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In March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 respiratory virus. The high spread rate of the virus and the severity of the course of the disease are of great clinical and epidemiological significance, making it relevant for ophthalmologists to study the mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 infects ocular structures, as well as possible clinical manifestations of the infection in the organ of vision. This review contains analysis, systematization, and generalization of epidemiological and clinical data on SARS-CoV-2 ocular lesions and was carried out with the data found in scientific abstract databases. The article presents main clinical ophthalmic manifestations of COVID-19, lists the utilized schemes of etiotropic and symptomatic therapy, recommended preventive measures, and considers the possible ophthalmic complications after vaccination against COVID-19.

Primary open-angle glaucoma is a major cause of irreversible blindness in all countries of the world. The pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma has not been resolved. In addition to increased intraocular pressure, pathogenetic factors of this disease such as reduced systemic blood pressure, deterioration of ocular blood flow, as well as vascular dysregulation, reperfusion damage and oxidative stress of ocular tissues are now generally recognized. The role of α1-adrenoreceptors in regulation of, for example, ocular blood flow, blood flow in the retina, permeability of the vascular wall etc has already been described., Purpose: To identify the effects of different subtypes of α1-adrenoreceptors on the level of systemic blood pressure in laboratory mice., Material and Methods: Features of blood pressure of 36 laboratory mice older than 18 months having a genetic defect (lines ADRA-1A, ADRA-1D and ADRA-1D) of one of the subtypes of α1-adrenoreceptors (α1a, α1b, α1d) were studied. The control group included ten healthy laboratory mice of the same age. The blood pressure of mice was measured with modern high-precision and noninvasive method using the Coda TM Standard system (Kent Scientific Corporation, U.S.A.)., Results: The mice of the ADRA-1A line were revealed to have reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure and maximum level of pulse pressure, as well as the greatest fluctuations of pulse pressure; for the ADRA-1B line - the highest levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure; for the ADRA-1D line - the smallest systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the minimum values of pulse pressure., Conclusion: The obtained results show the specific contribution of α1a, α1b and α1d subtypes of the adrenoreceptors in the maintenance of normal hemodynamic of an organism, which should be considered when studying pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma.

The search for new information on the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is relevant to the whole world, because population aging affects all countries. Also according to the UN prediction by 2030 more than 210 million patients with glaucoma will be officially registered and the same amount of people will not know if they have the disease. Considering the global fundamental problem of aging as a medical and social problem of national importance, it is necessary to make every effort to improve the effectiveness of prevention and pathogenetically-based regenerative therapy of POAG - the world's leading cause of irreversible loss of vision that by saving labor activity of the elderly person will reduce the burden on the state budget. The publication purpose - to consider the main theories of an etiopathogenesis of POAG in close interrelation.

The data on inhibition of the growth of microorganisms of a characteristic spectrum and antibiotic resistance isolated from long-term healing wounds by light of various wave ranges are presented. The growing cultures on blood agar were exposed to polarized light, red and infrared, ultraviolet of medium- and short-wave continuous modes accustomed in physiotherapy of wounds.The effect of light in some way induced inhibition of the growth, but complete recovery was stated only after the use of ultraviolet light when confirmed quantitatively in terms of the CFU.

The article is about the characteristics of the morphofunctional state of the upper gastrointestinal tract (UGIT) in children with obesity. Under supervision there were 130 children aged 10-16 years: study group--80 children with obesity (42 boys and 38 girls) (SDS BMI 2.0), the comparison group--50 children with normal body weight (32 boys and 18 girls) (SDS BMI from -0.99 to +0.99) with different disease UGIT. It is established that in children of the study group has a higher frequency of isolated motor-evacuation disorders (6.3% and 2.0%), and combinations inflammatory and functional disorders of UGIT (48.8% and 38.0%) compared with the comparison group. It is shown that functional changes UGIT in children with obesity are characterized by high frequency motor disorders, signs moderately expressed active chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori (58.3%), occurring against the background of minimal clinical symptoms, with a prevalence of focal nature of the inflammatory process on common.

The aim of the research was to investigate the general somatic status and to investigate the influence of dominating part of vegetative nervous system, following the different types of senile cataract formation in human. Thus, the domination а sympathetic nervous system and correlated systemic dystrophic changes of the tissues in patients with cortical cataract have been found for the first time. Moreover, patients with nuclear cataract had the domination of parasympathetic nervous system and another character of dystrophic changes. Therefore, the type of a forming age-related cataract can be offered as an available clinical marker of character of neurodystrophic process occurring in an organism.

Objective: To analyze 60 cases of solid pseudopapillary tumors (SPTs) of the pancreas, to reveal their most characteristic clinical and morphological features, and to study their possible histogenesis., Material and Methods: Sixty cases of SPTs of the pancreas underwent clinical, morphological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) examinations; a comparison group consisted of 86 pancreatic tumors of other histogenesis., Results: It has been shown for the first time that SPTs are characterized by the nuclear expression of claudin 3 and the cytoplasmic expression of claudin 7. It has been also ascertained that the aberrant perinuclear (dot-like) expression of CD99 is a unique feature of these tumors., Conclusion: SPTs of the pancreas are distinguished by a diversity of clinical manifestations and morphological features, but have a unique immunophenotype, which can differentiate them from other types of pancreatic tumors.

Using immunohistochemical methods, the immune reactivity of human lens epithelium and fibers to NSE, S-100 protein, Vim, alpha-SMA and EMA was studied in 10 normal persons and in 25 patients with its age-related cortical and secondary cataract. It was demonstrated that in age-related cortical and secondary cataract lens epithelium and fibers became more reactive to antibodies against NSE, S-100 protein and Vim, but showed no immunopositivity to alpha-SMA and EMA. Thus, the data obtained suggest some common pathogenetic mechanisms of age-related cortical and secondary cataract development with the formation of Adamyuk-Elschnig pearls.

Mucins and glycoprotein CD10 expression in 55 carcinomas of the stomach has been studied by immunohistochemistry. According to a profile of mucins and CD10 expression, 3 immunophenotypic variants of carcinoma were founded: gastric, intestinal and gastro-intestinal. Gastric and gastro-intestinal variants were more frequently than intestinal one. The correlation between the expression of investigated markers and histological type of carcinoma wasn't revealed The estimation of Ki-67 index has shown that the highest proliferative activity (>20%) in carcinomas with gastric phenotype has been found more often than in gastro-intestinal ones.

The aim of this study was to obtain the morphological basis for ocular desympathetization as a method for cataract modeling in vivo. The study was conducted on 20 outbred rabbits, in which the bilateral removal of superior cervical ganglia of sympathetic trunk resulted in the change of tone of the sympathetic division of the nervous system. 5-7 months after this operation, biomicroscopy of the anterior portion of both eyes was performed that has demonstrated in 16 out of 20 rabbits the initial manifestations of lenticular opacity. 12-14 months after the operation, their area was significantly increased, and the formation of wedge-shaped opacity with its basis facing the lens periphery, was documented. This was associated with the dissociation of lens fibers, as well as the extracellular liquid accumulation. Histological and phenotypic changes of the lens were similar to those in age-related cortical cataract, detected in man. In both age-related cataract, and that one received by a proposed modeling method, the immunopositive reaction was found demonstrating neuron-specific enolase, vimentin and S-100 protein in lenticular cortex. The proposed method of cataract modeling in vivo may be used for the study of cataract pathogenesis and for the development of measures of its prophylaxis and therapy.

A new method for the demonstration of the lens epithelial cells and fibers in the eye of the experimental animals (rats) is described. The method proposed is not laborious and is simple in utilization. It is based on the intravital administration of methylene blue solution to the animal with the subsequent supravital crystalline lens staining at 37 degreesC. The material was then embedded into paraffin, and the sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The sections obtained using the proposed method, give an opportunity for the detailed demonstration of the morphological features of the lens cells.

Luminescence microscopy of cryostat sections of lenses and spectrofluorometry were used to study the lens in health and in different types of human age-related cataract. The cortical type of age-related cataract occurs with the considerably increased concentrations of histamine, catecholamines and serotonin. Examination of the bioamine profile of age-related nuclear cataract revealed a significant increase in the level of serotonin and a moderate rise in the concentration of catecholamines. At the same time, the values of histamine did not practically differ from those in the intact lens. Thus, principal differences were found in the bioamine provision of the development of age-related cortical and nuclear cataract, suggesting that it is necessary to elaborate a differential approach to studying the pathogenetic mechanisms and treatments for human age-related cataract depending on its specific type.

The authors suggest a new express-method for assessment of memory and intellect in the late age. This method allows to assess not only disturbed functions but also the intact patterns of mental processes and to conduct a quantitative assessment as well as a qualitative (syndrome) analysis of mental activity changes using a Luria's structural-functional model of the brain. The method was administered to 157 subjects of young (20-30 years), old and very old age (50-90 years). The express method may be used for the detection of age impairment and differential diagnostics of memory and intellect states in different variants of normal aging, assessment of neurocognitive deficit in patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive syndrome.

Eighty-four families with schizophrenia: 84 patients (probands) and 73 their first-degree unaffected relatives as well as 37 normals and their relatives have been studied using pathopsychological (pictogram) and Luria's neuropsychological tests. The most prominent abnormalities both in patients and relatives were global characteristics of auditory-speech memory predominantly related to left subcortical and left temporal regions. Abnormalities of immediate recall of short logic story (SLS) were connected with dysfunction of the same brain regions. Less prominent delayed recall abnormalities of SLS were revealed only in patients and connected with left subcortical, left subcortical-frontal and left subcortical-temporal zones. This abnormality was absent in relatives and age-matched controls. The span of mediated retention was decreased in patients and, to a less degree, in relatives. A quantitative psychological analysis has demonstrated the disintegration ("schizys") between semantic conception and image memory structure in patients and, to a less degree, in relatives. Data obtained show primary memory abnormalities in families with schizophrenia related to the impairment of decoding information process in the subcortical structures, the left-side dysfunction of brain structures being predominantly typical.

Glioblastoma growth is a genetically regulated process. Loss or inactivation of genes - tumor suppressors may give rise to tumors and their progression. Glioblastoma multiforme is followed by a number of genetic breakages. Expression of a number of genes may affect the prognosis of the disease and tumor sensitivity to chemotherapy. Comprehensive studies of glioblastomas showed that there were at least two immunologic phenotypes: 1) that with a picture of pronounced immunodeficiency and 2) that without obvious immunodeficiency. This should be considered when elaborating present-day programs of geno- and immunodiagnosis, as well as clinicoimmunological criteria for the treatment of these tumors.

Expression of MUC-1 and MUC-2 was investigated with immunohistochemical staining (PAP-method) in 5 cases of adenomas and in 60 cases of colorectal adenocarcinomas. The expression of MUC-1 and MUC-2 can be useful for diagnosis and prognosis in patients with colorectal carcinoma.

Gliomas are the most common tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Malignant astrocytic gliomas account for 50% of all primary brain tumors. Cells of origin are unknown for the majority of brain tumors: CNS tumors have frequently in their content many histological forms and their classification will depend on what the parts of neoplasm that will be clearly identified at the material taking and further investigation. Current immunohistochemical studies may determine the antigenic structure of a tumor cell, compare it with the antigens expressed by a certain cell type and, thus, classify the tumor by its origin, but there are no antibodies which would correctly identify different types of tumors. The lecture reflects the current classifications of glial tumors: the typical three-leveled classification, the Kernokhan classification, the Duma-Duport classification. A part of the lecture deals with the specific features of genetics and molecular biology of gliomas: recent studies cast any doubt on the existing data on the sources of growth of these tumors.

The objective of this investigation was a comparative immunohistochemical study of the crystalline eye lens under normal conditions and in different types of age-associated cataract in man. Control group included the lenses of young men, who died in the accidents and served as lens donors (n = 10, material collected within 1 hr since death). The lens was taken from the patients (age: 60-70 years) during the operation on the occasion of cortical (n = 20) and nuclear (n = 20) cataract. The study has demonstrated phenotype plasticity of lens cells in different types of age-associated cataract. The changes of cell phenotype were shown to depend on cataract type. During the development of cortical age-associated cataract, positive reaction with the monoclonal antibodies against neuron-specific enolase, S-100 protein and vimentin was detected only within the lens cortex. During the formation of nuclear age-associated cataract, positive reaction with the antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle actin, pancytokeratin was found only within the lens nucleus. These data suggest that the differentiated approach to the treatment of different types of age-associated cataract should be worked out.

Primary liver tumors, including 7 low-grade hepatocellular carcinomas (HC), 12 average-grade HC (including 2 mixed tumors and 2 cholangiocellular carcinomas (ChC)), obtained from 23 patients, were histologically, immunohistochemically, and electron microscopically. Certain markers were immunohistochemically studied to identify HC and ChC and differentiate liver carcinoma from metastatic tumors of the same organ.

This study was undertaken to detect and study the distribution, localization, and morphological features of the histamine-positive structures of the lens in intact animals. The paper presents a detailed account of fluorescent and morphological differences between the nuclei of different portions of the lens.

The objective of this study was to analyze the distribution, localization and morphological features of lens histamine-containing structures. Studies were performed using the lenses of 37 intact outbred male rats sacrificed at the same time of the day. The methods of light and luminescent microscopy and cytospectofluorometry were applied to obtain the quantitative characteristics and detailed morphological description of histamine-containing structures in the different parts of lens. It was shown that all the epithelial cells and cells-fibers of the lens contain histamine. Depending upon the degree of condensation of nuclear chromatin and their histamine content, the nuclei of lens cells could be subdivided into two types: type A nuclei with high histamine content and high degree of chromatin condensation; type B nuclei with low histamine concentration and slight chromatin condensation.

The influence of the cerebellum on cognitive functions (CF) is poorly known and understudied so far. Neurological, neuropsychological and neuroimaging non-randomized study was carried out in 25 patients (14 women, 11 men, mean age 51.8 +/- 18.0 years) with isolated cerebellum infarctions. Cognitive disturbances (CD) were detected in 22 (88%) patients. They included impairment of attention, planning, control, abstract reasoning, memory; speech (naming, fluency, agrammatism, dysprosodia), special visual, quasi-spatial and counting disorders that indicated dysfunction of the anterior and posterior associative areas of the brain cortex. The expression of CD was different: being clinically obvious in 6 patients (24%), they were found only by neuropsychological methods in 16 patients (64%). Clinically significant CD developed in the lesions of certain areas (posterior-lower- lateral and posterior-medial) of the cerebellum hemisphere related to the dominant brain hemisphere. The presence of these CD did not depend on infarctions size: in expressed CD it was smaller (mean 5.65 cm3) than in other cases (mean 12.8 cm3). Typical appearances of cerebellum infarction (ataxia, vertigo, vomiting) were observed in all the patients with clinically non-significant CD and only in 2 out of 6 with clinically significant CD. The study demonstrated a role of the cerebellum in CF modulation. The expression of CD in cerebellum infarctions depends on their localization. Topic localization of the cerebellum areas, controlling CD and movement, is different.

The purpose of the present study was to determine, using the methods of light, fluorescence microscopy and cytospectrofluorometry, the morpho-functional changes in histaminergic structures of the lens as influenced by extrinsic chemical irritation of the eye (exposure to ether vapors). The experiments were conducted on 74 outbred male albino rats. Extremely fast simultaneous changes (demonstrated in all lens structures already 3 minutes after an irritation) were found in histamine content of the lens cells. According to the results of luminescence analysis, maximal increase in histamine content (by 53.3%) took place in the area of lens nucleus. In the cytoplasm of lens epitheliocytes, histamine content was increased by 22%, while in the cytoplasm of equatorial epithelial cells it was increased by 36.1%, and in the nuclei of central epithelial cells--by 26.4%. The data obtained suggests an existence of diffuse neurotransmission in the lens, that is not associated with neurons.

E-kadherin, MUC2 and Ki67 expression was studied in colon adenocarcinomas of various differentiation. A direct relationship was detected between characteristics of expression of E-kadherin, MUC2 and the degree of differentiation as well as metastatic potential of the tumours.

500 patients with chronic tonsillitis (450 patients with toxicoallergic form I and 50 patients with toxico-allergic form II according to Palchun and Preobrazhensky) have been exposed to low-frequency ultrasound. Content of the tonsillar lacunae was extracted under vacuum, the lacunae were washed with antiseptic under the effect of ultrasound followed by introduction of the drugs into the tonsillar tissue (phonophoresis). The above method proved effective: 64% responded immediately, 56% of the patients sustained the effect at follow-up. Low-frequency ultrasound treatment should be supported with therapeutic measures to prevent development of autoimmune processes capable of provoking systemic complications. For patients who failed 3-4 courses of the ultrasound treatment surgery is indicated. Contraindications concern subjects suffering from toxico-allergic form II of chronic tonsillitis.

A total of 160 patients with Alzheimer-type dementias (ATD), including 84 with Alzheimer's diseases (AD) and 76 with senile dementia (SD), were examined. The initial signs of the disease were analyzed by making a retrospective assessment of informative history data. The prospective follow-up involved clinical, neuropsychological and electrophysiological (EEC mapping, evoked potentials) studies by applying the standardized assessment of results. There was shown to be a set of clinical and paraclinical parameters for the status of ATD patients, indicating a distinct-quantitative and qualitative difference between patients with AD and those with SD and supporting the heterogeneity of ATD.

A comparative neuropsychological study was made of the two groups of patients: with Alzheimer's disease [AD] (n = 40) and senile dementia [SD] (n = 54). The correlation and role of different factors in the formation of syndromes of higher mental functions (HMF) impairment in AD and SD were determined. The analysis was based on the concept of the presence of operational and regulatory factors in the systemic organization of mental activity. The structure of the syndrome of HMF impairment in AD is specified by the deficiency of operational factors whereas in SD, the deficiency of regulatory factors plays the key role. The patients with AD manifest the combination of disordered operational and regulatory factors related to the work of brain blocks II and I respectively (according to Luria). In SD patients, the syndrome is marked by the predominance of the symptoms related to the deficiency of regulatory factors provided for by the structures of brain blocks III and I, with the interest of the brain areas entering block II being far less.

Using clinico-psychopathological, clinico-neuropsychological and computer-aided tomography approaches, material differences were ascertained between groups of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia (SD) in terms of the clinical parameters, including the age at which the disease sets in; the disease standing; the build-up features of the patients; the frequency of diverse exogenous and environmental actions at the premorbid stage and at the disease debut; the psychopathological structure of dementia and the initial disease manifestations. The clinical differences indicated were in agreement with different structures of the neuropsychological syndrome marked by the impairment of higher mental functions in AD and SD and with different structures and topography of alterations in the medulla, discovered by means of computer-aided studies. The differences in the clinical and morphofunctional characteristics of AD and SD allow a conclusion that AD and SD are clinically independent disease entities within the framework of the common group of the Alzheimer's type dementias.

Thirty-eight patients with late mentally deteriorating processes were studied. Using a standardized neuropsychological method, the authors have outlined four major variants of neuropsychological syndromes characteristic of damage to definite zones of the brain. Comparison of these data with the results of clinical and computer-aided tomographic examination showed that the neuropsychological approach is an adequate method in the combined study of senile dementia.