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This review presents the data on the spreading of all known human herpesviruses (НHVs) in female urogenital tract. According to the WHO almost 500 million people worldwide suffer from genital infection caused by НHVs. НHVs were detected in various inflammatory diseases of female upper and lower genital tract (vaginitis and cervicitis), in extrauterine pregnancy (in fallopian tubes), in infertility (cervical channel, endometrium and ovaries). Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‑1) was identified for the first time in oocytes after failed in vitro fertilization (IVF). НHVs produce negative effect on the entire reproductive process from conception to childbirth. It was established that HSV, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) markedly increase the risk of spontaneous abortion, preterm birth and stillbirth. Intrauterine НHV infection is a major cause of congenital malformations. Data on humoral and cell immunity in genital herpesvirus infections (НHVI) are also reviewed. Intravaginal HSV‑2 infection changes cell composition of vaginal mucosa, i.e., together with cells mobilized from the blood, protective role is performed by resident memory T‑cells (TRM), natural killer cells (NK‑cells) and regulatory T‑cells (Treg) whose function consists in maintaining the balance of the activities of lymphocytes. Constant НHVI spreading is largely explained by transition of primary infection to potentially reactivating latent form, since latent virus is unavailable to immune recognition and medicines. The genome editing system CRISPR/Cas9 can recognize and modify not only active but also latent viruses. The promising pilot results with the use of this system offer the possibility of developing innovative technologies for НHV elimination and НHVI eradication.

Aim: To study sexual dysfunction and assess the need in sexological care to improve quality of life of women with infertility., Material and Methods: Sexual functioning was studied in 329 women with infertility and 722 women who underwent an outpatient gynecological examination using a clinical interview and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI)., Results: In 24.01% of women with infertility, the total FSFI score was correlated with the presence of clinically relevant disorders. Sexual dysfunction was identified in 16.1% of women with infertility including libido disorder (84.9%), dyspareunia (30.2%) and orgasmic dysfunction (13.2%). The latent forms of sexual dysfunction were identified as well., Conclusion: The study showed a high need for curative and preventive sexological care to improve quality of life of women with infertility.

The study analyzed 301 patients with uterine cancer at the age of 45 years and older and 304 patients with uterine myoma 45 years. It was found that patients with uterine myoma of the older age group (45 and older) have the following clinical features: overweight and thus increased BMI these women, a lower percentage of a family history of uterine cancer, a smaller percentage of infertility, a greater number of pregnancies, births, medical abortions, the high prevalence of diseases of the cardiovascular system and pathology of the cervix, large size fibroids and as a consequence more common compartment syndrome adjacent organs by myoma nodes (disuric disorders).

The aim of the study was to evaluate reproductive health of descendants of people who experienced effects of adverse environmental factors, such as radiation and chemical contamination (the descendants themselves were unaffected by these factors). Reproductive health of women was assessed by mathematical modeling. Factors of greatest importance for the health status of the descendants were distinguished among the 76 ones studied. It was shown that reproductive health of the subjects descending from the people exposed to radiation deteriorated more significantly than of those whose ancestors were affected by chemical factors.

The paper characterizes clinical, hormonal, and immunological parameters in 443 female patients residing under anthropogenic loading. The high prevalence of thyroid diseases was ascertained in infertile women living in an industrial center. Non-pregnant patients were found to have more pronounced hormonal changes than pregnant ones. The immunity status data may be suggestive of cell-mediated and humoral immunity derangements that are typical of secondary immunodeficiency.

Aim: To determine prevalence of gluten-sensitive celiac disease (GSCD) in women with reproductive dysfunction (RD)., Material and Methods: Tests for blood serum antibodies to tissue transglutaminase (ABtTG) of IgA class were made in 217 women with RD. Tests for antibodies to gliadin (ABG) were performed in 180 of them. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGDS) with biopsy to verify GSCD was conducted in patients with elevated ABtTG. The control group consisted of 15 healthy females of a reproductive age., Results: The examinees exhibited IgA ABtTG in the range 1 to 280 IU/ml, while 16 of them had elevated level - 50.2 +/- 194 IU/ml, on the average. The controls had 0-10 IU/ml level of ABtTG, mean level 4.3 +/- 1.5 IU/ml. EGDS with duodenobiopsy was performed in 14 women. The examination of biopsies from small intestinal mucosa has detected pathohistological signs of celiac disease in 7 of 14 women. At the moment of the study, two women with a history of spontaneous abortion were pregnant. Their ABtTG was 21.7 and 15.9 IU/mg, respectively EGDS was not performed because of potential pregnancy complication but in view of possible celiac disease they received recommendations on aglutenic diet., Conclusion: Incidence rate of GSCD in women with RD is 4,1%. Aglutenic diet in GSCD women with RD contributes to reproductive function recovery and normal outcome of pregnancy. Elevation of ABtTG titers in women with RD is an indication to histological examination of small intestinal mucosa to detect GSCD.

Unlabelled: Violation of reproductive function in patients with celiac disease can manifest as delayed puberty, infertility, amenorrhea, premature menopause, spontaneous abortion, low birth weight. The aim of the study was to establish the frequency and nature of reproductive function violation in patients with CD in the Russian Federation., Materials and Methods: The study included 132 women (average age 38,5 +/- 1,17 years) with CD observed in CSRIG in the period from 2000 to 2010. Comparison group consisted 105 women (average age 38,7 +/- 1,6 years) with predominantly functional bowel disorders (irritable bowel syndrome, functional constipation, functional bloating, inert colon). Were took into account information regarding obstetric history, physical and laboratory signs of malabsorption syndrome (MS) study of antibodies to alpha-gliadin immunoglobulin (IG) A class (AGA) and tissue transglutaminase (AtTG)., Results: The average age of onset of menses was 14,3 +/- 1,4 years, and in the control group - 13,0 +/- 1,3 years (p > 0.05), half of patients with C (43.9%) had menstruation begun at age 15 years and older, while 7.6% of the women--aged 17 and older. In the comparison group menses beginning after 15 years was only at 13.3% of women. In 61.3% of patients with CD was irregular menstrual cycle while in the comparison group such violations were noted in 13.3% (p < 0.001). Prolonged periods of amenorrhea we observed in women with newly diagnosed GC 3 times more likely than the comparison group: 43.9% and 11.4% respectively (p < 0.01). They also had nearly 3 times more likely to occur spontaneous miscarriage: at 46.9% and 14.3% respectively (p < 0.01). The frequency of dead children birth was about the same: 2.3% and 1.9% respectively (p > 0.05). The frequency of reproductive disorders increased with the growth of the severity of MS. In 43% of women after 6-8 months of strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) had disappeared amenorrhea and there were regular menses. Three women of childbearing age, strictly abided the GFD and had a history of repeated spontaneous abortion during the year managed to get pregnant and give birth to healthy full-term baby., Conclusions: Reproductive disorders in women with celiac disease are significantly more likely than at women with functional bowel disease. One of the reasons of reproductive disorders in patients with CD can be malabsorption of necessary nutrients in the small intestine. The presence of reproductive disorders should be considered as a risk factor for celiac disease, so these women should be screened for celiac disease.

It is considered that origins of the sterility in approximately 25% couples are immune factors. Among them, most important role has autoimmune factors. Unfortunately, many issues of their appearance, influence and especially treatment are not clear and investigated. Aim of our research was to study the medicinal effect of the medication fertilogen in the treatment of the sterile couples with autoimmune genesis of the disease. 41 couples and 15 women aged from 17 to 43 with the diagnosis of the sterility of the autoimmune genesis, with the duration of the disease from 1 to 13 years were under our observation during one and a half year. From the autoimmune factors in the blood, sperm and cervical mucus of the probands were studied antisperma (ASA), antiovarial (AOA) and antizonapelucide (AZPA) antibodies. We explained absence of results after sterility treatment in these patients, as the consequence of the autoimmune problems. Decision was made to treat these patients with the medication fertilogen. Analysis of the results showed statistical proof of the decline of the titer of ASA in women (in the blood and cervical mucus) as well as in men (in the blood and sperm), and decline of AOA and AZPA in 2.4% and 0.7% of the observed patients. In the observed men, there was very positive dynamics; there was decline of the leicosists in the sperm. Along with the patterns of growth in the speed of the spermatozoid's movement were average as well as maximal (r=0.59), so there was increase in the chances of fertilization (R=0.32). Apart from that 29 (54%) from 56 women during the period of 1-6 month of the treatment became pregnant. On the basis of the received clinical data, medication fertilogen developed and offered by Mrs. L. Rurua in 2008, could be considered as an effective clinical mean which "leads out" inflammatory scrap from the sperm and "removes" auto aggression. It is possible to recommend for the introduction in the reproductive, urological and andrological medical practice.

The results of the medical social study of the female infertility in the Omskaya Oblast from 1995 to 2005 is presented. According the data of the family planning and reproduction center, the portion of the females being observed on the occasion of the infertility, consists 28.6% of general number being registered on the books. The study data permitted to pick out the factors enhancing the development of both primary and secondary infertility among females.

The paper presents data on multienvironmental pollution in the area exposed to emission from an aluminum works and on the reproductive function of women living in the areas where these enterprises are located. Reconstruction of an Urals aluminum plant (SUAL-UAZ) has improved the environment, reducing the incidence of pregnancy and labor abnormalities and improving the neonatal infants' health.

The aim of the article was the recovery of fertility and realization of reproductive function of women with body mass deficiency (BMD). Thirty seven patients with normogonadotropic ovary deficiency caused by body mass deficiency (12-15% of normal value) underwent pathogenetic treatment, starting from the disorder of hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian system. Pathogenetic therapy was directed to compensate body mass deficit. Hormonal replacement therapy aimed to restore the negative feedback. Compensation of body mass (5-7%) increases the efficiency of hormonal replacement therapy by 16% on average, while the total compensation of the deficiency is manifested in 68% cases of recovery. As a result of therapy, seven women with BMD restored fertility and realized their reproductive function.

The aim of the investigations was to study the efficiency of demedullation of both ovaries in the case of polycystic ovary syndrome (POS), determination of infertility structure in patients in case of ineffective operation of POS and determination of additional treatment tactics in these patients. In all 245 patients tests of functional diagnostics were carried out as well as the ultrasound investigation of pelvic organs and adrenal glands, X-ray of skull and sella turcica, hysterosalpingography were performed. In blood serum the basal levels of prolactin, LH, FSH, estradiol, progesterone and cortisol were investigated by RIA. In twenty four-hours urine 17 KS, DHA and 17 OKS levels were determined. In all patients laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, chromopertubation with diagnostic curettage of uterus cavity were performed. According to the data in operated patients without a positive effect the most frequent cause of infertility was anovulation. Therefore, even successful surgical intervention and recovery of ovarian function do not guarantee post operational adhesions, which can cause infertility of tuboperitoneal genesis. Treatment tactics of patients operated due to POS without effect can't be standard and depend on revealed pathology discovered in post operational period.

The aim of our study was to investigate clinical, hormonal and histological features of ovarian stromal hyperthecosis We have studied 104 patients with a histological diagnosis of ovarian stromal hyperthecosis and hyperplasia. Analyzing the results we can conclude that clinical features of ovarian stromal hyperthecosis and hyperplasia with polycystic ovarian disease and without it were identical and characterised by virilization syndrome, disorders of menstrual cycle and reproductive function; metabolic and vegeto-vascular disorders; breast and endometrial hyperplasias, high blood level of testosterone . The histological study of ovarian stromal hyperthecosis has showed that superficial part of ovarian cortex is hypocellular and fibrotic, contains scattered follicles with few granulosa cells, luteinized internal theca cells, hyperplasia of deep cortex and medulla, corpus luteus is absent.

The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic value and the usefulness of sono hysterosalpingography (SHG) in the detection of uterine abnormalities and tubal patency, compared with other diagnostic methods among patient with infertility. In a prospective study, 86 patients in the initial stage of the infertility treatment were examined by SHG using saline NaCl infundibular and Echovist as contrast media. Further status of the tubes and uterine cavity was assessed by the "gold standards", laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of SHG using NaCl infundibular for evaluation of the uterine cavity were 98.8%, 92.5%, 91.4% and 92%, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of SHG for the assessment of the tubal status were 97.6%, 89.2%, 76.3% and 77.4%, respectively. There were no evident complications during or after the procedure. Sono hysterosalpingography is useful in making decisions regarding further procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. This method is simple, safe and cheap for early assessment of the reproductive status of uterine cavity and fallopian tubes and perspective as a routine, first-line infertility investigation.

The article is dedicated to a study methodology applicable to the development of primary and secondary female sterility. Examinations of 302 married women with sterility, aged 18-44, made it possible to define the medical-and-biological as well as social-and-hygienic factors, which produce a statistically reliable influence on the shaping of primary and secondary sterility. Bayes' method and Wald's analysis were made use of to estimate an integrated influence of different combinations of risk factors related with the reproductive function of the female organism. The use of prognostication tables of risk with regard for the results of medical examinations of female patients makes it possible to detect more accurately those women, who need the check-ups and therapy; it also makes it possible to draw the individual recommendations for medical-and-social consultations.

The article covers analysis and summary of data on occupational traumatism among female workers engaged into various economic branches of RF. The authors analysed distribution of victims according to occupational accident types, causes of traumatism, studied dependence on the victims' age and length of service, followed the relationships with possible reproductive disorders.

The study covered quantitative and structural features, changes in functional parameters of female reproductive system, in disorders of pregnancy, childbed and newborns in Irkutsk region. The authors demonstrated role and relationships of some regional factors--natural, ecologic and technogenic, occupational and industrial, social and economic--in formation of reproductivity, disorders during 1980-1990s.

A retrospective study included 1,559 patients with endometrial carcinoma who had received surgical and combined treatment (1968-1995). It was found that infertility was at the background of practically all cases under the age of 30 (92.3%). Moreover, high rates of infertility were discovered in the histories of patients with light-cell (mesonephroid) carcinoma which developed in menopause.

Incidence of primary and secondary female infertility is analyzed from results of 10-year follow-up of 3478 couples married in Ryazan, a city in Central Russia. Data of sociohygienic studies of epidemiology of sterility should be taken into consideration when planning measures aimed at prevention of reproductive disorders in various sociodemographic strata of population.

Statistically significant socio-hygienic and biomedical factors have a far greater impact on miscarriages than on primary and secondary infertility. A conclusion is made that during gestation the organism reacts to a variety of exposures, whereas infertility is a grave disorder of reproductive health which develops as a result of combined exposure to the most potent endogenous and exogenous risk factors. Miscarriages in the workers occupationally exposed to hazardous factors later often transform into stable infertility.

A comparative analysis of HLA phenotypes of fertile and infertile spouses revealed that among the infertile the sum of spouses showed compatibility in two or three HLA antigens. A detailed analysis also showed that 10 infertile couples exhibited identical and 2 antigens with a similar structure and function with so-called cross-reactions increasing the histocompatibility index to 75%. The significance of these facts for infertility risk factors is discussed.

Analysis of medico-demographic indices of 3450 women--conductors of passenger long-distance trains give evidence of the presence of changes in the status of the reproductive function. Birth indices are low, in spite of favourable marriage levels. Childlessness levels in women working on trains are 5-6 times higher compared to the average values in the country. Unfavourable tendencies are observed in women of any age, however, they are more profoundly marked in older women who have been handling maximal contact with harmful occupational factors during many years of work. Significant relationships have not been observed between birth level and such parameters as nationality, place of living, educational level etc.

This study of epidemiology of infertility in families has employed the guidelines of the WHO Program on Human Reproduction. The study involved 1976 infertile couples. It elucidated major diagnosis-related groups in the female and male population and data sets of the couples. The basis of infertility remained uncertain in only 2.1% of the families. Infertility was underlied only by a female reproductive disease in 44.4% of the families, with about half of these cases being endocrine disorders. Diseases of husbands, primarily varicocele and primary testicular lesions, accounted for infertility in 19.3% of the families. Determinants of infertility in both spouses were identified in 34.2% of the families, mostly genital inflammatory diseases.

Cytogenetic examination of 304 women with different breaches of menses accompanying sterility revealed 8,6% patients having chromosomal anomalies: 14 women had karyotype 45,X; 5 patients had the XY complex of sexual chromosomes, 3 patients having the mosaic set of chromosomes 45,X/46,XX; and a group of patients were with karyotypes 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX; 45,X/46,XXq-/46,XX; 47,XXX; 46,Xq- represented each by one case. The highest frequency (37%) and the most various spectrum of chromosomal anomalies were revealed among women with primary amenorrhea. The intensity of mutagenesis on the genome level with regard to X-chromosome was in average 100 times higher than on the chromosomal (structural) level. Genealogical analysis has revealed the X-linked recessive inheritance of the "XY-women" syndrome in one family and also permitted to suppose 2 autosomal-recessive forms of primary amenorrhea with karyotype 46,XX in 5 patients. Other cases were sporadic. In spite of the higher risk of indivergence of sex chromosomes in gametogenesis for parents of old age groups, the probability of birth of children with chromosomal anomalies considered in not increased with the age of parents. A tendency to the increase in a relative number of cells with the normal karyotype was detected at the pubertal age in mosaic organisms due to selective processes.