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This article addresses the challenges of constructing a semantic model of verbs related to the concept of ‘directed vision process and its qualitative attribute’ based on English collocations. The authors examine the structure of meaning of these lexical items through the analysis of the collocational patterns of look, watch, glance, stare, and gaze. This classification can be seen as a step towards creating a typological semasiology of specific languages. The structure of the complex lexical meaning ‘directed vision process and its attribute’ can be broken down into the following components: the invariant meaning, i.e., the core sememe (directed vision process), and an additional semantic component, i.e., the subordinate sememe (qualitative attribute of the vision process). A comprehensive sample was taken from 8000 pages of text from 24 works of fiction, describing 927 collocations. The first group includes collocations expressing various negative emotions associated with directed vision process: bad mood, nervousness, distrust, unfriendliness, fear, hatred, contempt, cruelty, etc. The second group consists of collocations expressing attentiveness, steadfastness, surprise, curiosity, wonder in characterizing directed gaze. The third group combines collocations expressing activity, speed, brevity, stealth of a brief glance. The authors came to the conclusion that all vision lexemes, except the verb ‘to look’, have a complex meaning structure.

The word “home” is one of the oldest and most used lexemes in the Russian language, embodying the concepts of family, security and historical transformations of society. The present study aims to trace the semantic history of this lexeme, paying attention to lexicographical and cultural-historical aspects in order to understand its evolution and meaning in Russian more deeply. A number of steps are taken in order to achieve the set goal. Firstly, attention is paid to etymological dictionaries, which reveal the roots of the word and its connection with other languages. This allows us to see the historical context and the development of the meaning of the word “house”. Secondly, the meanings indicated in explanatory dictionaries are identified. The main nominative meanings reflecting the designation of physical structure serving as a dwelling are analysed. Attention is also paid to expressive-synonymous meanings, where the word “house” acquires an emotional-evaluative character, especially in the context of children’s games. Thirdly, with the help of historical dictionaries the dynamics of the use of the word “house” over time is determined. The evolution of the semantics of the word from antiquity to the present day is considered, and changes in the context of use associated with socio-cultural and historical processes are revealed. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the development of the semantics of the lexeme “house” in the Russian language. It covers the period from antiquity to the present, allowing a deeper understanding of the evolution of the meaning of this word in the context of its lexicographical development and cultural history. The study allows us to see how the word “house” has undergone changes in its perception: from the original designation of a residential structure to more abstract concepts such as “family” or “community”. This process reflects not only linguistic but also cultural transformations, noting the influence of historical events and socio-cultural changes on the perception of the term. Thus, the study of the word “home” is of interest for understanding its meanings in different historical and cultural contexts, as well as for analysing its role in the linguistic development of the Russian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. The article is devoted to the semantic and discursive analysis of lexical units of English-language news articles aimed at highlighting the coronavirus issue in the period of 2020-2022. Purpose. The paper presents the results of the analysis of The Guardian news articles devoted to Covid-19 pandemic in the period of 2020-2022. Materials and methods. The news articles of The Guardian newspaper devoted to coronavirus issues were selected as the research materials. The methods of semantic and discourse analysis, partial sampling, as well as descriptive method were used in the study. Results. The article provides a detailed semantic and discursive analysis of the lexical means used in the texts. The analysis results reveal the most typical lexical means, providing such features as informativeness and expressiveness. The article provides a detailed description of functioning of expressive means in the total number of 2658 units. Practical implications. The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that the results obtained can be used in practical classes in the disciplines “Practical course of the English language”, “Foreign (English) language”, “Lexical aspects of translation”, as well as when writing term papers and final qualifying papers.

The article deals with the issue of semantic discrepancies between the lexical units of the Spanish language national variants on the example of the semantic field “Bread and baking” lexemes. The relevance of the study is due to its focus on the needs of the current stage of development of comparative semantics, variantology and intervariant dialectology, which provide for the gradual coverage of all the supporting semantic fields of the language in the communicative-pragmatic aspect. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that through a comparative intervariant analysis of language units with the primary meaning of baking, the cultural specificity of the corresponding concepts in different Spanish-speaking countries and regions within the framework of a multinational language is revealed. Particular attention is paid to the semantic processes and linguistic phenomena underlying the intervariant discrepancies, their classification is proposed in relation to this area. The question is raised about the importance of extralinguistic factors in the formation of the alimentary thesaurus of a particular country and culture or sets of cultures in a certain territory. As a result of the study, it was proved that the vocabulary of the field “Baking” is a source of difficulties in intercultural communication, directly related to linguistic phenomena in the field of variantology and intervariant dialectology of the Spanish language.

The article analyses alternative lexemes and textual fragments written in the margins of manuscript lists of the hagiographies of the St Procopius of Scytopolis, St Pelagia of Tarsus, and St Athanasius of Alexandria, translated by Orthodox and Uniates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland from the Polish-language hagiographic corpus Żywoty Świętych by the famous Catholic preacher Piotr Skarga. The data obtained allow to identify the lists subjected to secondary editing according to other Cyrillic versions, which helps to clarify or refine the textual history of the hagiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the verbs formed from pronoun bases, which have indefinite meaning - Slovak ondiať (sa) and onačiť (sa) and their correspondences in other Slavic languages and dialects. In the Czech-Moravian-Slovak linguistic territory both verbs with synonymous meaning are represented. In the rest of Slavic territory, either verbs like ondiť (Lusatian and almost all South Slavic languages) or verbs like onačiť (Polish, Ruthenian, Ukrainian) are known. Special attention is paid to the etymology of these verbs. The reasons for such areal distribution of the verbs in question are suggested, and the possibility of interpreting Carpatho-Ukrainian lexemes is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aims to analyze the concept of happiness in terms of their semantic content and verbal implementations. Linguistic analysis is tied to the lexicosemantic approach and fits into the modern directions of diachronic linguoculturology, and axiology. The transformations of happiness from the Archaic era through Christian culture to the present day are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the archaic linguistic features of the Old Bulgarian translation of the apocryphal Journey of Agapius to Paradise (The Narration of our father Agapius). Examples demonstrating a literal translation from Greek and the difficulties experienced by translators are considered. In the language of the monument, attention is drawn to the features inherent in the entire Old Bulgarian period, for example, the use of uncontracted forms of imperfect and adjectives, the primordal forms of participles on *-ius-, as well as to some unique lexemes. The handwritten tradition of the Narration of Agapius also reflects a number of features characteristic of the earliest stage of Bulgarian writing (late 9th – early 10th century), in particular the use of a root aorist. Especially important are the examples that testify to the glagolitic nature of the initial translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistica Uralica is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are many accounts of the concept of ART that generally focus on its synchronous analysis. To date the emergence of a new research approach of historical cognitivе linguistics opens up an opportunity of rethinking the structure of this concept and its place in the English linguistic construal of the world. In this paper, we hypothesize that ART is a gestalt polyappeal concept that evolved by the type of cladogenesis from the concept of CRAFT; accordingly, its place in the English constual of the world changed from UTILITARY to AESTHETIC.With the aim to establish the evolution and place of this concept in the English linguistic construal of the world, the article identifies the means of nominating the concept in terms of diachrony; analyses the semantics of lexical means of concept representation, its structure, and determines vectors of its profiling in different historical periods. The comprehensive method of our research includes identifying the name of the concept, that includes semantic componential and frequency analysis of basic lexemes representing the concept of ART in English. As a result the authors find out the etymological layer of the concept, its etymon and internal form of the name. In this paper, we describe lexical means of representation of the concept of ART, that include such basic lexemes as art, arts, skill, and craft, and claim that the semantic volume of art predominates and includes the semantic volumes of other synonyms. Based on their comparative study, we also claim that the noun art, that dominates both in frequency and in semantic capacity, is the name of the concept of ART. Etymologically, art (n) dates back to the Proto-Indo-European noun *ar (ə) -ti- that meant ‘method of doing smth’, which determines its internal form. The empirical material of this research was obtained from thesauri and etymological dictionaries of English, and from the database BNC. We claim that the conceptual model of ART has undergone historical changes. Being based on PROFESSIONALISM within the segment HUMAN ACTIVITIES in the construal of the world, in the Middle Ages, the concept CRAFTS/ART dominated and was profiled within the domain of UTILITARY. At the beginning of the Renaissance, in the construal of the world, along with CRAFTS (the idea of ​​small-scale production) profiled against the UTILITARY, the concept of WORK (industrial production) was formed; and the concept of ART profiled within the AESTHETIC domain appeared. Today, the concept of ART is the domain for such subdomains as PAINTING, SCULPTURE, LITERATURE, THEATER, DANCE, CINEMA, and others.

In the history of the German written language, the XVXVI centuries became a turning point: in the sphere of both administrative writing and informative literature, new genres and types of texts are developing, and relations within the genre system are being rebuilt. Chronicle texts, including town chronicles, become one of the most popular textotypes. According to researchers, their primary function is legitimization of the respective town as a political and legal entity. This legitimation was based primarily on the rights and privileges granted to the town by its former or current lord. Accordingly, the semiotic space of chronicle texts is organized around the concept of freiheit meaning privilege, right, freedom. The purpose of the article is to analyze the nominative field of the concept freiheit and to conclude on the semantics and functioning of lexical units in the text that verbalize this concept. Over hundred text examples extracted from the chronicles of Bern (the first third of the XV century) and Worms (the second half of the XVI century) were used as the research material. The core of the concept freiheit, its nominate is built by the homonymic lexeme, whereby the lexeme recht also belongs to the nuclear part of the field. Based on the analysis of text examples, five components of meaning of freiheit were identified, which form the slots of the corresponding concept. The largest number of concept nominations is concentrated in the slot right, privilege: these are the lexemes gerechtigkeit the right to adjudicate, herrlichkeit with a similar meaning, obrigkeit the right of possession, indult temporary privilege, erlaubung permission. On the periphery of the concept freiheit lie the lexemes herkommen and gewohnheit in the meaning of legal customs. The analysis of material allows us to conclude that in the view of chroniclers, urban legal customs were as important for the legitimization of town as its privileges. It is worth saying that the lexeme freiheit is often used as a collective one, without specifying the content of a specific right or privilege. Obviously, for the chroniclers, the very existence of rights in their totality was of paramount importance, since this determined the status and power of their town.

The relevance of the work is determined by the fact that, although the interaction of history, culture and language is constantly in the field of view of linguists, historians, linguoculturologists, as well as all those who study the evolution of a particular language, it has not yet received a complete analysis in detail, in particular, when describing the language pictures of different countries. The aim of the work is to prove that the semantics of the words of nominating titles of the English nobility of the Victorian era has not changed. The materials for the work were modern and classical, starting from the XIX century, word usage from the English language, contained in modern media texts from Internet sources, as well as the texts of novels by English writers of the late XIX century. At least 2000 such word usages were analyzed using the method of etymological analysis, the method of semantic analysis and the method of functional analysis, which allowed us to obtain a reliable picture of their functioning. The triple union of history, culture and language in the approach to the study of linguistic pictures of different countries is at the center of research in recent years. The interaction of these phenomena has become the subject of close attention in many articles and dissertations of linguists, historians, linguoculturologists, as well as all those who study the evolution of a particular language. Lexemes denoting the noble status of a person are important concepts of the British national linguistic picture of the world and culture. The semantics of lexemes was studied according to lexicographic sources. The sources of examples of contextual use were the texts of novels by English writers of the late XIX century and modern English-language texts of the Internet: online versions of newspapers, advertising texts, blogs. To achieve the goal of our research, the article uses such methods as the method of continuous sampling, the method of lexicographic description, the comparative method, the statistical method, and a number of others.

The aim of the article is to find out the motives for the nomination of some oronyms of the historical Uman region that covers certain districts of Cherkasy, Kirovohrad and Vinnytsia regions and tends to belong to Uman. It is important to analyze the names in the diachronic aspect (their usage from the first mentions in written texts to the present day). The study of onym material involves the use of scientific cognition methods, including descriptive one for sorting out oronyms taken from written texts of the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries and documents from Ukrainian archival institutions, comparative-historical – to establish the reasons for the nomination of land forms recorded in Uman region in the seventeenth century, diachronic – as a means of studying names in historical development. For the first time the oronymic factual material of Uman region of the 17th–19th centuries was introduced into scientific circulation and its structural word-forming and lexical-semantic features in the diachronic aspect are investigated. Given that such objects were renamed, oronyms usually had several variants, and even within the same document, different models of the name of a particular object were recorded. The names associated with the relief elements reflect the landscape diversity of the historical Uman region. The location in Central Ukraine contributed to the creation of an original natural complex of the study area. In proper names, this is expressed primarily in the use of geographical terminology. For the historical Uman region, the terms that have become proper names are beam, valley, grotto, levada, grave, and ravine. The transformation and transition of geographical nouns into microtoponyms take place on the basis of fixing the singularity and individuality of reality itself. But along with the onymization of the toponymic appellation in the microtoponymformation complex constructions have been involved, in the attributive part of which there are lexemes expressed in landscape terminology: Deep Valley; Thunder, or Lion's Grotto; Bloody ravine; The field of the industrious Yurentokh Kushnir. Most names for landforms contain a description of the physical and geographical properties of natural realities. Microtoponyms characterize the objects by their size, shape, and length. The appellative derived names of the historical Uman region which reflect the relief and landscape features of the area are divided into two groups: 1. Microtoponyms of naturogenic origin (reflect lowland terrain, elevated terrain, plain terrain, physical and geographical properties of the object (shape, size and other features of the denotation), indicate the metaphor, flora and fauna of the region); 2. Microtoponyms of anthropogenic origin (related to human activity). It was found that the studied names associated with the elements of relief, reflect not only the diversity of the landscape of the historical Uman region, but also indicate the occupation of the population, ethnic composition; related to the names of structures, buildings, facilities, roads and certain events and occasions. Most of them exist today only in scientific works, having disappeared from the speech of the locals, and some onyms have undergone partial linguistic and component changes during the history of their usage.

In order to form a certain image, media employ various linguistic means, such as metaphors, comparative structures, etc. Based on the material from “Gazeta Wyborcza” concerning the topic of the Katyn massacre, the present study attempts to reconstruct the image of Polish-Russian relations and decide what role the linguistic means used in the articles play in creating the discussed phenomenon. As a result the author concludes that there are two points of view about Russia presented in “Gazeta Wyborcza”. On the one hand, Russia is a criminal country and a debtor that cannot fulfil its obligations. On the other hand, Russia is a state that is open for cooperation and capable of helping. There are also two different points of view about the Polish-Russian relationships. As stated by some experts, Polish-Russian relations in the analyzed period are characterized as negative. According to the other opinions (prior to the 2022 war), these relations are getting better and perhaps will continue to improve.

Copyright of Linguistica Uralica is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistica Uralica is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The endocentric antecedent represents the interference of the lexical-semantic and formal antecedent. In this paper, the term endocentric antecedent represents an antecedent that refers to a group of syntactically related words, in which the subordinate member is functionally equivalent to the group, i.e. it is substantivized. This antecedent may be referred to cataphorically or anacataphorically. In the case of a referential expression, the reference to an endocentric antecedent is anacataphoric. Anaphora can be conceptual in which case only the denotation of a noun expression is taken over. Such an endocentric antecedent with a default lexeme and a restrictive adjective clause can be exclusive, meaning that it belongs to the set of entities from which the denotation is taken, and the anaphora is excluded from the set and stands out, or inclusive, outside the set of entities referred to by the conceptual anaphora, included in that set. In both cases, the lexeme referred to by the conceptual anaphora for the purpose of denotation and the antecedent are not in the relationship of co-reference, but are cosignificant. Anaphora can also be referential, in which case reference is considered in addition to the denotation. This anaphora refers to referential expressions (proper nouns and personal pronouns) and non-referential expressions (a common noun from which the denotation is taken - if the content of the adjective clause also refers to the class, there is no subsetting, if the adjective clause is non-restrictive, then anaphora is likewise referential). Such anaphoric references enable a wide range of implied lexemes in the antecedent and their ellipsis. That is, this ellipsis of the noun from the antecedent is made possible by the linguistic context. Therefore, the forcedence of the antecedent is crucial in achieving the specificity of the referent, and thus the informativeness of the discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to form a certain image, media employ various linguistic means, such as metaphors, comparative structures, etc. Based on the material from "Gazeta Wyborcza" concerning the topic of the Katyn massacre, the present study attempts to reconstruct the image of Polish-Russian relations and decide what role the linguistic means used in the articles play in creating the discussed phenomenon. As a result the author concludes that there are two points of view about Russia presented in "Gazeta Wyborcza". On the one hand, Russia is a criminal country and a debtor that cannot fulfil its obligations. On the other hand, Russia is a state that is open for cooperation and capable of helping. There are also two different points of view about the Polish-Russian relationships. As stated by some experts, Polish-Russian relations in the analyzed period are characterized as negative. According to the other opinions (prior to the 2022 war), these relations are getting better and perhaps will continue to improve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the issues related to the development of principles and methods of semantic organization of lexicon in order to create linguistic resources of various types: dictionaries, databases, corpora, etc. Different techniques of semantic organization of lexicon are viewed as methodological bases for interdisciplinary approaches to investigation of the human image of the world. The issues are studied with reference to different approaches that concern fundamental contradictions between the language and conceptual models of representing the world. Using the reverse dictionary of the associative-verbal database SIBAS, the author conducts a statistical macro-level analysis to stratify the verbal units (the nodes of the SIBAS associative-verbal network) according to the intensity and extension of their incoming links. Thus identified at different levels of stability, SIBAS associative- verbal dominants are matched with the frequency ratings of the relevant lexical items in the textual basis of the Russian National Corpus; they are also matched with the associative dimensions of the Russian language personality, which were discovered earlier on the model of the Russian associative-verbal network in the epoch of perestroika. The author analyzes the part-of speech statistics of the associative dominants, their correlations with the ontogenetically basic concepts, as well as with the glottochronologically basic lexical meanings. Against this background, the author assesses the methodological significance and heuristic potential of the techniques of analysis on the experimentally obtained Russian associative-verbal network, where the conceptual and linguistic models of the world are balanced naturally as a spontaneous (instinctive) manifestation of the intentionality of the Russian language personality.

Identification of names of plant curatives and substances in folk and fiction texts shows close interactions between man and the world, attitudes of people towards nature. Research in phytonyms and medicinal plant names proper is most essential for the understanding of a nation’s cultural heritage. The paper examines the lexeme балтырған in Bashkir discourse. Materials. The analyzed materials include linguistic dictionaries, folklore and fiction texts of the Machine Fund of the Bashkir Language, and etymological dictionaries of Altaic languages. Goals. The study aims at a comparative investigation of the lexeme балтырған ‘hogweed’. Results. The term proves a widespread phytonym in Bashkir discourse, which is attested by that it denotes a wide range of plant species in Bashkir and has parallels in other Turkic and Mongolic languages. The lexeme is included in academic, explanatory, dialectal, phrasal, and mythological dictionaries of the Bashkir language. The comparative analysis shows that baltyrγan ‘hogweed’ usually denotes a plant of the order Apiales, a medicinal herb. Baltyrγan~ baltirγana contains the initial bal / baltïr / baldïr with the meaning ‘green, young, fresh’.

Copyright of Juznoslovenski Filolog is the property of Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Institute for the Serbian Language and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Graecisms make up the majority of loanwords in the earliest Slavic Gospels, while more than 70% of the same graecisms appear also in the Latin Bible. During mass, the Slavic Gospel was to be recited after the Latin one in the ecclesiastical organisation of St. Methodius, therefore the lexicon of the Latin Bible must have served as one of the models of the earliest Slavic Bible, which also concerns its graecism. The lexemes of western Germanic and Latin origin make up a much lesser group of loanwords in Slavic Gospels in comparison to graecisms. However, they are as archaic as graecisms and thus are a testament to the earliest text of the Slavic Gospel which originated in Great Moravia and has not survived. Turkic loanwords are not numerous in the earliest Slavic Gospels, though they appear more often in the younger versions along with secondary graecisms. The variation of loanwords in the redactions of Slavic Gospels shows the historical path of Old Church Slavic from the central european areas of Great Moravia and the Pannonian principality to the south of the Slavic world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of study in the article is the discourse specifics of representation of economic entities in German newspaper and magazine texts of the last two decades. The purpose of the analysis is to elucidate the factors that stimulate univerbation in connection with the generation and textual integration of co-referential structures different in genesis, structural properties, semantic characteristics and stylistic potential. The study, conducted on the basis of a functional-communicative approach to language, relies on methods and results of studies on text linguistics considering text as a whole structuralsemantic unit. Conclusions. 1) Mentioning of a company name is accompanied by integration of the univerb indicating the relevant industry into the text. Along with a two-member chain of co-referential nominations, a three-member chain is also possible (the location of a company is mentioned). 2) Co-referential pairs of the type “company name ‒ collective designation of employees according to headquarters location” (Siemens ‒ Münchener) are characteristic, which demonstrates the lability of univerb toponym semantics. 3) The integration of a proper name into the text requires the usage of characterizing common nouns in order to prepare the reader for the perception of unique names, which is a factor motivating univerbation. 4) Synthetic compounds of the nomina agentis type (Autobauer, Stromversorger) are widely used to describe the kind of activity of an enterprise. In such cases a lexeme with the expected semantics is eliminated (Unternehmen ‘company’, Konzern ‘concern’ etc.). The reduction of the base lexeme of a compound as well as representation of the verb lexeme in the form of nomen agentis has an impact on the semantics and stylistics of the univerb. The results of the study can be used both in research activities on problems of word-formation, semantics and in the training of business translators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper continues a series of works that test materials of the Kalmyk Heroic Jangar Epic Explanatory Dictionary. Goals. The work seeks to examine the role and functions, provide a definition analysis of the lexeme цаг ‘time’ included in the wordlist of the Explanatory Dictionary. Materials. The paper analyzes a total of 28 temporally different Kalmyk Jangar epic texts. Results. The analysis of epic texts concludes the lexeme may be defined as core one, or hyperonym of Jangar epic temporal vocabulary, and is most frequently used throughout the narrative. Epic texts give rise to eleven meanings of the header word цаг within the Explanatory Dictionary, basically in set expressions, including when paired with other temporal lexemes. The word цаг is characterized by extensive co-occurrence with lexemes related to different parts of speech that gain new meanings within set expressions. In the epic narrative, the lexeme цаг appears in such set expressions as арзин сүүр бәрх цаг ‘feast time’; дәәни цаг ‘war time’, both being linguocultural concepts. It also pairs with other elements of time-denoting microfields, namely: natural time (зун ‘summer’, намр ‘autumn’); calendar time (сар ‘month’, җил ‘year’); time of day (хонг ’24-hour period’, өрүн ‘morning’, сө ‘night’, үд ‘noon’). The lexeme цаг is also used in set expressions that include temporal adverbs denoting ― duration of length or process (оньдин ‘constantly, always’); remoteness of action (кезәнә ‘long ago, in ancient times’); certain period (маңһдур ‘tomorrow’). In most cases the lexeme цаг co-occurs with verbs of motion, action, state, and auxiliary verbs. Frequent enough are цаг-stemmed expressions that denote age periods or other periods in lives of epic heroes or war horses.

The article deals with the research of regional peculiarities of the language and speech of the residents of Vilkovo based on Valentina Silantyeva’s collection of short stories “Vilkovo Childhood” (2013). The significance of regional lexemes, connected with the name of some realities of household activities, toponyms and hydronyms, is analyzed. Regionalisms are the part of local cultural code and define the peculiarities of local identity.

The article is devoted to the topical issue of adaptation of anglicisms into the French language. English, being one of the most spoken languages in the world, affects other languages more and more these days. English borrowings are used in almost all languages. A large number of anglicisms penetrated French in different periods of history. This process continues in various social spheres, including the field of new technologies.

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the discursive field “Forestry activity in the Urals”. The relevance of the study is determined by the increased attention of modern linguistics to the problems of regional specificity of professional discourse, the development of which is at the initial stage. The aim of the article is the etymological and onomasiological description of the units of the discursive field, characterized as “Forestry activity in the Urals”. Semasiological, onomasiological methods and the method of scientific description are used to achieve this goal. Lexical units included in the field are identified, their origin is interpreted. The main field segments are defined. As a result of the analysis of the empirical material belonging to the “Forestry activity in the Urals” discursive field, it was revealed that in the Ural regional lexical system a specific system of concepts was developed. It has been implemented in the speech activity of dialect speakers. The Ural General dialect foundation is the basis for the modern professional communication of foresters and timber producers of the region.

Introduction. The study continues a series of works seeking to evaluate materials contained in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Language of the Jangar Epic. Goals. The article examines the role and functions, analyzes definitions of the lexeme ha3p / yazr ‘earth, ground’ included into the word list of the Explanatory Dictionary. M aterials. A total of 28 different Jangar epic texts recorded at different times have been investigated. R esults. The Jangar epic employs the lexeme ha3p in the meaning of ‘earth, land, ground’ and related ones, such as ‘terrestrial area’, ‘territory’, ‘path’, ‘domain’, ‘distance’, ‘place’. When used in its key meaning, the lexeme ha3p ‘earth, land, ground’ largely occurs in word combinations related to geographical and agricultural terms, steppe or desert landscapes. The phrase э щ го ha3p (эщ гэ hasp) ‘deserted land’ illustrates an important feature of the steppe — its peopleless nature. The word ha3p also co-occurs in phrases with sacral meanings (ha3p дунд ‘amid the Earth’, ha3p, тенгрин киисн ‘center of Earth and Heaven’). The lexeme is also most frequently used in duration formulas that may possess chronotopos properties, with time acting as a measure of duration and length. The contraposition of own land to alien ones as a reflection of universal, fundamental opposition us — them is manifested in the combinations хэр hasp ‘alien land’, хэрин ик ha3p ‘remote outland’.

Introduction. To understand and essentially conceive the epic text of the Ja n g a r it is definitely instrumental to examine specific features of its lexical structure. Goals. The work seeks to provide a linguistic analysis of lexemes denoting different clothing items and traced throughout the epic narrative. M ethods. The study employs the contextual and statistical methods, dictionary entry and valency analyses. Results. The conducted analysis makes it possible to identify and restore meanings of lexemes of the cluster ‘Clothes’, and specifically those denoting outer garments. Conclusions. The etymology of the lexeme y ^ ‘(fur) coat’ is restored within the Turkic language framework, the latter containing common Turkic stems *icuk ‘coat covered with fabric, (fur) coat with a covering’. The lexeme дах ‘dokha’ also proves an ancient Turkic borrowing: the noun ja yq u with the initial meaning ‘rain coat’ was borrowed into Mongolian as daku ‘fur coat with pelage set on the outside’. Subsequently, the word was borrowed from Kalmyk into Russian: доха ‘saiga fur coat with pelage set on the outside’. In modern Kalmyk, the lexeme девл is defined as ‘shuba, winter garment’. But the Ja n g a r epic employs the lexeme in two meanings: 1) ‘winter outer garment of furred skin, shuba, overcoat’, 2) ‘braided cover, surface coating’.

The following article is devoted to the issue of semantic change of «ecology» lexeme in media discourse. Being a new type of a discourse media discourse obtains all its peculiarities while acquiring some distinctive features due to the development of information technologies and methods of information coding and transmission through the communication channels. As a basis of each discourse a text appears as an integral part of media discourse. Created by information technologies for video, audio and printed channels such a text was named «media text». Peculiar properties of media text are the following: focusing of a broad audience, the possibility of transmission through different communication channels and time-relevance of its creation. Public focusing of media texts is a reason for their reflection of socially significant aspects among which is the ecological situation of the world. The multiplicity of media texts on ecological topic allows us to discover various semantic changes within «ecology» lexeme and its root words. Broadening of meaning of the lexeme «ecology» is a consequence of addition of a new value «any domain connected with the learning of its harming factors along with the search of their destruction» to the existing one «the relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their environment; the study of this». The new meaning leads to interaction of ecological discourse with scientific, cinematographic and literary discourses. At the same time, the analysis proved the broadening of meaning of the derivative «ecological» connected with the increasing interest to social ecology – a system of human-nature relationships. Lexeme «ecological» is used to evaluate human’s way of thinking and behavior. Such broadening of meaning results to interrelation of ecological discourse with social and behavioral discourses.

This article is a diachronic study of the lexico-semantic sphere. The semantic field is the words that derive from the same root, belong to the same semantic field, and are formed as a result of the development of a certain root in various ways in the language system. In the study, the root words as (meal), köz (eye) and kör- (to see) and the words derived from them have been analyzed structurally. In the Kazakh language, examples of such words are the verbs 'kör-egen-dik' etc. 'Astık, közde, köregen' and similar words in Kazakh Turkish are some of the words derived from these roots. Many of the lexemes of this class are capable of forming verbs, nouns, etc. by adding various affixes. Thus, emphasising common Turkic roots for the Kazakh language or other grounds, we can determine the derived words of the same root. In this study, the common and different meanings of the above-mentioned words in Turkic languages were determined, and the words derived from these roots and their usage areas in Turkic languages are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnobotanical data on the apple tree (Malus Mill., family Rosaceae Juss. subfamily Amygdaloideae Arn., tribe Maleae Small, subtribe Malinae Rev.) are investigated. Scientific papers published in different countries of the world, works of ancient and modern authors, as well as folklore sources devoted to the «apple» and «apple tree» phytonyms are discussed. The publications relating to their cognitive classification, names and comprehension of the common folk and metaphorical interpretation of denominations and a wide variety of connotative meanings in Ukrainian and other culturally relevant traditions, also mystical rites and ceremonies are studied. The views on the use of apple as a food, ornamental and medicinal plant are presented. The virtual scheme of the pomebearing plant genome (Malinae) formation proposed by a number of biologists from several universities of the USA, Canada and Sweden based on the results of molecular genetic analyses of the 88 genera of Rosaceae family is considered. The scheme of the identification of the relationships in the Malinae included molecular analysis of six nuclear (18S, gbssi1, gbssi2, ITS, pgip and ppo) and four chloroplast (matK, ndhF, rbcL and trnL-trnF) DNA sequences. In particular, the hypothesized origin of the Malinae genome from a genus Gillenia Moench (subfamily Amygdaloideae) is reasoned by the autopolyploidization of some Gillenia ancestor and subsequent nullisomy (x = 9 → x = 18 → 2n = = 36 – 2 → x = 17). The necessity to use as a scientific name concerning apple cultivars cultivated in orchards nomen Malus pumila Mill. instead of formerly commonly used name Malus domestica Borkh is substantiated. While flowering crabapple cultivars are suggested be included in the collective species Malus × gloriosa Lemoine. The phenomenon of diversity of common names for apple in regional dialects of the Ukrainian and other languages as well as the phenomenon of various uses of the lexeme «apple» in the world art (poetry and prose, music and songs, myths and legends) are considered. The Malus spp. collection of the National Dendrological Park «Sofiyivka» of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are characterize and the prospects of theirs use in the park landscaping are discussed.

The purpose of the article is to analyze structural and semantic features of ancient dromonyms and remigationyms of the historical Uman area during their existence, at the beginning of the first fixations in the written texts of 18th–19th centuries to the present day. In the past, the settlements of studied area were connected to each other by the different ways, more or less convenient. All of them at that time were unpaved. By type of traffic, they were divided into postal, trade or caravan, military and grade roads and small paths between villages. The lexemes road and track were used for their names in contrast to the 17th century, when the appellatives way and «hostynets» exist. Most of the names have oikonym origin. The peculiarity of dromonyms of this period was the use of descriptive structures, which took into account such characteristics as size, shape, quality, functionality, location relative to other geographical features. Such onyms consist of a noun in the nominative case and a prepositional structure, which explains the noun by a definition. These structures express the direction and can be the answers to the questions: “Where?”, “Where… from?”. The names-landmarks appear for need to specific location of the new topoobjects relatively to well-known ones. They are formed by a combination of prepositions with nouns in indirect cases. In the microtoponymy system the type of the names “preposition + noun” is quite common. The prepositional structures are typical for microtoponymy of the different regions of Ukraine. But a significant percentage of their usage is in the modern period, as they are active in the oral speech. These names are inefficient for the historical Uman district. In the antiquity the natural connectional routes ran across not only the land, but also the water. Such lexemes as dam and ford are associated with foot or wheel overcoming the shallow water bodies. The names of dams were obtained mainly by their location. The ford was used like the dam. But only one famous of Sinyukhyn Brid was recorded since the 18th century. The analysis of the represented names showed that the investigated dromonyms are predominantly descriptive names that contain prepositional structures. The most characteristic models with the prepositions «with» and «in», that determined the location of new topoobjects relatively to more well-known and significant ones. And the hydrodromonym and the most part of remigationyms are the attributive word combinations organized according to the «adjective + noun» model. The most of onyms disappeared, and some names were renamed during the 20th century.

Concept is one of the basic terms in modern language studies. It is one of the key elements of language related not only to linguistic categories, but also to human consciousness. Concept can be defined as a dynamic mental structure mediating between man and the world, combining conceptual, value and cultural information realized in the verbal units of a certain language. Being complex mental units, concepts provide a basis for the mutual understanding between people of different linguacultures. However, the question of description of the concept and its status in modern science is complex and still not resolved. The author considers that concepts are usually verbalized in language. Any concept can be verbalized by lexeme, word combination, sentence and phraseological unit, proverb, discourse. Concept is ambiguous and multidimentional unit and it seems perspective to use the complex method of its research that include not only the analysis of its key words and paradigmatic and syntagmatic links of its nominees, but also the study of various types of discourses. The given article is devoted to the problem of actualization of the linguacultural concept “House / Home” in the works of the contemporary Russian writer L. Ulitskaya, whose works are created in the framework of “new women’s prose” – prose written by a woman and related to women. Analysing of the verbalization of the concept “House / Home” in the discourse of L. Ulitskaya, the author comes to the following conclusions. In the textual space of L. Ulitskaya, when the studying concept is being represented, the lexeme дом is usually used to designate a family. The explication of the concept “House / Home” is characterized by attributive phrases of positive emotions. Analysis of the syntagmatic relations of the word дом in the texts of L. Ulitskaya made it possible to reveal such cognitive features of the concept “House / Home” as «size of construction», «appearance», «time of construction», «belonging to the house», «relationships between family members». And lexical representatives of the studied concept permitted to make the conclusion about the expansion of the scope of the concept “House / Home”. In L. Ulitskaya’s texts the concept “House / Home” gets an expansive meaning due to additional cognitive features and figurative components. As a consequence, the peripheral interpretation zone of the studied concept is increasing.

The polysemy of an adjective as a semantic and grammatical phenomenon is studied. The semantic structure of a polysemantic adjective and the character of motivational relations between its lexico-semantic variants are analyzed. The connection between the method of semantic derivation, the semantic type of lexical meaning generated by it and the lexeme belonging to a particular lexico-grammatical category is investigated. The representation of adjectival polysemy in a dictionary entry is described. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the author sets the task of inventory and systematization of ways of semantic derivation of an adjective, among which metaphorical transfer, metonymic transfer, specialization of relations are distinguished. It is proved that in the semantic structure of polysemantic adjective two types of motivational relations between meanings are possible: direct motivation and parallel (mediated) motivation. The types of relations between initial and secondary meanings according to their discharge affiliation are revealed: relative - relative; qualitative - qualitative; relative - qualitative; qualitative - relative. Adjectival semantic neologisms are described. It is noted that most of them are not fixed in explanatory dictionaries, only in the dictionaries of the 21st century it is possible to identify some adjectives formed by specialization, which is an active way of secondary qualitativeness derivation.

The article is devoted to the research of the Bashkir cultural linguistics, which as the new direction of cognitive linguistics is considered synthesis of formation of national language and culture. The language picture of the world in linguistics considers them as spiritual and moral values of the separate nation. In the linguistics of XX century the language not only unit of communication, but also a key of knowledge of culture of each nation, the instrument of creation of culture, an element of preservation and transfer from generation to generation. The language develops along with culture, having reflected cultural values of the nation. Such idea is put in cultural linguistics from the moment of its formation. The cultural science, in particular, studies knowledge in the field of sciences relating the nature, society, history, art, etc.; knowledge of language is reflection of language in various models of outlook, consciousness of certain nation. Thus, the objective of research is the linguocultural analysis of concepts “Father” («Ата») and “Son” (“Ул”) in modern Bashkir linguistics on material of the literary work “Salavat” of Mustay Karim. On the basis of the analysis it is possible to define the language national picture of the world of the Bashkir nation. The concept as common cultural component helps to reveal culturological language means and lexemes of the Bashkir cultural linguistics. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that in the Bashkir linguistics the picture of conceptual values is still not created defining sphere of concepts of Bashkir language. In this direction cultural linguistics and cognitive lexicon in the course of formation and development.

The words рубеж, порубежный in G.K. Kotoshikhin “About Russia in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich” were considered in several lexicalsemantic variants (LSV). The revealed means of nomination and predication show the knowledge of the author of certain territories and act as an integral part of the Russian state. It was also established that the content of the studied units is based on a positive-assessment characteristic. These words are characteristic of business presentation materials.

Since culinary art is part of the traditional cuisine most prone to changes and influences from other cultures, the paper will use the examples of Serbian, Slovak and Romanian cuisine to present one such encounter in multicultural Vojvodina. The authors' intention is to analyze culinary lexemes and demonstrate interlinguistic (and intercultural) contacts among these ethnic groups, as well as the influences of other cultures that, historically speaking, could directly or indirectly change these autochthonous culinary terminological systems in Vojvodina. In addition, tracing the current scientific interest in cultural heritage, the paper represents the beginning of a wider thematic intercultural researsch. Specifically in this case it is one of the elements in the process of compiling a register of Pannonian culinary art. In the wider sense it is a contribution to making an ethnolinguistic dictionary of central European cuisine and, in that sense, a contribution to the protection of tangible and intangible cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Linguistica Uralica is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Slowianskiej is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The language picture of the world, as a result of the constantly evolving linguistic spiritual activity of man, is fixed in the language, its semantics, and also in the language system results and features of man’s cognition of the surrounding world and of himself as a whole are imprinted. The picture of the world can not be performed in a language that is unfamiliar to man, just as it can not include phenomena unknown and not realized by man. Therefore, at present, linguistic studies related to the study of concepts and conceptual fields in diachronic and synchronic aspects are so relevant. These studies are based on data from various dictionaries, such as historical, explanatory, phraseological, dialectal, etymological, word-building, etc. In this article, we consider the fixation of the lexeme ‘to sulk’ in the etymological, historical, dialectal, explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and dictionaries of synonyms. Language analysis of the lexeme allows us to establish the peculiarities of the lexical and semantic scope of this definition in different historical epochs, as well as to trace the diachronic and synchronic development of the language as a whole. A detailed examination of the lexico-semantic volume of the verb in question makes it possible to more accurately determine its meaning in the context of literary monuments. On the basis of the data obtained as a result of the analysis of a sufficient number of linguistic material, it is possible to draw certain conclusions: 1) the verb under study is of ancient Pro-Slavic origin, 2) with the development of the language, the semantic volume of the lexeme is gradually expanding, 3) the largest number of meanings is recorded in the dictionary of the modern Russian literary language

The research provides a detailed and thorough statistical analysis of the Dzhangar text, the cycle of songs by Eelyan Ovla. As a result of statistical processing, the frequency of use of lexical units was presented in the table, which consists of 4 columns: I - rank, II - word, III - absolute frequency, IV - relative frequency. There are frequent lexems of the biggest Ch.1 - “Khongrin ger avlghna byelg” in the table 1. It contains 96 lexems, among which the lexeme gikh is the most frequent (170 lexems), and the least frequent is the numeral zurgan (11 lexems). The table 2 presents the most frequent lexemes from all the Chapters. Since the Ch.10 is not so big, it presents only 4 lexemes. The most common among frequent lexemes of the first rank is the verb gikh, which is peculiar to all Mongolian languages and is usually found in the texts with participle and gerund forms such as: gisn, gidg, gizh’, gikhlya and are predominant in five Chapters, though it takes the second or the third place in the other Chapters. The bar charts clearly demonstrate the occurrence and distribution of color and number symbolism in all Chapters of the epic as well as the total number of more common word forms. According to the second bar chart, the most commonly used numeral is khoir - “two” - 228 (word usage), as it is used in the text not only as numeral but as a conjunction “and”; then follows minghn “thousand” - 166 (words usage). According to statistical data of the given cycle, the most common lexemes, denoting color are khar “black”, tsagan “white”, shar “yellow”, ulan “red”, kyek “blue”. Apart from the five main colors one can find bor (2) i.e., “grey”, e.g.: “Bor uul, Borzatyn bor tolgha.” Having analyzed all the obtained statistical data, the researchers conclude that the most common lexemes are: among verbs - gikh, byayakh, gikh; among numerals - khoir, minghn; among colors - khar, tsagan; and most common negative particle is uga. Quantitaive data, based on the epic cycle of songs by Eelyan Ovla, help to clarify the principles of the incorporation of the units into the dictionary. Due to the illustration of the quantitaive characteristics of a word in the defining dictionary one can see the frequency of a particular element in the text of the epic Dzhangar.

The article is devoted to revealing the dynamics of the meaning of the lexeme delo for the last 30 years. To achieve this goal, the author carries out a complex analysis of the lexeme on the material of the Russian dictionaries: definition analysis, component analysis, analysis of the Russian Associative Dictionary (RAD) and their comparison with the data of the associative experiment. It has been established that the conceptual content of the lexeme is business-proof, since the reactions of the RAD respondents and the values of the lexical unit in modern semes, that are part of the core semantic structure of the word delo modeled on the basis of a definitional analysis, coincide in the reactions of the respondents obtained in the course of the associative experiment. The idea of Yu.N. Karaulov that the importance of lexemes remains unchanged among respondents for 2-3 generations has been proved. Changes in the lexical meaning of the word delo, revealed when comparing the dictionary data and the results of the experiment, are viewed as the relevance of the periphery of the sememes and the values of the lexeme associated with them. The conducted research confirmed the expediency of using the experimental method in studying language processes in their connection with the thinking of native speakers.

The article presents the results of the comparative study of the color-denoting lexic in two chapters of the Xinjiang-Oirat and Kalmyk versions of epos «Dzhangar». As a result of the analysis it was stated that the most commonly used were lexeme ulan (red) and khar (black), than followed words with semantics color white, yellow, blue, light blue, green and grey.

The Kalmyk Scientifi c Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences conducts work aimed at compiling a Defi nition Dictionary of the Kalmyk Heroic Epic of Jangar which presents a lot of difficulties and problems. One of the diffi culties is to find meanings of the words that have not been automatically analyzed by the TextAnalyzer — the morphological analyzer created within the project on the development of the Kalmyk National Corpus — and the semantics of which is unclear since the words have gone out of use and are nowadays part of the passive vocabulary. The paper examines some of the words (khavshu ‘ravine, narrow gorge’, khavtssn, khavtsn ‘saddletree’, khozu ‘itch’, khӧvlkh ‘resurge; turn into, change, vary’, khüüvlγ ‘jar’) that have not been analyzed automatically for a number of reasons. Another goal of the research study is to reveal the reasons of the failure of the analysis in case of certain lexical items. The article attempted to describe the reasoning algorithm based on the analysis of the formal structure of the word, its position within a sentence, the context and its lexical category, with evidence from corresponding lexicographic sources which allowed to make conclusions regarding the semantics of the lexical unit.

Debate on stress in prefixed words should take into account not only the stress of the basic form of the prefixed lexeme but also the stress in other forms. In this paper, stress in adjectives and verbs is divided into two groups: lexical (comprising the two lexemes: the base word and the prefixed one) and morphological (stress in other forms). Starting with lexical stress, examples are classified into two large groups: the first group includes examples of lexical stress on the stem of the prefixed word, while the second one includes lexical stress on the prefix. Depending on the type of changes in stress, adjectives are further classified into three subgroups: the first subgroup includes examples where no changes in stress occur in either the base or prefixed lexeme, the second includes the ones where change in stress occurs only in the base word, whereas the third subgroup comprises examples where changes in stress occur in both the base and prefixed lexeme. In verbs, only one type of change in stress is found: a change related to both the base and prefixed lexeme. The author analyzes the correlation between lexical and morphological stress in a prefixed word, pointing out that the shift of stress to the prefix is reversible: proclitic (moving from the stem with a falling stress) and prefixal in a narrower sense (moving from the stem with a rising stress).