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Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью изучения структуры каолиновых глин в связи с их широким промышленным применением. Физические и физико-химические свойства глин изменяются при различных техногенных воздействиях на них, что обусловлено преобразованием кристаллической структуры. Цель: изучение влияния давления на структуру каолинита. Объект: каолиновая глина Нижне-Увельского месторождения Челябинской области. Метод: инфракрасная спектроскопия. Инфракрасные спектры регистрировались на ИК Фурье-спектрометре в интервале 400…3800 см{-1}. Обработка ИК-спектров проводилась с помощью программного обеспечения Fspec. Результаты экспериментальных исследований показали, что обогащенная каолиновая глина Нижне-Увельского месторождения Челябинской области, не подверженная воздействию давлением, характеризуется частично упорядоченной (дефектной) структурой. При воздействии давлений от 10 до 650 МПа глина характеризуется частично упорядоченной структурой, при давлениях от 700 до 800 МПа - слабо и неупорядоченной структурой. Обработка каолина давлением повышает дефектность структуры на уровне пакета. Связи между Al-OH, Si-O-Al, внутренними и внутриповерхностными гидроксилами разрушаются, что приводит к вытеснению Al из октаэдрического и Si из тетраэдрического листов и формированию "дырочных" энергетических центров в кристаллической решетке каолинита. При этом влияние давления до 150 МПа на формирование дефектов в каолините выше, чем при давлениях от 150 до 800 МПа. Кроме того, при обработке каолина давлением происходит образование дефектов структуры на межпакетном уровне за счет скольжения, вращения и прокатки структурных пакетов между собой. The research is relevant due to the need to study the structure of kaolin clays in relation to their wide industrial application. Physical and physico-chemical properties of clays change under various technogenic impacts on them. The change is caused by crystalline structure transformation. The main aim of the research is to study the effect of pressure on the structure of kaolinite. The object of the research is the kaolin clay of the Nizhne-Uvelskoe deposit of the Chelyabinsk region. The method of the research is the infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra were recorded on an IR Fourier-spectrometer in the range 400...3800 cm{-1}. IR spectrum was processed using Fspec software. The results of experimental studies showed that the enriched kaolin clay of the Nizhne-Uvelskoe deposit of the Chelyabinsk region, which was not exposed to pressure, is characterized by a partially ordered (defective) structure. Under the influence of pressures from 10 to 650 MPa, the clay is characterized by a partially ordered structure, at pressures from 700 to 800 MPa - a poorly ordered and disordered structure. Pressure treatment of kaolin increases the defectiveness of the structure at the packet level. The bonds between Al-OH, Si-O-Al, inner and inner-surface hydroxyls are destroyed, which leads to the displacement of Al from the octahedral and Si from tetrahedral sheets and the formation of «hole» energy centers in the kaolinite crystal lattice. Moreover, the effect of pressure up to 150 MPa on formation of defects in kaolinite is higher than at pressures from 150 to 800 MPa. In addition, during the processing of kaolin by pressure, structural defects are formed at the inter packet level due to sliding, rotation and rolling of structural packets between themselves.

This article reviews studies of Fixion expandable nail biomechanical properties in case of long bones fractures osteosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to systematize biomechanical researches dedicated to the expandable nail. There were found seven biomechanical studies published between 2005 and 2008. Among them, six studies are devoted to mechanical experiments, and one is a comment to the published study. In four papers, the authors compared biomechanical properties of expandable and locked nails. Expandable nail proved to be a highly effective device for fixation of long bone fractures. However, in case of mid-shaft fractures Fixion nail was significantly less stable than standard locked nails. This conclusion was obtained for humeri, tibia and femur. Stiffness of bone-implant system for expandable nail in case of torsional loads was significantly lower than the similar parameter of standard implant in case of transverse fracture models. Expandable Fixion nail rod should be used with great caution for osteosynthesis of long bones transverse shaft fractures. In contrast, in the case of oblique and spiral fractures, when contact area between fragments is sufficiently high and can share loads between nail and bone fragments, the expandable nail should be used.

The long history of capitalism can be interpreted as an evolution driven by permanently mutating socioeconomic structures. The article is devoted to new forms of inequality that emerged during the postindustrial phase of the capitalism evolution and increase the structural complexity of contemporary societies. The spatial configuration of inequality transforms while globalization has resulted not in the ‘world society’ but rather in a transnational network of the globality enclaves: the largest cities connected by the flows of material, symbolic, and human resources. Compared to their countries as a whole, the metropolitan areas have no boundaries and are more successful with respect to economic growth although they are most unequal in terms of the Gini coefficient. The ‘onion-like’ stratification with dominant middle strata is substitutes with the ‘pear-like’ bimodal stratification. This new stratification results from the rise of the glam-capitalism. The glamour is transformed from an extravagant aesthetics into a new rationality of postindustrial capitalism. Now the value creation is more related to trends than to brands or products. The owners of trends and creators of trendy goods/services compose new status groups: glam-capitalists and glam-professionals who dominate over the shrinking middle class. The flows of people, money, goods, and information are structuring the social life under the glam-capitalism and involvement in these flows becomes a factor of social differentiation. The flow-structures make inequality temporal. Rising social significance of access to trendy goods creates new configuration of inequality as traditional quantitative gap between ‘having more’ and ‘having less’ is combined with the temporal lag between ‘having now’ and ‘having later’.

Studied the possibility of creating on USRP platform receiving terminal Ionosonde continuous chirp signal and to obtain compared results with the data of ionospheric sounding analog chirped probe. Created on USRP platform receiving terminal chirp ionosonde showed a higher noise immunity, lack of congestion own signal, the possibility of simultaneous studies of the characteristics of direct and global propagation. Developed an algorithm providing frequency HF communication systems based on panoramic radio sensing using a device sold by technology SDR. As a result of experiments conducted on the radio a length of about 3000 km is established that the application of the developed approaches in the trunk radio enhances the probability of error-free reception of test messages from 54% to 84% of cases in the daytime and from 46% to 90% at night. The first values correspond to the case selection OWC by long-term prognosis. Selecting the OWC as a result of sensing link can significantly reduce the power of the connected signal. In the experiments quite often there have been cases where the choice of OWC using the SDR Ionosonde communication system operating signal power 5W had reliability of communication at the level of 97%. The experimental results showed that during tests of various radio technical systems HF band monitoring of ionospheric radio links using chirp probes allows about 10 times to reduce their terms, as well as improve the reliability and informative test results. Thus, this Ionosonde is a modern tool for providing frequency HF communication systems probed the link.

В статье представлен модифицированный теоретический расчет плотности упаковки функциональных олигомерных соединений. Показано влияние молекулярной структуры олигомеров на коэффициент упаковки молекул и его влияние на реологические характеристики модельной системы (смесь полимер-олигомер-растворитель). In work it is presented modified theoretical calculation of density of packing of functional oligomer connections. Influence of molecular structure of oligomer on coefficient of packing of molecules and its influence on rheological characteristics of model system (a mix polymer-oligomer-solvent) is shown