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Aim. To analyze possible association of the risk of adverse outcomes development in patients post acute coronary episode (ACS), with the polymorphism of gene TNF. Material and methods. To the study, patients included, that were under observation in 2 registry studies ORACLE I and II (Exacerbation of coronary heart disease: logic-probability ways of course prediction and treatment optimization). In overall, 2012 ACS patients assessed. Mean age 64,7±12,69 y.o. There were 1205 males (59,8%) and 807 females (40,2%). 741 patients (36,8%) included with ST elevation ACS, 1271 (63,2%) — with non-ST elevation ACS. Follow-up started at the 10th day from clinical stabilization. Clinical outcomes were gathered based on phone calls with the patients and their relatives, as during the outpatient office visits. Assessment of polymorphisms of gene TNF done with PCR.Results. In the assessed group, the frequency of alleles and gene TNF genotypes were measured: 18 patients carried genotype АА (0,9%), 561 patients — AG (279%), 1433 — GG (71,2%). In those with the allele А gene TNF, more commonly the episodes of SCD were noted (9,8% comparing to 6,6% of GG carriers, p

Introduction: Animal-assisted-therapy (AAT) is a form of psychotherapy where animals are used as a part of a therapeutic process. Most commonly chosen are dogs and horses, however, some research shows a positive impact in therapy with farm animals, cats, birds, rodents, and dolphins. AAT provides a comfortable environment which empowers patients to recall traumatic memories and facilitates communication with their therapist. Furthermore, contact with therapeutic animals lowers blood pressure, heart rate and cortisol level. There have also been noted significant increases in beta-endorphin, oxytocyn, β-phenylethylamine and dopamine levels. Purpose: The purpose of this article was to present the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of dog-assisted therapy in individuals of all ages experiencing depression or anxiety. Material and methods: A review of the available literature was conducted by searching the PubMed, and Google Scholar databases using the keywords: adults, elderly, children, DAT, dog-assisted therapy, depression, anxiety. Included articles were published after the year 2000. Results: The studies reviewed consistently demonstrate the potential benefits of dog-assisted therapy (DAT) for alleviating anxiety, depression, and enhancing overall well-being in various populations. In dental and hospital settings, DAT significantly reduced anxiety and physiological distress with notable improvements in heart rate and depression scores. Conclusion: Dog-assisted therapy (DAT) effectively reduces anxiety and depression, demonstrating its potential as an engaging intervention for diverse populations. These findings support its broader integration into mental health programs.

Introduction Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality globally due to late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment options. PARP inhibitors have shown promise as effective treatments for recurrent and various stages of ovarian cancer. Aim of the Study This study reviews the efficacy and application of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer treatment over the past 15 years, focusing on literature from the PubMed database post-2009 and considering FDA and EMA guidelines. Review methods A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on studies published after 2009. The review also incorporated recommendations from the FDA and the European Medicines Agency regarding the use of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer treatment. Results The findings highlight the substantial impact of PARP inhibitors on ovarian cancer treatment, improving PFS and overall outcomes. Olaparib, niraparib, and rucaparib have become integral to ovarian cancer management, offering effective options for patients with BRCA mutations or homologous recombination deficiencies. These inhibitors have been validated in multiple clinical trials, underscoring their robustness and effectiveness. Combination therapies, such as olaparib with bevacizumab, further enhance therapeutic outcomes, showcasing the potential for synergistic effects. Summary PARP inhibitors represent a significant advancement in ovarian cancer treatment, offering improved survival outcomes for patients with specific genetic profiles. Their integration into standard care protocols underscores their importance and efficacy, providing valuable therapeutic options in the fight against ovarian cancer. Key Words: PARP inhibitors, ovarian cancer, ovarian cancer treatment

Introduction Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers. It occurs in men more often than women. The primary therapy for these cancers is surgery; chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or immunotherapy are also used. More and better treatments are being sought for this disease. The use of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of pancreatic cancer has shown good results, so in this article we have done a review of the results of various studies on this topic. In this review, the results of studies on the use of various PARP inhibitors in pancreatic cancer of different hormonal status are presented. Purpose This article aims to give you an overview of the trials that have looked at the effects of different PARP inhibitors in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. PARP inhibitors are a relatively new cancer therapy with good results, so it is important to pay attention. State of Knowledge In this article, I used the PubMed database and considered papers from the last 10 years, but most of the information in this review comes from papers published after 2020. I have also taken into account the recommendations of the FDA and the European Medicines Agency on the use of PARP inhibitors. Conclusions PARP inhibitors have shown significant effects on pancreatic cancer outcomes. The differences in outcomes depending on the type of cancer, the PARP inhibitor used, and the previous therapies used in a given patient tell us how important it is to individualize therapy in oncology. The findings of the studies presented in this review also point to the need for further research that could focus on identifying patients who may best benefit from treatment with PARP inhibitors, as well as studying synergistic effects in combination with other forms of therapy, such as immunotherapy or chemotherapy. The changes in treatment outcomes that these drugs can bring underscore the importance of exploring new therapeutic strategies in oncology.

Abstract Introduction and objective Migraine is a chronic paroxysmal neurological disease characterised by attacks of moderate to severe headache and accompanying symptoms such as hypersensitivity to light and sound and gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea and vomiting, among others. In some people, an attack of pain is preceded by a migraine aura - visual disturbances, numbness, tingling and even muscle weakness. Treatment includes medications taken as a temporary measure (at the onset of an attack) and as a prophylactic measure. The aim of this study is to systemasise information about chronic migraine and to raise awareness about this disease among health care workers and patients Brief description of the state of knowledge Migraine is a recurrent, usually unilateral, throbbing headache. A migraine usually lasts between 4 and 72 hours. It is characterised by varying degrees of severity and frequency of occurrence. The pain is exacerbated by emotion or physical exertion. There is photophobia, hypersensitivity to sounds (phonophobia) and odours (osmophobia), and nausea and vomiting occur. Sometimes before a migraine episode occurs, a so-called aura - occurring in 10% of migraine cases may appear, in the form of paresthesias, visual field loss, appearance of gloom, paresis, aphasia. Chronic migraine is a headache that occurs for at least 15 days per month, at least 8 of which are days when the headache has the characteristics of migraine pain as described below or is relieved by prescription anti-migraine medication. There are many triggers for migraine, which include genetic, environmental and personal factors. Chronic migraine severely reduces the quality of life of affected patients, therefore it is important to raise awareness of currently available methods for its diagnosis and treatment

The number of patients diagnosed with Cardiac Syndrome X continues to increase. This condition is marked by anginal pain despite the absence of abnormal findings on coronary angiography or coronary spasm. It is considered a form of ischemic heart disease, with its incidence being most common among women in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal stages. The aim of this article is to review therapeutic options for Cardiac Syndrome X. The most effective treatments commonly used include calcium channel blockers and beta-blockers, including newer generation options that promote vasodilation in the endothelium. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are also frequently used to enhance therapeutic outcomes. Other medications used were nitrates, statins, ranolazine, imipramine, nicorandil, aminophylline, cilostazol, sildenafil, fasudil. Emerging theories suggest altered pain perception, potentially involving heightened neural sensitivity, may significantly contribute to the symptoms in CSX. Additionally, studies indicate that vitamin D supplementation, often beneficial for cardiovascular health, may alleviate symptoms in CSX. Non-pharmacological methods also have proven efficacy, such as Enhanced External Counterpulsation, spinal cord stimulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Lifestyle changes and (CBT) also play a crucial role in the comprehensive management of Cardiac Syndrome X (CSX), targeting factors that pharmacological treatments alone may not address.

Stroke is a very serious life-threatening condition. It is the second cause of death worldwide [5], while even in non-fatal cases it can result in severe disability and complications [5, 8]. Of all cases, ischaemic stroke is the most common, accounting for 87% of all ischaemic stroke cases [4]. Some hope is offered by the fact that modifiable risk factors are responsible for 90% of ischaemic stroke cases [7, 14]. Consequently, a number of recommendations have been made regarding health-promoting behaviours and treatment goals for diseases associated with an increased risk of stroke in high-risk populations. The aim of this work is to present risk groups, i.e. patient groups at higher than population risk of stroke, and to assess the effectiveness of the recommendations and the impact of their application on stroke risk. Methods and materials We reviewed the literature available on PubMed and Google Scholar using the words: Stroke, ischemic stroke, prevention, epidemiology Summary The data analysed clearly indicate that modifiable risk factors are responsible for the majority of cases (up to 90%) of stroke. Identifying risk groups on the basis of the Life's Essential 8 proposed by the American Heart Association for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, yields measurable results in lowering the risk of stroke among patients. Clearly defined standards can also set therapeutic targets for the treatment of conditions and diseases strongly associated with stroke risk and further improve population health. Primary care plays a very important role, as it is often the patient's first contact with the health care system. Keywords: Stroke, ischemic stroke, prevention, epidemiology

Background Menstrual migraine describes migraines that occur in alignment with the menstrual cycle, affecting women of diverse age ranges. This condition is relatively common, presenting a unique challenge due to the heightened intensity of pain during these attacks. Additionally, these migraines are often more resistant to standard treatment methods, underscoring the need for specialized approaches to management and relief. Methods Review of double-blind, placebo-controlled cohort studies found using PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane. Results Triptans are considered a primary treatment option for managing acute menstrual migraine episodes, with their effectiveness being the most extensively researched among available therapies. Recently, lasmiditan has emerged as a newer medication showing promising potential for this specific application as well, adding to the options available for menstrual migraine relief. Furthermore, triptans have been validated as effective in the short-term prevention of migraine. The most recent pharmacological advancements that have demonstrated efficacy for this condition are monoclonal antibodies which target the CGRP receptor: Erenumab and Galcanezumab. Conclusion There are effective approaches to both treating and preventing acute migraine attacks. However, menstrual migraine is a condition that requires greater awareness and recognition, as this would allow for the improved and more effective use of existing medications and treatments.

Introduction Obesity affects over 650 million adults worldwide and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Among those affected are patients treated with antipsychotics, such as clozapine and olanzapine, which often lead to significant weight gain, increasing the risk of metabolic syndrome. Recent advances with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), including semaglutide and liraglutide, show promise in addressing antipsychotic-induced obesity by reducing weight and improving metabolic health. Purpose The aim of this review is to present an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the efficacy of GLP-1 RAs in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced obesity. Materials and methods This review is based on both original research studies and review articles identified through a comprehensive search of the PubMed database, using the following search terms: obesity, antipsychotic-induced weight gain, clozapine, olanzapine, adverse effect, GLP-1 receptors agonist. Description of the state of knowledge GLP-1 RAs significantly reduce body weight and adipose tissue by suppressing appetite, particularly for high-fat foods. Clinical trials show improvements in lipid profiles, blood pressure, and inflammation, contributing to better metabolic health. However, their long-term effects, especially with different antipsychotics, remain insufficiently studied. Conclusions GLP-1 RAs show significant potential for managing antipsychotic-induced obesity, but further research is needed to assess long-term efficacy and safety in this population.

Introduction Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a chronic disorder of the autonomic nervous system. It is characterized by orthostatic tachycardia and orthostatic intolerance upon standing, without low blood pressure. It affects multiple body systems, leading to a wide range of symptoms that contribute to debilitation and reduced functionality. The disorder has significant functional and economic consequences, although its underlying mechanisms remain only partially understood. Many POTS patients receive inadequate care due to limited understanding of the etiology of POTS, a lack of evidence-based treatment options, and minimal training among physicians in recognizing and managing POTS. Aim of the study The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of POTS, including its etiology, associated comorbidities, diagnostic challenges, and approaches to diagnosis, as well as potential pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options. Material and Method The literature search methodology involved using the keyword "POTS" in combination with terms such as "etiology," "treatment," "diagnosis," "symptoms," "long COVID-19," and "exercise." Searches were conducted in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing primarily on review articles and clinical trials. Conclusions Raising awareness of POTS among physicians is essential for delivering optimal healthcare to patients. Despite the prevalence of POTS and its significant impact on patients' lives, research funding remains disproportionately low. Strengthening research infrastructure is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of POTS and to standardize evaluation tools, outcome measures, and patient care.

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women in developed countries. It also occurs in men. The primary therapy for these cancers is surgery; chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or immunotherapy are also used. More and better treatments are being sought for this disease. The use of PARP inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer has shown good results, so in this article we have done a review of the results of various studies on this topic. [1] In this review, the results of studies on the use of various PARP inhibitors in breast cancer of different hormonal status are presented. Purpose This article aims to give you an overview of the trials that have looked at the effects of different PARP inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer. PARP inhibitors are a relatively new cancer therapy with good results, so it is important to pay attention. State of Knowledge In this article, I used the PubMed database and considered papers from the last 15 years, but most of the information in this review comes from papers published after 2020. I have also taken into account the recommendations of the FDA and the European Medicines Agency on the use of PARP inhibitors. Conclusions PARP inhibitors have shown significant effects on breast cancer outcomes. The differences in outcomes depending on the type of cancer, the PARP inhibitor used, and the previous therapies used in a given patient tell us how important it is to individualize therapy in oncology. The findings of the studies presented in this review also point to the need for further research that could focus on identifying patients who may best benefit from treatment with PARP inhibitors, as well as studying synergistic effects in combination with other forms of therapy, such as immunotherapy or chemotherapy. The changes in treatment outcomes that these drugs can bring underscore the importance of exploring new therapeutic strategies in oncology.

Ketamine, also known as 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone, is a dissociative anesthetic that has gained popularity as a recreational substance among young people, especially in nightclubs and at parties. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, inducing a dissociative state that manifests as catalepsy, unconsciousness and amnesia. Recreational use of ketamine and the number of illicit seizures of ketamine have increased in recent years, prompting a review of current evidence on its toxicity. Recreational ketamine use is associated with a number of toxic effects, both acute and chronic. Predominant among the acute effects are psychotic symptoms, hallucinations and aggression, which can lead to serious injuries. Chronic ketamine use leads to intractable urological problems and neuropsychiatric problems, Long-term effects also include gastrointestinal problems such as abdominal pain and liver function abnormalities. This review summarizes current evidences on the acute and chronic ketamine toxicity associated with its recreational use.

Stosunkowo nowym, ale niezwykle ważnym obszarem oddziaływania nauczycieli na postawy i kompetencje młodych pokoleń jest szeroko rozumiana edukacja ekologiczna. Prowadząc edukację ekologiczną, należy przede wszystkim pamiętać, że nie może ona ograniczać się tylko do kształcenia, czyli przekazywania wiedzy, ale powinna również obejmować wychowanie, czyli kształtowanie świadomości ekologicznej. Gwarantem efektywności tego procesu jest jednak wysoki poziom świadomości ekologicznej jej propagatorów. W pracy na podstawie wyników badań ankietowych nauczycieli z radomskich placówek oświatowych podjęto próbę oceny ich aktualnego poziomu świadomości i wiedzy w zakresie zachowań proekologicznych oraz określenia ich potrzeb szkoleniowych w tym zakresie

Gallbladder disease is a common condition in the population that has a negative impact on quality of life. The development of gallstones is influenced by both non-modifiable factors such as genetics, age, gender and modifiable risk factors including physical activity, body weight, diet. Dietary factors affecting the occurrence of the disease are difficult to capture in clinical studies, but the effect of certain substances on the development of gallstones has been proven. Positive risk factors include a high-calorie diet, obesity, increased intake of carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, small amounts of fiber ingested. Moderate alcohol consumption reduces the risk of gallstones. Coffee may reduce the risk of the disease, but results are inconclusive. Inverse risk factors include consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids, consumption of nuts, olive oil, n-3 PUFA found in fish oil, vitamin C supplementation. No clear effect of consuming large amounts of dietary cholesterol can be established. The type of protein consumed also matters - vegetable protein reduces the risk of gallstones, animal protein has no such effect. Better understanding of dietary risks of cholelithiasis may help in future disease prevention.

Abstract Introduction: Addiction is a complex phenomenon whose development may be related to many factors. Its treatment often includes behavioral therapy, social support, and in the case of substance addictions, may also include drug therapy. A key element of therapy is understanding the causes and mechanisms of addiction and developing the ability to cope with temptations and difficulties. In this particular context the utilization of mindfulness practices demonstrates promising potential in aiding the management of addiction. Purpose: Provide an overview of the current understanding regarding the efficacy of mindfulness training in addiction therapies. Description of the state of knowledge: The importance of employing mindfulness techniques in addressing addiction is steadily rising. Consistent practice of mindfulness offers advantages in addressing addictive behaviors by aiding individuals in comprehending and regulating impulses as well as managing intense cravings. Mindfulness facilitates an enhancement in self-awareness and recognition of personal reactions, proving especially beneficial in the process of recovery from addiction. Summary: Research shows that mindfulness training may be a promising intervention in addiction control because it increases self-control and promotes emotion regulation. However, further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of mindfulness for addiction control. Keywords: mindfulness; addiction; addictive behavior; dependence; substance use disorder.

The article discusses the prodromal signs of language system acquisition disorders, allowing to start early stimulation of infants. The results of the diagnosis of developmental disorders of a group of infants (n=7) from 2 to 6 months of age are presented to which effective auditory and visual stimulation was applied, are presented. The speech development of two neurotypical children stimulated prenatally by the auditory program applied to the infants is presented. These children received the same stimulation in infancy as the children in the experimental group, in order to test its effectiveness. The dynamic speech development of these children made it possible for them to learn to read early using the simultaneous‑sequential method before starting preschool education. The ability to read had a positive impact on intellectual development.

Changes in the environment of industry may affect the expectations related to the competencies of the employees. Changes to the education system and curricula may be required. The main purpose of this research paper was to analyze the expectations of the industries related to competencies of graduates of engineering programs. The paper presents preliminary research. The survey was conducted at twenty-eight companies within the area of technical university in Poland. Based on the survey, data was collected related to the level of preparation of engineering graduates as well as the industry expectations related to the preparation of engineering graduates. This was done for the purpose of determining the gap between industry expectations and the level of preparation of the engineering graduates. Enterprises expect a wide range of competences from engineering graduates. The most important areas of competence included soft competences and practical knowledge and skills. The biggest gap between industry expectation and graduate’s preparation are the soft skills. Recommendations were suggested which would be incorporated in the engineering curriculum for the purpose of continuous quality improvement.

Zmiany klimatu to wciąż rosnące straty ekologiczne. Językiem antropocenu pomału staje się więc język żałoby – żałoby klimatycznej zdefiniowanej jako stan odczuwany w związku z doświadczanymi lub antycypowanymi stratami środowiska (Cunsolo). Jej wyrazem są symboliczne pogrzeby lodowców, w czasie których żałobnicy empatycznie rozszerzają pojęcie żałoby na byty pozaludzkie. Analizując rolę tych uroczystości na przykładzie pożegnania lodowca Ok oraz dyskursu wokół opłakiwania strat ekologicznych, autorka próbuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie o potencjał żałoby klimatycznej jako katalizatora zmian.

University and business cooperation offers many benefits not only for the parties involved. It translates into innovation and competitiveness of the economy. The relationship encounters many barriers that are related to the environment (both internal and external) in which it is implemented. The aim of the article is to identify the determinants of university-business cooperation (areas of cooperation, barriers, motivations) and to point out recommendations from the perspective of scientists in Poland and the United States (USA). The experience of USA researchers can be used as a background for considerations about cooperation between universities and business in Poland, and as an example of good practices for the purpose of supporting and improving the analyzed relationships. The article focuses on selected determinants of university and business cooperation: areas of cooperation, barriers limiting it, motivations for cooperation and the possible options for its improvement (recommendations of researchers). In order to achieve the assumed goals, an individual, in-depth interview was conducted with the use of a questionnaire as the research tool. The presented results of the research showed significant differences between the models of university and business cooperation in Poland and the USA.

Aim: The aim of the research was to examine and demonstrate whether there are links between physical activity and styles of coping with stress, and to estimate with what force these possible relationships are manifested. Material and methods: 60 people aged 18-30 were randomly selected for the study. The first group consists of physically active persons, in which there were 12 women and 18 men, the second group were physically inactive persons with 21 women and 9 men. CISS was used - Questionnaire Coping in Stress Situations as a research method. The study used the Spearman's rank correlation as the basic statistical method. Results: Checked how physical activity correlates with a given style of coping with stress. The results of styles coping with stress within two groups of variables were compared. Conclusions: Physically active people differ from physically inactive people in terms of styles of coping with stress, within the style focused on emotions, the style focused on avoidance and the search for social contacts.

Artykuł ma na celu analizę języka magicznego wykorzystywanego podczas rytuału przez współczesnych wiccan. Autorka stawia tezę, że dzięki nowoczesnym ruchom społeczno-religijnym praktykującym magię możliwe jest funkcjonowanie światopoglądu mitycznego w postindustrialnym społeczeństwie. Stwarza to możliwość rozważań nad istotą magii słowa w całkiem nowym wymiarze – badania żywego zjawiska, obecnego w polskiej kulturze od ponad dwudziestu lat. Teoretyczną podstawę tekstu stanowią najważniejsze koncepcje antropologiczne dotyczące magii słowa (np. B. Malinowskiego, M. Buchowskiego czy A. Engelking) zaś interpretacja zaklęć, modlitw i inwokacji możliwa jest dzięki badaniom terenowym poczynionym przez autorkę. Obserwacje, wywiady i analiza źródeł zastanych pozwalają również na zaprezentowanie charakterystyki szerokiego zjawiska kulturowego, jakim jest wicca. Spis przeprowadzonych wywiadów znajduje się na końcu tekstu.

Introduction. Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy detected in women in Poland. Every year 14.1% of women die of breast cancer. An important role, among cancer patients, in the treatment process plays their mental attitude, which is related to the perceived satisfaction with life, acceptance of the disease, satisfaction of treatment and coherence. Not without significance is the quality of life, which is considered assessment of the efficacy and safety of therapy. QoL (ang. Quality of life) in cancer depends on the severity and type of the treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of selected sociodemographic variables (education, age, marital status, financial situation) and satisfaction with the effects of treatment on quality of life of women with breast cancer. Material and methods. The study involved 150 women with breast cancer. We used a standardized questionnaire EORTC QLQ-C30 to survey a quality of life and own questionnaire. Socio-clinical data have taken from medical records. Results. Older age (r=0.168; p=0.04), good material situation (p=0.004), secondary education level (p=0.041) correlated with better functioning in daily activities. Decreased quality of life in elderly patients was associated with insomnia (r=0.246; p=0.002) as well as financial problems (r=0.166; p=0.043). Patients with primary education level and working have significantly greater financial problems than patients with higher education level (p=0.005). No permanent partner was significantly associated with financial problems (p=0.016), whereas patients that are in a very good financial situation significantly better sexual function compared to patients with good and bad situation (p

Krzysztof Grzymułtowski (+1687) was one of most influential Greater Poland landowner of his times. Thanks to his and his mother’s marriages he became related with Leszczyński and Opaliński families. He made history as a diplomat who reached the eternal peace with Moscow in 1686, later named after him. In archival papers of the Poniatowski family, which inherited after Grzymułtowski’s daughter Katarzyna, one can find a post-mortem inventory of chattel and archival material of the magnate. It is interesting, because it combines functions of a post-mortem inventory of chattel and a post-mortem archival summary. Analysis of the objects drew to conclusions that both the chattel inventory and the archival register contain information about objects or documents important from the point of view of the voivode or his heirs. Circumstances of Grzymułtowski’s death indicate that both lists were made due to inheritance reasons. Enlisted archival materials, mostly of legal and financial significance, were supposed to document rights and obigations of inheritors. Thus in their eyes, they were as valuable as jewels and silvers mentioned as the chattel. But the list of archival materials consist also of documents that at the moment of death were already out of date. Still, they remained their prestigious character. It may lead to an assumption that another criterion of posting materials in the register or not, was their mental value, which showed various types of activity, as well as importance of Grzymułtowski in his circles. Just as objects put in the list of chattel creating a particular image of Grzymułtowski as a member of the highest nobility due to their sumptuousness, as well the list of documents supplements and even qualifies that image. It is done by presenting the content of the documents, signalled in the summary, but also by indicating people the magnate contacted. Perceived through these archival materials our character seems to be a state official serving as a senator, who has wide range of connections in the circle of his equals; he actively participate in the politics, not only domestic; he was a lord of both private and royal lands. The image of Krzysztof Grzymułtowski that emerges from the documents listed in the inventory is literal; thanks to that it shows us what nobleman one should be more vividly than the chattel inventory

Introduction. The needs of man derive from his biological and psychological conditioning. Each unit, due to its individuality, generates different needs. Especially in adolescence, a person feels more strongly about his or her own desires. The drive of life leads him towards adulthood and independence from parents. This causes the desire to get to know the world, people and experiment. Young people are characterized by impulsiveness; quick and ill-considered decisions and risky behaviors. Target. The aim of the work was to show the needs and ways of satisfying them by youth in adolescence. Summary. The needs of man are varied as well as the ways of satisfying them. Satisfaction of needs is extremely important in the proper functioning of man. Unmet needs have a negative impact on the daily functioning of the individual. In a situation in which young people are unable to cope with a sense of lack, they are subconsciously motivated to fill emptiness. Building the hierarchy of needs for each person takes on a different form, because what people lack depends on their level of intelligence, education, life experiences, environment, family and material situation. It is important to conduct research on the needs of adolescents and how they can be met during adolescence in order to best support young people in achieving their own adult goals.

The paper discusses the problem of principle methods of production control as a strategy supporting the production system and stimulating efficient solutions in respect management in production enterprises. The article describes MRP, ERP, JIT, KANBAN and TOC methods and focuses on their main goals, principles of functioning as well as benefits resulting from their application. The methods represent two diverse strategies of production control, i.e. pull and push strategies. Push strategies are used when the plans apply to the first and principle part of production and are based on the demand forecasts. Pull strategies are used when all planning decisions apply to the final stage and depend on the actual demand or orders from customers.

The paper discusses the problem of principle methods of production control as a strategy supporting the production system and stimulating efficient solutions in respect management in production enterprises. The article describes MRP, ERP, JIT, KANBAN and TOC methods and focuses on their main goals, principles of functioning as well as benefits re-sulting from their application. The methods represent two diverse strategies of production control, i.e. pull and push strategies. Push strategies are used when the plans apply to the first and principle part of production and are based on the demand forecasts. Pull strategies are used when all planning decisions apply to the final stage and depend on the actual demand or orders from customers.

The paper presents the progress of implementation of the Integrated Product Policy in Poland in comparison to other European Union member states. It provides a detailed evaluation of certain IPP instruments, i.e. taxes and green premi-ums, EMAS scheme, eco-labeling and green public procurements. The paper also provides an assessment of the progress of implementation activities and requests further studies in this respect.

The paper discusses the problem of the development of organic farming in lubuskie voivodship. Presented in it analysis of changes in this production sector in recent years and identified critical factors for growth for this area of production in the nearest term. In analysis used statistic data coming from public statistics and public institutions dealing with agricul-tural production sector in Poland.

The article focuses on the issues of wastewater management systems in the voivodal local government health care departments in the Lubuskie Voivodship, 2007‐2010. Based on the conducted research, 65% of the public health care units subordinate to the Marshal’s Office of the Lubuskie Voivodship show changes in the financial condition of these units which are determined by the wastewater management systems.

The paper discusses the problem of operation of medical waste management systems in the lubuskie voivodship local government health protection institutions 2007‐2011. Based on the conducted research, 65% of the existing health protection institution subordinated to the Marshal Office of lubuskie voivodship presents endogenic changes of waste management systems mainly affected by the financial standing of the medical services sector.