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The article discusses an important part of the professional culture of a journalist – legal culture, which is based on knowledge of legal norms and journalists’ attitude to the law, manifested in their lawful behavior and, in general, in the activities of modern Russian mass media. As part of the research project of the Department of Theory of Journalism and Mass Communications at St. Petersburg State University, Professional Ideology of Journalism, a pilot study of the normative-legal discourse of journalists’ professional culture was conducted. The empirical basis for the study was expert interviews with representatives of print media who have extensive experience in journalism, including the position of editor-in-chief. The purpose of the research is to reveal how sectoral legislation determines the content of journalists’ activities; how journalists feel about the Russian On the Mass Media law and the normative regulation of media activities in general; and, ultimately, how journalistic activities embody the three structural components of a journalist’s legal culture: 1) cognitive; 2) motivational-reflexive and 3) activity-practical. The results of the processing of expert interviews show that, in general, journalists have a respectful attitude toward industry-specific legislation and consider the current law On Mass Media to be a basic document regulating freedom of expression and many other issues of media activity. Although the freedom of speech, which was enshrined in the Russian law on mass media and later in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, has not become a tradition, a norm of life, creativity and professional culture of journalists.

The article aims to examine the peculiarities of the formation of legal culture in the virtual space from the standpoint of creating a safe and productive environment for internet communication. The relevance of the research is determined by the special attention given to the behavior of participants in onine interactions, the impact of cross-cultural aspects, technological innovations and the social consequences of technology on their activities. In the course of the study, the dialectical method of cognition was used. Cultural and legal characteristics are considered from the point of view of legal traditions, social innovations, freedom from legal restrictions, and the development of technologies that dictate certain behaviors. As a result, specific characteristics of legal culture manifested in the virtual space have been identified, reflecting its stable and dynamic features. It is emphasized that in the virtual space, there is so called struggle for legal culture, as various samples are adapted to the new socio-technological environment. The conclusion is drawn that legal culture and its individual manifestations become suplementary, sometimes substituting means of regulating internet relations in the absence of clear regulatory legal prescriptions. In this regard, the importance of legal culture increases, contributing to the search for approaches to legal regulation in the conditions of technology socialization.

The artile examines the phenomenon of digital citizenship in legal science. Interest in digital citizenship is driven by the rapid development of digital society and technology, radical transformations of individuals’s identity and legal culture in this era, ambiguity between universal and national understanding of digitalization, interdisciplinary disagreement in scientific views on this phenomenon, and its varying sectoral legal interpretations. The purpose of the study is to identify the legal issues of digital citizenship as a direct subject of study for legal science. Methods applied include formal-legal, socio-legal, concrete sociological, comparative legal, statistical, modeling, forecasting, and cultural studies. Three of the most relevant legal issues of digital citizenship are examined as a legal construct, a comprehensive legal institution, and a distinct phenomenon of modern legal culture. The legal construct of digital citizenship allows for the generalization of typical elements of diverse phenomena and situations united by the attribute “digital” in a citizen’s life. Elements of the digital citizenship construct are proposed as follows: digital education, digital literacy competence, digital identity, digital thinking and digital behavior. A comprehensive legal institution of digital citizenship will ensure the unity of scientific, legislative and applied approaches in precise and effective legal regulation of all areas of public life where digital technologies are integrated. The comprehensive legal institution of digital citizenship may include institutions of e-democracy and e-voting, e-business, e-government, e-justice, and others. Digital citizenship as a phenomenon of legal culture can be measured using quantitative and qualitative methods, reflecting the level of a citizen’s digital maturity through established legal knowledge, skills, values, reflection, and practical experience in the digital environment.

The relevance of the research is due to the need to implement effective and highquality lawmaking activities in the conditions of modern social and state-legal development, which is largely related to the extent to which public authorities are able to respond to legally significant social needs, claims of people and their communities. It is justified that the expected contact between authorities and society can be achieved through cooperation and solidarity of creative efforts. The scientific significance of the article consists in addressing interdisciplinary and insufficiently studied categories: «legal cocreation » of authorities and society and «culture of lawmaking process» in the contemporary state. The authors emphasize that modern lawmaking process needs to be optimized (improved) through the processes of constructive dialogue and cocreation of authorities and society in the lawmaking sphere, which are an indicator of the culture of lawmaking carried out in the state, an expression of the level of culture of lawmaking activities. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the natural connection of legal co-creation of society and the state with the culture of lawmaking process in the modern state, considering legal co-creation as a manifestation of the culture of modern lawmaking process. The authors use: the dialectical method in establishing the connection between the above-mentioned phenomena; the sociological (socio-legal) approach, which allows to determine the social nature of legal cocreation and the culture of modern lawmaking; the culturological approach that made it possible to consider legal co-creation in the system of social, legal and lawmaking culture. General logical scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, scientific generalization, specific scientific legal and technical method, etc. are also used. Results: the article establishes the importance of the development of algorithms and mechanisms of legal co-creation of authorities and society in the modern lawmaking process and the need to improve socio-legal technologies that contribute to this, which is a direct and characteristic manifestation of the culture of modern lawmaking process that is the basis of socio-leg al changes in the country.

In this article, certain factors that influenced legal continuity during the Age of Enlightenment are discussed. The major processes of the period are analyzed, and the importance of legal traditions as the foundation of legal continuity is highlighted. A brief overview of the key approaches to understanding legal traditions is given. Particular attention is paid to the regional divergences of the Age of Enlightenment, with a focus on its specifics in England and later Great Britain, the German and Italian states, France, Russia, and the USA. It was revealed that all factors can be divided into two groups. The first group includes general conditions, circumstances, and prerequisites, which can be further classified into natural and social ones. Natural factors are largely unaffected by the landscape of the period, while social factors are closely tied to society. The factors pertaining to the Age of Enlightenment are part of the latter group. They are of two types. The first type is not actually related to the legal reality of the period. The second type reflects the Enlightenment political and legal doctrines. Conclusions are drawn about the direct and indirect impacts of these factors on the historical processes. It is also demonstrated that the factors of legal continuity formed a unique combination in each studied society, with their influence apparent even after the Age of Enlightenment.

The purpose of the work was to analyze the modern process of law-making in Russia on the example of the federal executive authority, taking into account ethical aspects. To achieve this goal, general philosophical methods and the formal legal method were used. The paper presented current theoretical views on law-making, as well as described the procedure of law-making in the federal executive authority. Ethical contradictions and problems existing in this procedure were considered. The general trends in the development of the law-making process in Russia were also indicated and conclusions were drawn about the need to take into account ethical approaches when improving the law-making procedure.

The publication is a continuation of the author’s studies on the history of judicial law of revolutionary France, with the author seeking to shed light on the sometimes underestimated first French criminal codification, adopted by the National Assembly in 1791. The researcher’s interests focus on the regulations determining the system of penalties adopted in the codification. Although the author’s dominant research method is exegesis of the normative text in the formal-dogmatic convention, the instruments of comparative legal studies have been used as well. Confronting the provisions of the code with the doctrinal assumptions and demands of the Enlightenment, the author seeks to show the complexity of multifaceted issues and specificity of the realities of revolutionary legislators, which necessitated compromises that are controversial for some researchers. Regardless of the critical remarks that have often been made about the French legislators, it is impossible to underestimate the crucial importance of the Code for the development of a European legal culture, which the author has tried to demonstrate by emphasising the pioneering nature of the law from the point of view of the development of new legal institutions.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the history and current state of the study of legal culture by theoretical and legal science, the definition of the main trends in modern theoretical knowledge of this subject, the rationale for the need for an integrated approach to understanding legal culture and the identification of the most promising areas for future research. It has been revealed that the common content of all definitions of legal culture are such characteristics as observance of the rules of conduct, the presence of moral convictions, possession of legal knowledge and the ability to apply it, responsibility of a person for his own behavior, awareness of legal values, meanings and attitudes. It is noted that common in the content of all definitions of the category «legal culture» are such characteristics as possession of legal knowledge and the ability to apply it, awareness of legal values, meanings and attitudes, the presence of moral convictions and responsibility of the individual for their own behavior, compliance with the rules of conduct. The analysis of elements of legal culture is carried out. Emphasis is placed on the issue of respect for law (law) as recognition of its social value. The maturity of legal culture is an important factor in establishing the principle of the rule of law in all spheres of public life, the implementation of the legal status of the individual, his rights and freedoms.

Copyright of Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law is the property of Uzhhorod National University, State Higher Educational Establishment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the paper the analysis of the conditions for the formation of legal culture and legal awareness of the modern young generation is carried out. The features of the implementation of legal education programs in Russia are shown. The causes of nihilism in Russian society are revealed. The analysis of government programs is given. A variant of the development of national programs to improve the legal culture of the modern young generation is proposed. The relevance of the issue of national legal consciousness, the definition of socio-legal values in society is substantiated. The inextricable connection with the legal education of the individual and at the same time – the legal formation of the citizen, which is directly law enforcement activity, is shown. Legal education is understood as the joint activity of the state and society to transfer accumulated legal knowledge, liberal democratic ideals, and national legal culture from one generation to another. The process of education of national legal consciousness is shown as a multifaceted phenomenon that determines the peculiarities of the development of legal culture in society. Legal education is considered with such ethical standards of behavior as attention to people, willingness to cooperate and friendship, assistance to those in need, respect for others, the role of legal propaganda through advertising, social videos, and mass media is also given great importance. As the reasons preventing citizens from defending their rights and freedoms, both the low level of legal culture of society and distrust of power structures were singled out. At the same time, special emphasis was placed on the lack of knowledge among citizens about the existing human rights mechanisms, and as a result – the inability to defend their rights legally. The definition of the process of education of national legal consciousness is given – as a multifaceted phenomenon that determines the peculiarities of the development of legal culture in society. Special attention is paid to the process of globalization and digitalization, which have covered all aspects of society, and have a direct impact on the worldview of society.

The article deals with topical issues of the state and formation of legal consciousness of the Russian student youth. The problems of research and formation of the legal consciousness of students is one of the acute and key problems of modern Russian society. The study of legal consciousness, its genesis and development, dramatic transformations is one of the most relevant areas in the modern Russian sociology of law. The task is to study the peculiarities of legal socialization of various socio-demographic groups in Russian society. The most important social group is the youth, since the success of the approval of the updated legal system of Russian society, the formation of a truly legal state in the conditions of the formation of a new institutional system of the state depends on the legal consciousness of the youth. The consolidation of institutional transformations requires a radical transformation of the legal consciousness of all members of society, the approval of the corresponding legal consciousness of the majority of Russian citizens, new legal values, legal values and attitudes, stable orientations to compliance with the law and lawful behavior. The methodological basis of our research is the theories of Soviet and Russian jurists. To study the state of legal awareness of students, we conducted a mass sociological survey in October 2022. The object of the study is students of the city of Yekaterinburg aged from 18 to 25 years. The sample is proportional by gender and age. The article analyzes theoretical studies of the legal consciousness of Russian sociologists and philosophers, presents the results of the author's sociological study of the state and content of the legal consciousness of students based on higher educational institutions of the city of Yekaterinburg. The need to overcome legal nihilism and increase legal literacy of young people is noted. This is especially important during the transformation of Russian society, which is characterized not only by positive processes, transformations of all spheres of socio-economic and political structure, but also by the spread of such phenomena as legal cynicism, nihilism and anomie, changes in value orientations and socio-psychological attitudes of young people, including students. Conclusions are formulated and ways and opportunities of improving the legal culture of students are identified.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the existing preventive measures and measures of probation for juvenile offenders, identification of new relevant means to prevent the recidivism by minors. Technique. The technique includes comprehensive analysis, generalization of available scientific and theoretical material, formulation of relevant decisions and recommendations. The following cognitive methods were used: terminological, logical-semantic, functional, systematic-structural, logical-normative. Results. In the process of research it was determined that at today’s stage of development of our state the prevention of juvenile delinquency and prevention of recidivism of offences committed by them occupies one of the priority places. Gaining independence of the state, formation of a new economic and politico-legal system sets new tasks before the Ukrainian people. Solving of these problems directly depends on the degree of development of public legal awareness and legal culture of the society, as they are interdependent with the process of state formation in the state. It is impossible to build democratic, social, legal state without fundamental understanding of law, legal awareness and legal culture. Scientific novelty. In the process of investigation it is established that it is worse adding a program that will contribute to the education of public legal awareness and legal culture to the existing probationary programs applicable to juvenile offenders. Practical significance. The results of the research paper can be used in law-making and law-enforcement activities during probation by minors.

Purpose. The purpose of our research is to determine the content of the concepts of legal tradition and legal culture, as well as to establish their role in the process of national-patriotic education of young people. Method. The methodological basis of scientific research was a system of general scientific, special scientific and philosophical methods, as well as principles and methods of scientific knowledge. Results. It was established that «legal tradition» and «legal culture» are concepts of different content levels. «Legal tradition» is a more general and systemic concept, because it allows us to understand the way and reasons for the formation of the legal system, its evolution in historical being, the peculiarities of the implementation of legal norms, etc. Instead, «legal culture» reflects the level of development of the legal system at a specific stage of its development. It can be argued that «legal culture» forms «legal tradition». From the level of development of «legal tradition» and «legal culture» we can talk about the level of legal awareness of the country's population, about its legal activity and even legal memory. It is important that in today's conditions, when the influence of the information space is growing, globalization challenges are intensifying, various forms of hybrid conflicts are being implemented, national-patriotic education should be carried out exclusively at the level of transformation of legal culture and legal tradition. Scientific novelty. The thesis that the concepts of «legal tradition» and «legal culture» are important categories of legal understanding and express the way of formation of the legal system of a specific state is substantiated. At the same time, we consider the concept of «legal tradition» to be broader and such that it not only reveals historical experience in the process of formation and use of law by individual peoples, but also indicates the vector of development of society, reflects the level of its perception of law. Regarding the concept of «legal culture», it is narrower and primarily reflects legal perception in specific time frames. Both of these concepts are important in the context of implementing national-patriotic education. Practical significance. The achieved results can be used in the process of further theoretical and legal research, preparation of individual special courses.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze, study and determine the role of sports and educational organizations and movements of Galychyna in the establishment and further formation of national legal consciousness, as well as the legal culture of the local population. Method. The methodological basis of scientific research was a system of general scientific, special scientific and philosophical methods. Analytical method in combination with the comparative approach was among the main ones, which made it possible to reveal the peculiarities of the influence of sports and educational organizations on the legal awareness and legal culture of the local population during the considered historical period. Results. It was established that a number of political mottos were claimed in the programs and statutes of sports and educational organizations. Thus, the program of «Sokil» organization stated the achievement of the peoples’ «freedom». The struggle for the declaration of an independent state was a key ideology postulated by «Plast». The members of «Sich» popularized the democratic values and wish for freedom dated back to the times of the Cossacks. The influence of the mentioned organizations on the legal awareness and legal culture of the local population of Galychyna was realized through the popularization of historical and legal traditions, in particular the ideas of freedom-loving times of Zaporizhzhya Sich, preservation and propagation of national symbols – coat of arms and flag, emphasizing of the moral and ethical and Christian values. This principle was implemented by «Sokil» and «Plast», approval of statutory ideas and involvement of participants in the liberation struggles and development of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, and in the interwar years – political activity under the frame of legal political parties; spreading the ideas of a healthy lifestyle, physical and military training of young generation. Scientific novelty. A hypothesis about the direct influence of the activity of sports and educational organizations and movements on the formation of national legal awareness and legal culture of the local population, both on purpose (membership and activity within the framework of movements and organizations) and indirectly (educational and legal educational work) is well substantiated. Practical significance. The achieved results can be used in the process of further historical and legal research, preparation of dedicated special courses, as well as in the study of the history of the state and law of Ukraine, the history of education about the state and law.

The subject of the article is the political values of the youth of Russia and Europe.The purpose of our study is to identify the political values of the Youth of Russia and Europe and conduct a comparative analysis based on the methodology of comparative analysis. Four hypotheses are tested that suggest the values of young people, regardless of the region or country of residence, are common, despite the differences in forms of government, political culture, living standards and traditions of the respondents.The main research tasks were: 1. Identification of common value orientations of modern youth studying at universities. 2. Determination of the type of cultural mentality (according to the methodology of Russian American sociologist Pitirim Sorokin) of the youth of Russia and European countries included in the sample. 3. Determining the place of politics and the opportunity to participate in policymaking in the system of values of today's youth. 4. Identification of attitudes (loyalty / acceptance / non-acceptance) to modern democratic values, as well as identification of the preferred form of political governance among young people. 5. Determination of the desired type of taxation. 6. Establishing the relationship between political values and quality of life. 7. Determining the understanding of the components of happiness (wellbeing) and the meaning of life of modern youth. 8. Diagnosis of the degree of involvement in politics/apathy of today's youth.The main results, scope of application. Study made it possible to introduce into contemporary science a new term "integral model of values" – an interconnected set of several life values of a person, each of which describes individual components of values, to form a complete and comprehensive idea of the value system of certain social groups. Empirical study made it possible to identify the basic components of the integral model of values of modern youth in Russia and Europe in a comparative aspect. Under the integral model of values, authors mean an interconnected set of several private value models of a person (mentality, basic human and social values, life satisfaction and a subjective feeling of happiness, political views and actions, cultural values, etc.), each of which describes individual components of values, and all together they form a complete and comprehensive idea of the value system of certain social groups. In the structure of the integral model of youth values, authors included: mentality, political values, political mobility and a system of universal values. In accordance with this structure, we present the results of our study.Conclusions. Authors not only managed to identify the already established values and, on the basis of them, draw up an integration model of the values of the youth of Russia and Europe through their comparison, but also to determine the needs of today's youth for certain values.

Background. Legal education of young people is an important direction in the implementation of the education policy in the country. It acts as an important tool that allows solving a wide range of strategic tasks to improve legal culture and legal awareness. In order for this tool to be effective, it is useful to have a conceptual understanding of legal educational activities, the tools and the subject composition, and the ways in which this activity is carried out. This topic was chosen by students of the Law Institute for the preparation of scientific projects. The purpose of the study is to form the concept of legal educational activities of young people in the scientific projects of students of the Law Institute of Penza State University. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved by formal legal, comparative legal, systemic approaches to the study. Results.The authors present original scientific projects of students aimed at legal education of young people. Conclusions. The results of the study indicate the need to involve students in research work, through the development of projects. This allows you to apply your legal knowledge and skills in the implementation of legal educational activities for young people.

The subject of the study of the article is the legal foundations of the institution of legal responsibility and the features of its interaction with legal consciousness and legal culture. The goal is to substantiate the need for effective legal regulation of legal liability, taking into account the existing forms of interaction with legal consciousness. The work carried out a comprehensive general theoretical analysis of the institution of legal responsibility and its role in the process of formation and development of the legal consciousness of citizens. The team of authors in the process of studying the place and role of legal liability in the legal system came to the conclusion that there is a relationship between the category under consideration and legal consciousness in the process of implementing legal acts that provide for measures of legal liability. The problem of a low level of legal culture can manifest itself not only in legislative and law enforcement activities. Shortcomings in the implementation of the official interpretation of legal norms and execution of the relevant act in some cases can also cause unlawful consequences, among which are: unlawful prosecution, exemption from liability in violation of established procedures, etc. In the course of the study, a whole set of methods of scientific knowledge was used, among which one can single out: the formal-legal method, the method of comparative legal analysis, systemic, dialectical and others. As a result of the research, it was found that there is a direct connection between the signs of positive responsibility and legal consciousness. In the absence of a high level of legal awareness, which would include both intellectual (views, ideas) and psychological (emotions, feelings) aspects, the implementation of the positive aspect of legal responsibility becomes impossible. It has been proven that positive responsibility, together with legal consciousness, contains volitional and intellectual aspects. The team of authors put forward an opinion according to which the positive responsibility of the individual can be represented as a mental attitude in the form of a sense of duty and the need to fulfill the existing duties to the required extent. Such a sense of duty will be available to the subject only in the absence of a struggle of motives, which is excluded in the developed general legal culture of the individual and society as a whole. Assimilation of the requirements of the law is a prerequisite for the presence of responsible behavior and legal awareness. Based on the results of the study of legal responsibility and legal culture, a conclusion is made about the close interaction of these categories and the need for the legislator to take into account such a connection when exercising his law-making powers. A brief description of positive legal liability with the establishment of its characteristic features is also given. Thanks to the study of the relationship between legal responsibility and legal consciousness, it was revealed that the level of culture will grow if the ideas of social justice, democracy and the rule of law are reflected in law.

The concept of digital culture refers to a transdisciplinary field of research located at the intersection of the complex of social sciences and the humanities (culturology, philosophy, history, jurisprudence, economics, etc.). This article examines the essence and content of the digital culture of an organization as a holistic phenomenon through the prism of a transdisciplinary connection between the economic and legal aspeof the problem. The essence and interrelation of the terms “information culture”, “digital culture”, “legal culture” are analyzed. A methodology for assessing the level of digital culture of an organization’s ecosystem is proposed.

The author analyses the issue and the structure of civil competence in students; there is a comparison provided in relation to the concepts of “civil competence”, “civil and legal culture”, “civicism”, and “civil training”. The author has developed a model for the structure of civil competence in students.

The article reveals that the legal culture is one of the most important forms of social culture, repulsing the specific level of legal consciousness, legality, development of legislation, law practice and exciting all the values which created by people in the area of law.

Introduction. The specifi cs of modern professional legal education are inherently linked with the need to form the legal culture of a lawyer, which is an important constitutional value. The fundamental paramount role of legal education as a constitutional value is traced not only in the course of formation of sense of justice and the legal culture of future lawyers, but also indirectly, through realization of a professional component: law-making, law-enforcement, law-enforcement activity. In this regard, the formation of the professional legal culture of students in legal education is one of the most important aspects of their studies, and is a prerequisite for the eff ective implementation of national law in their subsequent professional activities. Theoretical analysis.The authors made an attempt to comprehensively study the factors that infl uence the process of forming the professional competencies of future lawyers, in particular their moral orientation, necessary to serve “law.”Empirical analysis. We analyzed the professional competencies that determine the demand for graduates of legal universities on the labor market and are regulated by the Federal Law "On education in the Russian Federation", as well as requirements for lawyers specifi ed by employers. Results. The authors conclude that a carefully organized legal education system can be eff ective only when the legal culture of a lawyer is brought up and formed while training students, with a responsible attitude to the duty to serve the law and the interests of society.

The constructs legal culture, judicial culture and court culture have been used frequently in the literature but there is a lack of clarity between them. This study aims to identify the difference between them. The existing literature and dictionary definitions have been used to conceptually understand the differences between them. Characteristics of them are identified using the existing literature. The meaning of legal, judicial and court have been explored from the various popular dictionaries. Based on the comparative analysis of their characteristics and meanings, a conceptual model is developed. The conceptual model depicts legal culture as a macro construct, judicial culture as a meso, and court culture as a micro-level construct. This study is an initial attempt to make a distinction between these three constructs. The findings of this study will help the legal researchers to develop a clarity between legal culture, judicial culture, and court culture. This clarity will help in avoiding using these constructs interchangeably.

The article deals with a complex of issues related to trust in the legal system. The problem of understanding trust from the perspective of various types of understanding of law is revealed. The analysis of trust as a factor of legitimation of law is carried out. The author comes to the conclusion that trust in law allows us to reveal the issues of the effectiveness of the law. Trust in the modern digital state is connected with the principle of deliberation in the process of making public legal decisions.

This article discusses the mechanisms of anti-corruption education and their implementation as a way of improving the legal culture and legal awareness of various categories of the population, the impact of the measures of anti-corruption education, training and the promotion of the formation of anticorruption outlook. An attempt to analyze the total federal and regional anti-corruption education for youth programs. Allocated directions of formation of anticorruption outlook of students. It was determined that the awareness-raising work on formation of anticorruption outlook and anti-corruption culture, as part of the legal culture in society contributes to the formation of intolerance to manifestations of corruption.

The author argues that today the legal education system needs to be upgraded in line with socio-economic and socio-legal realities of society. This requires modernization of the legal education system, which combines practice-oriented and student-customized methods and techniques that will enhance the process of positive development of the legal socialization of the individual. The main outcome of the legal education of the individual systems are supposed to be legal awareness, values and attitudes, which can make up the legal sphere of the individual and ultimately form positive socialization of the legal person. The author supposes that in order to become entitled to life factor, a measure of real-legal behavior of the subjects, it should be as close as possible to them, so that the citizens know, appreciate and respect the laws. Only under these social and legal conditions of the legal education the system can be an effective tool in the construction of a positive level of legal socialization of the individual, i.e., when the acquired legal knowledge, values, patterns and standards turn into personal beliefs of a subject and strict adherence to legal regulations and, consequently, to the internal demand and the habit of following the rule of law.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that this article examines the issue of the relationship between legal culture and other fundamental legal concepts, and also considers the main approaches to defining the concept of legal culture. As one of the areas of research. a comparative analysis of this category is carried out in various approaches to this legal phenomenon. The axiological, activity-based, semiotic approaches to the concept and characteristics of legal culture are analyzed.The relationship between legal culture and general social culture and its elements such as material, spiritual, political and other types of culture has been studied. The influence of the general legal culture on the development of legal culture is considered. This problem is poorly studied, which indicates its relevance.The correlation of legal culture with legal consciousness is investigated, recognizing that its development is due to the fact that legal culture is based on the legal consciousness of society as a whole and the individual legal consciousness of citizens.The article reveals the structure of legal culture, notes the ambiguity of its elements. The existence of such concepts as regional or local legal culture is noted. The study indicates the importance of legal culture, which is due to the fact that on its basis, the basic, generally recognized in any state, patterns of behavior are formatted.The relationship between legal culture and legal behavior is analyzed. It is only thanks to such a connection that a stable provision of social order in society is created.The main features of legal culture, such as normativity and progressiveness, are revealed, which make it possible to single out this concept from among other legal phenomena.The scientific novelty of the research was due to the fact that the article studied the problems of improving legal culture. The importance of increasing the legal culture is due to the fact that this is the basis for the formation of the rule of law. Within the framework of improving the legal culture, such a direction as legal education, aimed at various age categories, with an emphasis on the legal education ofyoung people, is highlighted. The hanging of legal culture is not possible without raising the general culture of society and taking into account the mentality of the people, as well as raising the level of legal awareness.The article concludes that legal culture is the basis for the development and formation of many other legal phenomena, it is noted that it is impossible to speak without increasing the legal culture of the population and the individual about the formation of legal consciousness, legal relations and the development of law at the present stage of development of society, development civil society and the rule of law.

Dedicated to 85th anniversary of the Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor of the Theory of Law and State Department, Dead of the Scientific Direction Social and Cultural Investigations of Law Gennadiy Illarionovisch Muromtsev. The scientists contribution to legal science has been analyzed. The focus is on his investigations in the sphere of legal and political systems of the developing countries, general theory of law, and comparative law. G. I. Muromtsev looks at the specifics of legal systems of the developing countries in combination with different elements of legal cultures within the national legal systems; this makes their structure, the system of sources of law, the technique of its systematization and so on significantly inconsistent. Professor G. I. Muromtsev for the first time in the theory of law of this country revealed the specifics of the traditional law and law-governed nature of its origin. Also for the first time ever, he gives the universal definition to the notion source of law, which is acceptable not only to European but also to traditional law. He investigates law as an integral part of culture; through this prism he examines contemporary Russian law. He gives original interpretation to legal technique, the code of laws in reference to Russian conditions. He has developed fundamentaly new conceptions of genesis of the law, mononorm, historical typology of the law; for the first time from materialistic standpoint he revealed the law-governed nature of the origin, structure, and evolution of Muslim law.

The Author proceeds from the fact that in modern political and legal realities, the most important social indicator of the legal culture of society is the state of legality, which contributes to ensuring the legal functioning of state and public institutions, guarantees of the rights and interests of the individual. The aim of the study is to analyze theoretical provisions regarding legality and law and order in the context of designating them as criteria of legal culture - signs on the basis of which it is possible to assess the formation of legal culture at the level of society.The degree of scientific elaboration of the problems of legality and legal order in the works of Russian and Belarusian jurists of the Soviet and modern periods has been determined. This made it possible to establish the generic commonality of law and order as a basic theoretical setting, which manifests itself in considering them as different sections of the ordering of social relations. Legality is investigated as a principle, method and, at the same time, a mode of state-power activity. The conditions for ensuring the legal order establish the exact and unswerving implementation of legal prescriptions by all subjects of law, which characterizes their legal culture. The theoretical model of the mechanism for ensuring the rule of law and legal order is presented through the characteristics of its social and legal content, subject composition and institutional and functional structure.The role of legal law and legal principles in ensuring the rule of law and legal order is shown. The subsystems of the institutional and functional structure of the mechanism for ensuring the latter – regulatory, state power, guarantees for the implementation of legal provisions – are analyzed. The political, legal, organizational and scientific principles of the functioning of the mechanism for ensuring the legal order are outlined. The following types of legal order are determined: civil, international, state (constitutional). Taken together, all types of legal order are interconnected, which reflects the universality of law as a social regulator, the importance of its principles. This circumstance determines the legal criteria for the uniformity of legal regulation of social relations, generally accepted international legal standards in the field of human rights.The directions of improving the legal culture of society are determined by high-quality rule-making; effective functioning of all government agencies, primarily law enforcement agencies; implementation of social and legal guarantees of legality and legal order.

This paper examines the current mechanisms for participation of civil society in combating corruption in modern Russia. The various research approaches to the concepts of combating corruption in the modern political science and legal discourse. Urgent consideration is the author of new concepts in the involvement of civil society institutions in the state important projects, including the prevention of corruption.

The relevance of the research is due to the need to study the views of modern Western scientists on legal culture in the context of increasing civilizational and socio-cultural contradictions. These socio-philosophical and legal-theoretical concepts have not been the subject of scientific research in our country, which determines the novelty of the work, the main research problem of which is the need to study socio-philosophical and legal-theoretical views on the phenomenon of legal culture. The purpose of the research is to analyze the views of prominent cultural theorists and social philosophers of the West (L. Friedman, M. Damask, etc.). It is specified in solving the following tasks: 1) to consider the variety of interpretations of legal culture; 2) to consider the understanding of the impact of legal culture on the work of legal and political systems. The methodology of this research includes the method of historical parallels as a modification of the socio-philosophical method of analogies, the comparative legal method and the genetic and comparative approaches used in the philosophy of culture and cultural studies. The article analyzes the views of modern Western thinkers on the problems of legal culture: 1) the main interpretations, diversity and areas of application of legal culture are identified; 2) the impact of legal culture on the functioning of legal systems is shown. Legal culture is a set of many legal cultures, and a specific legal culture is associated with a certain mentality of a particular social group. L. Friedman offered a detailed description of the impact of legal culture on the work of legal systems. Social forces create an incentive for change, but do not directly affect the legal system. Interests turn into requirements, and requirements should be formulated as tasks of the legal system for the production of legal acts. The legal culture ensures or allows for the translation of interests into social requirements by means of attitudes expressed in the legal culture that contribute to the formation of social and political requirements. The legal culture determines the way the legal system responds to these requirements.

The importance of law enforcement in all spheres of public life, as well as public administration is conditioned by the objective need to ensure law and order in society. The creation of an effective law enforcement system in Belarus is a priority area for the improvement of law enforcement in modern society. Increasing the professionalism of State law enforcement officials is designed to foster a legal culture and a positive attitude of society towards the subjects of law enforcement activities. In the context of the study of the legal culture of modern Belarusian society the actual doctrinal and practical task is to characterize the activity and value-normative basis of the state law enforcement service. The article presents the analysis of theoretical approaches and legislative practice to the designation of qualifying features of state law enforcement agencies, the allocation of their system. Law enforcement service is distinguished from other types of state service in accordance with functional and organizational criteria.

The article contains a theoretical and methodological analysis of the structure and typology of legal culture as a social phenomenon. Particular attention is paid to discussion issues, the author compares the various positions of modern scholars on this issue, explores the varieties and social forms of legal culture. The article attempts to scientifically analyze the elemental composition of the legal culture: legal mentality and legal consciousness, legal activity and legal acts.

In the article we examined some issues of the influence of historical and political factors on the formation and development of legal consciousness in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and also to identify the place of law in the system of value orientations of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, we carried out practical research. Legal awareness is not a phenomenon acquired from birth, it develops for a long time and gradually. Legal consciousness is formed as a result of the interaction of the individual in society and the understanding of the received information. Legal consciousness is formed under the influence of various circumstances, current events, specific living conditions and various processes that influence the life of a society. In legal science, it is customary to consider the factors influencing the legal conscious-ness in the following two groups: 1. External (the activities of subjects – creators of legal consciousness). 2. Internal (individual personality characteristics). It should be noted that the process of forming legal consciousness is impossible without the social-ization of the individual, since legal consciousness can only be formed if there is an individual in the social environment and the formation of relations between him and society. A.V. Mudryak justifies the need to consider the factors of socialization as special circumstances or conditions that influence this process. He identifies three groups of such factors: Macrofactors (world, country, state, society) that in-fluence very large groups of people in certain countries, the influence is mediated by two other groups of factors. Mesofactors, conditions of socialization of large groups of people allocated: on a national basis; according to the place and type of settlement in which they live; by belonging to the audience of vari-ous mass communication networks. Mesofactors influence a person’s legal consciousness both directly and indirectly through the factors of the third group. Microfactors. These include circumstances directly affecting specific people – the family, peer groups, the microsocium, organizations in which social edu-cation is carried out – educational, professional, social, religious organizations. (Mudryak, 2000) The article examines some issues of raising legal awareness in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the problems of legal education, corruption and ensuring the rule of law of modern Kazakhstani society.

The article deals with the problem of organization of the process aimed at the education of orphans to the culture of law in the space of boarding school. The results presented in this article – theoretical analysis and study of scientific approaches of teachers and scientists evaluation indicators of legal culture, development and scientific justification of criteria to measure the components of legal culture in orphans and children left without parental care. The methodological basis consists of system, personal, cultural, activity, polysubject (dialogical) approaches to the study of social and pedagogical phenomena; pedagogical ideas of humanization of education. As research methods used, empirical-observation, individual and group conversations, interviews, questionnaires, testing, study of school documentation (personal files of students, class journals, minutes of meetings, meetings) and pedagogical experiment; theoretical – analysis of philosophical and pedagogical literature. To determine the level of legal culture, the optional legal culture of the individual was introduced. Activity approach to the study of the concept of legal culture allowed to develop evaluation and criteria tools of levels of formation of legal culture of orphans and children left without parental care. Taking into account the analysis of the main approaches to the study of levels, indicators and criteria at the theoretical level, the article also presents the author's approach to the method of determining the criteria, indicators and levels of formation of legal culture in the educational space of the institution for orphans and children left without legal culture at the practical level. Criteria, indicators of formation of legal culture which are introduced and tested in educational process of boarding school are scientifically proved and developed. The proposed criteria and indicators can be used in various types of educational institutions to assess the level of education of legal culture of young people.

The main function of any ideology is to legitimize the established order of things as true, universal and unshakable. The ideological form is aimed at the formation of the addressee's specific stereotypes of behavior corresponding to the trajectory of officially recognized ideas, values, axioms, principles, norms of law. Legal ideology is a conceptualized expression of normative, political and universal methods of legal understanding. As the methods of ideological influence can be identified scientific-doctrinal and official-legal nomination, legal propaganda, legal education, legal education, etc. Legal propaganda is the systematic and purposeful dissemination in society of certain legal ideas, values, norms and programs of behavior in order to control the addressee and control his thinking and behavior, has a coercive nature in order to prevent deviation from the absolute standards of behavior. Propaganda is often one of the main means of political manipulation. At present," legal propaganda" as the most radical concept has given way to softer methods of ideological influence - "legal education" and " legal upbringing". Legal literacy and legal awareness of citizens in modern Russia is an important area of public policy, the implementation of which is entrusted to the Federal and regional public authorities, local governments, professional legal communities and public associations of lawyers, in close collaboration with civil society structures in the form of social partnerships. The involvement of public organizations for legal education of the population through legal propaganda in order to implement the state policy was actively developed in the Soviet period. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon of the Soviet legal ideology in the context of legal propaganda by public organizations. The study was conducted within the framework of socio-cultural approach. That approach allowed expanding the idea of the place and role of legal propaganda in the Soviet society as a product of the state ideology focused on the identification of Soviet cultural values, its reglamentation and practical realisation.

The introduction of Islamic banking in the Russian financial sector raises issues related to the development of legislation, the adaptation of the principles of partner banking to the current rules of lending and investment, the problem of perceiving norms based on a different legal doctrine. The tools of Islamic banking have significant socio-economic advantages in comparison with traditional lending and investment structures. However, the existing opposition of Islamic values to the traditions of Western culture and legal doctrine may have a negative impact on legal awareness, will create a threat to preserve the integrity of Russia's legal system. The purpose of the article is to identify problems that impede the introduction of the principles of Islamic banking in the national legislation. While preparing the article, the authors used an integrative approach to law that involves understanding of legal institutions and other social phenomena as complex multidimensional phenomena. Overcoming the exclusively religious approach to the perspective of the implementation of the principles of Islamic law makes it possible to consider legal frameworks and mechanisms of partner banking in terms of adapting successfully tested practices to the activities of economic entities, regardless of national or religious affiliations. The results of the study were the identification of the main directions for improving the national legal theory and practice associated with the reception of the principles of Islamic banking in the Russian legal system. It is necessary to develop the concept of expanding the sources of civil law regulation within the multiplicity of jurisdictions and the coexistence of legal systems within the area of a single sovereign state. The introduction of the model of Islamic banking should be carried out based on secular principles of the organization of banking activities, the integration of the national legal system with the norms of Islamic law. The implementation of the principles, institutions and norms of a different public order significantly different from the tradition that has developed in Russia and should be implemented through a change in the legal doctrine, the understanding by lawyers of the socioeconomic linkage between the principles of Islamic banking and the results of economic activity of persons applying for funding.

In this article the authors considered one of the most urgent problems of modern society - the ethical-legal and civil-patriotic education and upbringing of children and youth. Identified regulatory and legal documents in recent years devoted to this issue. For example, the St. Petersburg model of ethical and legal education of children and young people described the formation of the legal culture of the younger generation. The measures, in which the model is, translated Petersburg. We describe some of the ways of development of ethical and legal education.

The article is devoted to the theoretical and legal analysis of legal education and legal behavior, the formation of anticorruption culture and anti-corruption consciousness in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The most important direction in combating corruption is anti-corruption education, which, first of all, uses the means of legal education and propaganda. It should be noted that these areas in the implementation of legal education require coordinated efforts not only of state bodies and specially authorized persons and structures. An important role in legal education is played by all institutions of civil society, human rights organizations, and also by individual citizens, in some way connected with the process of legal socialization of the individual. The implementation of the legal educational is not limited to specific and practical measures that are associated only with the formation of legal knowledge. As a general direc-tion, legal education is inextricably linked with the education of ethical, religious, cultural, psychological and other traditions. In their totality, these efforts contribute to strengthening the rule of law, legal order, enhancement of legal culture. Formation of negative perception of society to corruption and anti-corrup-tion education of the population should be an integral part of moral and civic education, legal culture, awareness of their rights and obligations to society.

Исследованы особенности воспитания профессионального правосознания у курсантов вузов войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации. Рассматриваются общие вопросы формирования правосознания как одной из форм общественного сознания и специфические особенности воспитания профессионального правосознания у курсантов вузов войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации как у будущих офицеров, чья профессиональная деятельность тесно связана с обеспечением законности и правопорядка. Указывается, что курсанты вузов войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации являются носителями особого профессионального правового сознания, представленного совокупностью правовых знаний, сформированных ценностных установок и обусловленного спецификой военной службы личного и профессионального опыта. Процесс воспитания профессионального правосознания у курсантов вузов войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации как у будущих правозащитников и правоприменителей рассматривается в неразрывной связи с их правовым воспитанием и правовой культурой. Исследуются педагогические и образовательные условия для формирования высокого уровня профессионального правосознания у курсантов вузов войск национальной гвардии Российской Федерации при личностно ориентированной модели обучения и принципов компетентностного подхода в образовании.

One of the distinguishing features of man as a biological individual who is able to comprehend meaningfully the reality surrounding him and manage his actions is consciousness. Depending on the scientific-theoretical approaches or applied needs, it is customary to apply a certain differentiation of definitions of the concept of consciousness, for example, everyday or political, individual or mass, the consciousness of school or student youth, and other. One of its varieties, perhaps the most important at the present stage of development of society and statehood, is the legal consciousness of man. The problem of the formation and functioning of the human sense of justice is one of the most popular and constantly developed in a number of scientific fields. The purpose of the work is to study the state of scientific knowledge of the legal consciousness and legal culture of student, future pharmacists in the context of legal education in the university. Materials and methods. According to a specific goal, the research was based on the analysis of international and national legislation, the database of scientific research developments of the National Library of Ukraine V.I. Vernadsky, the study of author's scientific works and professional publications on the formation of consciousness, legal consciousness and legal culture of youth, in particular, student. Methods of research - bibliographic, linguistic, comparative analysis, content-legal analysis. Results. The basic link of society is a person, as a biological individual, to which such mental entities as mind, consciousness and will are inherent. These qualities enable it to critically perceive the surrounding being, to realize and determine its place in the society, to program its perspective and direct its actions according to a specific goal. A specific form of consciousness is legal consciousness (legal awareness) - the system of reflecting the legal reality in views, theories, concepts, feelings, people's ideas about law, its place and role in ensuring the freedom of the individual and other universal values. The level of assimilation by members of society of legal values (legal norms and principles, skills of lawful behavior, respect for law, etc.), the degree of mastering them and their practical implementation is a legal culture. It is an integral part of the general culture of both the society as a whole and its member, demonstrating the level of rightness and legal activity of society. Conclusions. During the research it was proved that the formation and improvement of the legal consciousness and legal culture is required by student youth, as the main bearer of the intellectual and physical potential of the nation. The issues of formation of legal consciousness and legal culture of students acquires special significance; these categories of youth should be formed not only by professionals of high qualification, but also by highly moral, highly cultured and law-conscious citizens - the real elite of a civilized, democratic society declared by the Constitution of Ukraine.

This article is sanctified to the questions of implementation of scientific research within the framework of institution of higher learning. Experience of implementation of scientific research forces of teachers, city councils, докторантов and students opens up. Drawn conclusion that in the process of educating in institution of higher learning maybe and it is necessary to expose the scientific capabilities of students. Also to this article experience of realization of sociological research of sense of justice and legal culture of young people is driven.

The author of the article notes that the legal culture determines the level of legal knowledge, legal understanding and legitimacy. The article considers the peculiarities of the formation of the legal culture of the reign of Peter the Great. Attention is paid to causality and factors affecting the quality and condition of the legal consciousness and legal culture of the period under study looked through in the historical and legal context. The researcher concluded that the reforms of Peter I significantly changed the content of the legal culture of Russian society, primarily due to the increasing role of legislation and politics.

Corruption is a mimicking antisocial form of distribution of social wealth. Economic opportunities will always be less than the growing appetites of consumers. In the context of resource and environmental risks it is necessary to rethink corruption at the present stage as an unacceptable threat to sustainable development. The authors hope that the introduction of new digital technologies marks a new stage in the development of an open and honest society.

Определена взаимосвязь между высоким уровнем правовой культуры, гражданскими правоотношениями и их проявлением в туристской деятельности. Выявлены противоречия между требованием к высокому уровню правовой культуры у участников правоотношений в сфере туристской деятельности и отсутствием системы работы, направленной на удовлетворение этого требования; между необходимостью формирования составляющих правовой культуры, начиная со школьного возраста, и отсутствием в системе образования соответствующих социально-образовательных программ. Сделаны выводы о том, что именно система дополнительного образования детей является пространством, обеспечивающим эффективное становление школьников как субъектов жизнедеятельности и способствующим успешному внедрению программ, ориентированных на формирование правовой культуры школьников. Описаны основные положения программы дополнительного образования «Правовые основы туристской деятельности», разработанной Центром детско-юношеского туризма Томского государственного педагогического университета.

In 2014 the First International Student Film Festival took place in Novosibirsk Law Institute (branch) of the National Research Tomsk State University. The festival organizersare going to hold it every year and offer to consider the project as an innovative teaching tool for law students, as well as an effective form of legal education and legal training for the general population - according to the fundamentals of the state policy in the sphere of legal literacy and legal awareness of citizens of the Russian Federation.The authors formulate here a proposal for the further development of legal science in the paradigm of creating multimedia diversified applicative solutions: training films, short manuals and booklets, manuals and programs outlined in an accessible, concise manner. This will make an important step towards the convergence of legal science and practice, the modernization of legal sciences, and most importantly - to improve the effectiveness of law enforcement, to an increase in legal culture and consciousness of the population.

The article addresses the experience of the North-Caucasian Federal University in the sphere of social formation of such personal qualities as all-Russian civil and civilizational identity, patriotism, culture of Russian oral and written speech, culture of interethnic and interfaith dialogue, legal culture, culture of social responsibility. These qualities are important for every young person irrelatively of training area. The author adduces the results of the surveys of young people in the North Caucasus Federal district conducted by a team of scientists of the North Caucasus Federal University and South scientific center of RAS (in the period 2009-2014) aimed at determination the «identity matrix» ofthe North Caucasian society.

This article provides an overview of certain ideologemes of Western (European) and Russian legal consciousness – prominent works of Ivan Ilyin and Duncan Kennedy are taken as examples. The article analyzes the tabula rasa principle and its place in legal consciousness. We use legal scholarship, judicial practice and opinion polls to examine the relationship between legal consciousness and the lack of trust in Russian courts, as well as their inefficiency from the point of view of public opinion. There are a number of shocking cases of torture of innocent people by the Russian police. Why is this so? The answer lies in the legal consciousness of police officers and of judges. This is something that has been inherited from the Soviet period. It is completely different from the Western legal consciousness, one of the key features of which is denial of authority. The critical legal studies branch of American legal realism almost denies the very existence of law, and, perhaps for this reason, American culture is less open to abuses like torture. At the same time, there is no possibility to shift legal consciousness immediately, the tabula rasa principle does not work. The final objective of the article is to provide a perspective on the reform of higher legal education and its relation to legal consciousness and legal anthropology. We propose that a greater part of the university curriculum is devoted to legal anthropology.