorcery) and bozom (боҙом: damage, witchcraft, harm effected with the help of mythologized objects and means). In addition, the article discusses the terms osokso (осоҡсо), arbausy (арбаусы), iamialliauise (әмәлләүсе), etc., characterizing the methods of Bashkir sorcerers’ malicious actions. There are parallels from other Turkic and non-Turkic languages to the terms associated with sorcerers and witchcraft, which indicate the origin of Bashkir terms. Hence, it has been established that some lexical items, as well as the characters they refer to have pan-Altai roots, some are Turkic, some are inter-Turkic, still others are of Bashkir origin; and a number of words are loans. In particular, the term sikhyrsy (сихырсы) itself goes back to Arabic, while the items bozomso (боҙомсо), arbausy (арбаусы), osokso (осоҡсо), and yelpeui (йелпеү) have parallels in many Turkic languages. Interestingly, йелпеү has phonetic variants not only in the Turkic, but also in the Mongolian languages; and боҙомсо and арбаусы have parallels in the Finno-Ugric languages. Also, the article discusses in some detail methods of Bashkir sorcerers’ malicious actions, illustrating them with examples. According to the author, the most common of these are the use of grave earth, “mortuary water”, needles to sew a shroud, raw eggs, dolls, blood of innocence, menstrual blood, as well as witchcraft based on the use of sweat, knots, and special incantations, which, according to the Bashkir ancestors, enhanced the harmfulness of techniques used. Finally, the article deals with cases of witchcraft of medicine men, positive characters of Bashkir mythology, who performed them to punish evil, namely, thieves of cattle and of goods, and rapists. Conclusions. The mythologized characters of sykhyrsy belong to negative characters and the Bashkir language has numerous items for their designation. The sykhyrsy had at their disposal a variety of means and methods to do harm, as well as antidotes to their harmful action. There is terminology for every magical action, the items often having Turkic or Altaic roots, and sometimes borrowed from other languages.

The article explores the period of reviving the art of calligraphy and handwritten book art in the Tatar culture, which falls on the end of the XIX century and is associated with the names of A. Makhmudov and Sh. Tagirov. The authors of the article presented the genesis and revealed the stages of calligraphy and hand-written book art formation in the culture of the Tatars. The article provides an art criticism analysis of the manuscript book art works included in the creative heritage of A. Makhmudov and Sh. Tagirov. A contrastive-comparative analysis led to a conclusion that the traditions of Iranian, Turkish and Dagestanian handwritten book art which were processed by Kazan calligraphers. That allowed them to develop local traditions of handwritten art. The study is based on the analysis of collections of manuscript monuments, including paperwork (khan labels) and books (of religious, scientific, literary and artistic content) from the collections of the Department of Manuscript and Rare Books of Kazan Federal University’s N.I. Lobachevsky Scientific Library, the Center for Written and Musical Heritage of G. Ibragimov Institute of the Language, Literature and Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, the Department of Rare Books and Manuscripts of the Republic of Tatarstan National Library, the National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan, the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Graphics Department of the Republic of Tatarstan State Museum of Fine Arts. The article is based on a comprehensive study of the material; to conduct the analysis, analytical methods of research have been applied. The priority is given to the classical comparative-historical method which includes synchronous and diachronous analysis. In addition, general scientific art and cultural studies methods and approaches were implemented: the genetic one, for instance, allows making a diachronous section and tracing the process of book art formation.

The purpose of this study is to examine and explain the effect of Corporate Governance, Firm Size and Capital Structure on Finacial Performance. This research is explanatory or confirmatory which provides a causal explanation or influence between variables through hypothesis testing. The data analysis method uses Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA). The research findings show that Firm Size and Capital Structure have a positive and significant effect on Financial Performance. Corporate Governance variables have a positive and not significant effect on Financial Performance.

The purpose of this study is to provide information about the Sharia equity fund performance with Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen-Alpha methods in Indonesia. This study is a descriptive study using a quantitative approach. The study population was Sharia equity fund in 2015 to 2018. Samples of this study were 21 mutual funds by purposive sampling method. The analysis tool in this study is the method of measuring performance based on risk adjusted return that includes Sharpe, Treynor, and Jensen-Alpha with Microsoft Excel application. During the observation period (2015-2018) there was Sharia equity fund outperform compared with markets (IHSG and ISSI). Best Sharia equity fund is HPAM Syariah Ekuitas, OSO Syariah Equity Fund, and Lautandhana Saham Syariah.

It is common to many languages that all color terms belonging to the most ancient part of the vocabulary, apart from the color meaning as such, convey a symbolic meaning. The same is true to the Bashkir language, where this particularly applies to toponyms. Colors are one of the most prevalent motives of naming used in Bashkir toponymy. This paper aims to study Bashkir place names with reference to color terms, based on the names of landscape objects, water bodies, and geographical names collected in the card index of the Linguistics department of the Institute of History, Language, and Literature of the UFRC RAS, as well as presented in the annexes to the ten-volume Academic Dictionary of the Bashkir language (2011–2018), in toponymic dictionaries, and special studies on toponymy. Statistically, color names make up 6% of all Bashkir toponyms. The most productive lexemes used in the formation of topographic objects include: aq ‘white,’ qara ‘black,’ qїthїl ‘red,’ һarї ‘yellow,’ ala ‘piebald,’ kük ‘blue,’ sїbar ‘motley,’ which can be regarded as a common characteristic of the Turkic toponymy on the whole, and the reflection of the color characteristics of the surrounding nature and the geographical area where the Bashkir live. The derivational structure of Bashkir place names with color terms as components can be formalized in the following patterns: color term + geographic term, color term + zoonym; color term + phytonym; color term + mineral name or rock name; color term + name of a construction, structure; toponyms derived from personal names, ethnonyms; toponyms represented solely by a color term as such. The most interesting in terms of reflecting the national identity of the Bashkirs are toponyms, following the “color term + a geographical term” pattern. This type of place names refers not only to the color of geographical objects themselves, but also to the color of rocks, the perceived color of water bodies, carrying connotative and mythological implications.

The article considers Bashkir onomastics (ethnic, personal and place names) associated with the ethnonym Kalmak (Qalmaq). The lexeme is present in 18 Bashkir clans and tribes. The peculiar feature here is that among some tribal groups there are over 10 names of clan subdivisions bearing the stem Kalmak that gives testimony of once intensive Bashkir-Kalmyk contacts. It should be noted that in some tribal groups there are not one but several Kalmak/Kalmyk-stemmed clan names, e.g., among the Burzyan Bashkirs there are 13 such clans; among Kotays - 10, Kipchaks - 7, Ailins - 5, Kudeys, Kushsys, Szyzgys, Katais, Balyks, Tamyans, Kanglys, and Tabyns - 5, Tangaurs - 4, Jurmats and Serbs - 3 generic units named Kalmak/Kalmyk respectively. The article also notes the wide dissemination of the ethnonym Kalmak/Kalmyk in other groups of onomastic vocabulary, namely in toponymy and anthroponymy. The article contains toponyms with the basis of Kalmak both in modern and historical toponymy. Many historical Kalmak-stemmed toponymic names have disappeared due to the growth (and mergers) of settlements. The same is the case with anthroponymy: in the 18th and early 19th centuries there were many more Kalmak-stemmed personal names and surnames than there are nowadays. These facts testify of the intensive contacts between Bashkirs and Kalmyks in the 17th-18th centuries. Proceeding from folklore and documentary materials, the article reveals the reasons and mechanisms explaining how the ethnic name Kalmak became that widespread in Bashkir onomastics. The paper stresses the fact that a number of Kalmak-stemmed names go back to the Kalmyk people as such when certain groups or representatives of the Kalmyk ethnos joined and were, thus, incorporated by the Bashkir people. Another part of such onomastics is probably associated with patronymic appellatives which came into being as a result of some residual part (be they Bashkirs or other nomads) of a clan or a tribe, i.e. the name derived from the gloss Kalmak/Kalmyk < qalγan ‘the remaining one’.

Agro-industry has an important role in Indonesian economic growth. One of the crucial constraints in agro-industry investments in developing country is due to limited access to investment fund. This research was aimed to analyze the impacts of leverage on the agro-industrial company investments. The research used financial report data of the manufacturing industries on agro-industrial bases registered in Indonesian Stock-Exchange from 2007 to 2016. The data were analyzed using panel data regression analysis. The results of the research showed that the leverage influenced negatively on the agro-industrial companies. Cash flow has a negative impact on the company investments, which shows the existence of financial constraints when the company decide to invest.

In vitro tissue culture of Kappaphycus alvarezii, the required nutrients are derived from the culture medium. The use of liquid PES medium as a culture medium has been widely applied to increase the growth rate of seaweeds. Seaweeds growth is also associated with photosynthetic pigments. If the absorption of light by chlorophyll a is sufficient, the process of photosynthesis will take place optimally, so that the growth of seaweed can increase. This study aims to examine the effect of liquid PES medium on the growth and photosynthetic pigments of Kappaphycus alvarezii propagule. The treatments used included 10 ml and 20 ml liquid PES media. Parameters measured include weight gain, daily growth rate, photosynthetic pigment contents (chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin) and absorption of nitrate (N) and phosphorus (P). The results showed that the use of 10 ml liquid PES medium gave better results than the use of 20 ml liquid PES medium on all parameters measured.

The article focuses the mythological beliefs of Bashkirs as reflected in historical anthroponymy using as its main source the document entitled Service records of the officers and clerks of the 9th Bashkir Canton as of 1837. The author considers more than 40 000 personal names and surnames of the 18th–19th centuries paying particular attention to those that contain mythologically marked items reflecting the remotest religious beliefs of Bashkirs. The analysis of anthroponymic data reveals the ancient Bashkirs’ views about gods and divine beings of both the pre-Islamic era and the period that followed the adoption of Islam. Specifically, the author investigates into the ancient Bashkirs’ concept of the presiding deity Tengri and provides a comparative analysis of the beliefs relating to the gods Khuday, Allah, kun / koyash ‘sun’, ay ‘moon’, and others. The names retrieved from the studied document enable to reveal the culturally induced connotations of the colour terms ak ‘white’ and kara ‘black’ as parts of anthroponyms. They were associated with the concepts of purity, holiness, strength and courage and sometimes served as a kind of protective charm. The Bashkir anthroponymy reflects some ancient beliefs related to metals. For example, the word altyn ‘gold’ is closely associated with the upper world, that of the sky and the sun. The 18th–19th centuries Bashkir stock of personal names contains a wide range of names associated with totem animals, birds, trees and other plants that were given to children to protect them from sinister forces. It also contains names that reflect the ancient Bashkirs’ beliefs about time and space.

Article presents a review of scientific projects run by orientalists of the Republic of Bashkortostan during the past few years as well as plans for the future.

Over the last 20 years, metallic silver in the form of Ag nanoparticles has made a remarkable comeback as an example of a nanomaterial for control of microorganisms. The purpose of our study was a) to quantitatively estimate the antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles compared with that of silver ions and b) to check the efficacy of nanosilver as an antimicrobial agent against a range of microbes on the surface of water-soluble paint, 100% cotton fabric, and fibrous chemisorbent. Minimum inhibitory concentration tests quantitatively showed that Ag nanoparticles were less efficient than Ag+ ions against representatives of gram-positive / gram-negative bacteria and cosmopolitan saprotrophic fungi. Antifungal/antibacterial effects against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium phoeniceum, and Staphylococcus aureus were confirmed for nanosilver concentrations of even 1 μg/cm2 on the surface of cotton fabric and 0.8 μg/cm2 in water-soluble paint. As the concentration of nanosilver in water-soluble paint/cotton fabric was increased to 7 μg/cm2, the growth of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was suppressed as well. Microbiological tests conducted over a period of 60 days showed that there was no biofilm growth on the surface of a silver nanoparticle-coated fiber sorbent during its everyday operation as a household water treatment filter. Thus, silver nanoparticles as an add-on to water-soluble paints, textile fabrics or fiber chemisorbents had a remarkable antibacterial/antifungal effect, although some of the Ag nanoparticles were agglomerated into larger colloidal clusters