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Objectives. This study was aimed at determining the actual flow rate of a gaseous working fluid by the pressure drop in the constriction device with its changing parameters (speed, pressure, temperature, gas composition).Method. Since the pycnometric method provides high accuracy in determining the density and is simpler than the calorimetric method for determining the calorific value, the value of the latter can be checked using the dependence proposed in the article. In the event of a discrepancy between the calculated value of the calorific value and the experimentally obtained value of more than 0.5%, the determination of the calorific value and the density should be repeated. The relationship between the density and calorific value of a gas is subject to verification and refinement when gas from other fields is used. In all cases, a sampler should be used to accumulate an average gas sample over an appropriate period of time. The methodological error in calculating the amount of gaseous working fluid can be eliminated or reduced by using a computer as part of an automated heat supply enterprise management system.Results. It was established that the calorific value of energy fuels non-linearly depends on the hydrogen and carbon contained therein; a formula has been developed to describe this relationship. When studying the energy characteristics of fuels, a previously unknown regularity was established: hydrocarbons ethylene, benzene and annelated hydrocarbons (naphthalene, anthracene, naphthacene, etc.) form the homologous series CnH(n+6)/2 with the homological difference C4H2, while all other series of hydrocarbons have a homological difference CH2.Conclusion. The greatest difficulties consist in accounting (measuring) the amount of energy contained in the fuel used at TPPs, mainly natural gas, and the coolant, since there are no appropriate technical means for direct measuring the amount of a particular type of energy. The developed theoretical provisions make a certain contribution to the development of the scientific foundations of heat and gas supply, increase accuracy and reduce the complexity of calculating the technical and economic indicators of thermal power plants and boiler houses.

As a result of the work performed at the BARNEO drifting stations (2013-2015 in the polar region of the Arctic ocean), a comprehensive testing was carried out and new data were obtained on the structure of one-year sea ice, its salinity, the distribution of ions of water-soluble salts, and the content of isotopes δ2H and δ18O within the ice thickness and snow falling on the ice surface. The composition of gas inclusions in the ice was also determined. The distribution of electrical conductivity across the ice thickness, determined by analysis of the cores with a length of 175-178 cm, is typical for such ice - it decreases from top to bottom with two maxima on the lower and upper boundaries of the ice. This is typical characteristic of the first-year sea-ice. Snow cover is characterized by a significant increase in electrical conductivity at the contact with the underlying ice. The chemical composition of the investigated ice-cores and the ratio between its components are similar to the composition of the sea water, although the concentrations of all components are lower than in the initial solution. The composition of gas inclusions in the ice does closely correspond to the atmospheric air, and it practically does not change in depth. The isotopic composition in the cores becomes heavier towards the bottom of the ice. This allows conclusion of a gradual decrease in the contribution of water with a light isotopic composition. The change in the isotopic composition along the ice depth, with the separation of zones with more light isotopes, reflects the changing temperature conditions of ice accumulation (with low isotopic fractionation at rapid freezing under the large temperature gradient) and regional features of the isotopic composition of sea waters in which the ice drift takes place. Salinization of the snow horizon lying on the ice surface provides a possibility of the sea salt transportation not only from surface of open water, but also from the surface of sea ice. This may be used for paleogeographic reconstructions in the Arctic using the analysis of the composition of massive vein ice.

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью определения генезиса и условий образования золоторудных объектов Тувы для повышения эффективности геолого-поисковых работ по наращиванию минерально-сырьевой базы золота региона. Цель: определение условий образования и геохимических особенностей рудообразующих флюидов рудопроявления золота Арыскан в Западной Туве. Методы. Флюидные включения проанализированы с помощью термокамеры Linkam TMS-600 с микроскопом Olympus BX 51 с целью определения температур, солевого состава, концентрации солей и давления флюида при минералообразовании; газовый состав индивидуальных флюидных включений определен на рамановском спектрометре Ramanor U-1000 с детектором Horiba DU420E-OE-323, лазер Millennia Pro (Spectra-Physics); валовый газовый состав флюида определен на газовом хроматографе Agilent 6890, содержания анионов в водной вытяжке оценены на ионном хроматографе ЦВЕТ-3000, содержания катионов и микроэлементов - методом ICP MS (Elan-6100); соотношения изотопов серы определены на газовом массспектрометре Finnigan MAT Delta. Результаты. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что березиты рудопроявления сформировались при участии углекислото-водно-солевых флюидов с соленостью 4,9-41,5 мас. % экв. NaСl при температурах не менее 250-340°C. Золотосодержащие минеральные ассоциации образовались при P ~1,8 кбар (~5,4 км) из флюидов состава NaCl-KCl-H[2]O, NaCl-Na[2]НCO[4]-H[2]O и NaCl-H[2]O, содержащих CO[2], с концентрациями 2,9-32,9 мас. % NaСl-экв., на фоне снижения температур в интервале 290-145°C (золото-сульфидно-кварцевые жилы - 290-145°С, золото-теллуридно-сульфидно-кварцевые жилы - 270-160°С), при вариациях f O[2], f S[2], f Se[2] и f Te[2]. Изотопный [delta]{34}S[H[2]S] (от -0,5 до +1,1 ‰), солевой и микроэлементный состав минералообразующих флюидов свидетельствуют о его магматическом происхождении. The relevance of the research is defined by the need to determine the genesis and formation conditions of gold deposits from Tuva Republic for improving the efficiency of geological prospecting and increasing the gold mineral resource base of the region. The aim of the research is to examine the conditions of fluid formation and geochemical peculiarities of Aryskan gold ore occurrence in Western Tuva. Analytical methods. The temperatures, fluid composition, salinity, and trapping pressures were examined due to fluid inclusion study by means of Linkam TMS-600 cryostage equipped with Olympus BX 51 optical microscope; gas composition of fluid inclusions was detected using Ramanor U-1000 Raman spectrometer equipped with Horiba DU420E-OE-323 detector and Millennia Pro (Spectra-Physics) laser; bulk element composition of fluid was determined on Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph, extracted anion amounts of fluid were detected using TSVET-3000 ion chromatograph, cations and trace elements - by means of ICP MS (Elan-6100); S isotopic compositions were specified on Finnigan MAT Delta gas mass-spectrometer. Results. We specified that early beresites of Aryskan ore occurrence were formed due to CO[2] water-chloride fluid with salinity ranged between 4,9 and 41,5 wt. % NaСl equiv. and temperatures from 250 to 340°C. The Au-bearing mineral associations were formed at P~1,8 kbar (~5,4 km depth) in mesoabissal environment due to CO[2] watered fluids contained NaCl-KCl-H[2]O, NaCl-Na[2]НCO[4]-H[2]O and NaCl-H[2]O with salinity from 2,9 up to 32,9 wt. % NaСl equiv. in front of the temperatures ranged between 290-145°C (I Au-bearing substage - 290-145°С, II Au-bearing substage - 270-160°С) with varying f O[2], f S[2], f Se[2] and f Te[2]. The isotopic [delta]{34}S[H[2]S] (from -0,5 up to +1,1 ‰) and salt composition of fluids and trace elements indicate the magmatic genesis.

The complex of the problems concerning recovery of helium from natural gas, removal of impurities from helium concentrate, liquefaction, storage and transportation of liquid helium becomes of high priority and of practical importance in connection with the forthcoming development of large deposits of helium-containing natural gas in the Eastern Siberia and in the Far East. The information about the current state of helium production in the world is presented and the technical problems of natural gas purification and complex reprocessing are considered, which should be solved by the domestic gas industry. From this point of view the attempt is made of generalization the experience of «Cryogenmash» in gas mixtures separation, production of high-purity products, liquefaction, storage and transportation of industrial gases as applied to the helium production facilities., В связи с предстоящим освоением крупных месторождений гелийсодержащего природного газа в Восточной Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке приобретает актуальность и практическую важность комплекс проблем выделения гелия из природного газа, очистки гелиевого концентрата от примесей, ожижения, хранения и транспортирования гелия. Изложены сведения о современном состоянии производства гелия в мире и рассмотрены технические проблемы по очистке и комплексной переработке природного газа, которые предстоит решить отечественной газовой промышленности. С этих позиций сделана попытка обобщения опыта компании «Криогенмаш» по разделению газовых смесей, получению продуктов высокой чистоты, ожижению, хранению и транспортированию технических газов применительно к гелиевым производствам.