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Consumer protection emerged as a response to the imbalance of power in the relationship between producers or sellers and consumers. Consumers are often in a weaker position due to limited knowledge or access to information needed to make intelligent purchasing decisions. Consumer protection aims to maintain fairness in economic transactions and increase public confidence in the trading system.

Objective: to determine the level of protection of the rights of content creators in social media and to develop measures to prevent offenses in this area.Methods: to achieve the objective, the sociological and legal cognitive tools were used, including the doctrinal method of researching the subject area, obtaining “first-hand” data and taking into account the factors and circumstances of influence. The main results were obtained through the sociological method used to collect data based on a specially developed questionnaire with four research questions: (1) what are the perceptions and opinions of third parties or users regarding the role of a content creator? (2) are the rights of content creators regarding their works violated? (3) what are the ways to protect the created content from infringement by platforms? and (4) how can the rights of content creators be protected? The empirical findings and generalizations were based on a combination of analyses, including content analysis of primary and secondary legal sources.Results: In recent years, the content generation in social media has evolved into a complex industry that is transforming both the traditional understanding of creative expression and the implementation of intellectual property rights. Using the Nigerian experience as a case study, the authors examine the rights and protection measures provided to digital content creators under intellectual property law. The study shows that there is currently not enough scholarly work in this area or developed legislation to protect the social media content. It is concluded that there is a need for improved legislation on the protection of rights in the sphere of social media content. In the absence of such legislation, creators of online works should resort to more radical methods in enforcing their rights in order to reduce intellectual property misappropriation. Creators of such works are suggested to ensure the protection of their rights based on the fair use doctrine principles.Scientific novelty: the study is structured around research questions concerning infringements and remedies for content creators. The questions were addressed to respondents from different countries, a large proportion of whom specialize mainly in content creation in various social spheres through several media platforms and social networks.Practical significance: the article conclusions and recommendations may minimize the risks of infringement of intellectual property rights of content creators, which may arise with the widespread use of social networks, as well as increase the level of protection of rights to works created in the form of online content.

During the Dutch colonial era, most of the land in Indonesia was controlled by the Dutch government with western rights and western law applied. The management of lands controlled by the Dutch government with western rights is subject to the Burgerlijke Wetbook (B.W.), where the term Civil Code is subsequently used. Western rights to land contained in the Civil Code include eigendom rights, erfacht rights, opstal rights, gebruik rights, and so on. The regulation of eigendom rights over land is implicitly contained in Book II Chapter III, specifically in Article 570 of the Civil Code, which states that: "property rights are the right to enjoy an item more freely and to act with that item, completely freely, as long as it doesn’t conflict with the law or general regulations stipulated by the competent authority and as long as it doesn’t interfere with the rights of other people, all of which does not reduce the possibility of revoking rights in the public interest and appropriate compensation for losses, based on the provisions legislation.

According to a significant part of experts in the legal protection of natural resources, the lack of adequate legal regulation of relations on the management and use of geoparks remains a pressing problem of modern Russian legislation. The lack of a unified legal mechanism for the implementation of economic activities, use and protection of complex geological heritage sites not only creates legal uncertainty (which is largely a practical problem), but also has a negative impact on the evolution of natural resource legislation. Purpose: to analyze modern scientific research and conceptual provisions on the concept, features, characteristics of geological objects, to formulate scientifically based conclusions and proposals for the legal regulation of relations on the management and use of geoparks. Methods: empirical, theoretical, specific scientific methods. Results: the study makes it possible to formulate proposals for the development of a normative legal act regulating relations in the field of legal protection, management and use of g eoparks.

The absence of rules that mention hypnobirthing as a method of treatment performed by ob-gyn doctors causes legal uncertainty which has implications for ob-gyn doctors' legal protection. It is necessary to add a new norm in the Medical Practice Act regarding the obligation to practice medicine with the consent of medical action, including consent to do hypnobirthing. Guidance and supervision is also needed for licensing hypnobirthing practices and certification of the competence of Obgyn doctors who carry out hypnobirthing. This aims to provide legal protection not only for obgyn doctors but also for patients.

Considering that ensuring the stability, reliability and efficiency of the financial system is a prerequisite for the country's defence capability, it has been noted that these positions are the basis for the interdependence of military and financial security. The essence, place and importance of financial security as a condition for ensuring military security have been investigated. The components of the military security system and the impact of the financial system on their functioning have been analysed. The author's own definition of the “financial security” concept and elements of the State’s financial security system have been proposed. The challenges and threats to the financial system of the State under martial law and the tasks of ensuring its stability, invincibility and effective functioning are considered. Based on the analysis of the Economic Security Strategy of Ukraine, it has been found that the state of the country’s financial security is assessed as unsatisfactory. It has been noted that the constant deficit of the state budget and the associated significant debt burden, insufficient development of long-term investment lending to the economy and the stock market, the growth of economic crime, and low financial culture in society are negative factors affecting the state of the financial system. It has been noted that different academic opinions on the constituent elements of financial security depend on the object of consideration. It has been noted that scientific analysis of financial security as a categorical institution has a significant impact not only on ensuring the country’s defence capability, but also on substantiating the current tasks of its organisational and legal support at the State level. General scientific theoretical methods have been used: system analysis aimed at identifying the object and subject of research, in particular, public finance; abstract and logical method – to provide scientifically sound generalisations and conclusions on the problems of legal regulation of financial security as a factor influencing military security and to define financial security measures as means of protecting the interests of a person and the State. The institutional, instrumental and functional components of financial security have been clarified. Attention has been drawn to the need to reform the system of state financial control bodies and improve the legal framework for monitoring public financial resources. It has been proved that there is a need for legislative regulation of relations on the circulation of public financial resources, and the directions of their orientation towards the actual tasks of ensuring military security have been substantiated.

Legal protection of the rights of outsourced workers is not just a legal issue, but a right that must be obtained by workers according to the mandate in the legislation, these rights are in the form of work and decent wages, social security, severance pay, and work safety. Although some of the rights have been listed in the labor regulations, these regulations have not yet fully contained and regulated the fulfillment of workers' rights, especially in practice that has not fully protected the rights of outsourced workers in a just and constitutional manner. This research uses a normative juridical method with a statutory, conceptual, historical approach, with primary legal materials namely the 1945 Constitution, Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower jo. Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation, Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 and ILO conventions. The results of the study indicate that the violation of the rights of outsourced workers is in fact still ongoing by providing substandard wages and unilateral layoffs by employers. Internationally, the ILO conventions have regulated the application of the protection of basic workers' rights, namely the abolition of forced labor and the provision of decent wages, this convention has also been ratified in Indonesian laws and regulations, thus various labor regulations should be a preventive measure as an optimization legal protection for workers so that the welfare of workers nationally and internationally can be achieved.

This paper aims to discuss the legal aspects of venture capital businesses in Indonesia as an alternative financing instrument in assisting the capital aspect for businesses to develop the corporation through venture capital. The results of the research in this paper are that in establishing and operating a company, it requires capital, one of which is through alternative financing, namely venture capital. The legal aspects of venture capital in legal regulations and policies are needed to support the corporation, neither the corporation founded by the State and by private parties, but the regulations and legal policies of venture capital are still unable to provide adequate legal protection. Therefore, to strengthen the legal protection of venture capital businesses, the government must be supported as a regulator and facilitators and community businesses which that venture capital can develop better so that not only large companies, but also small firms and medium can be helped by the growth of venture capital.

The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the fact that at the beginning of the XXI century it is technological development that determines the competitiveness of the state, forms the conditions for economic growth, thereby ensuring the economic security of the state. The main author's idea of this article was the assertion that the active development of the legal framework for ensuring the technological development of the Republic of Kazakhstan gives rise to problems of an institutional and legal nature that require resolution. The scientific significance of this study lies in the fact that the article offers the author's interpretation of the investigated mechanism in structural terms. The practical significance lies in the focus on solving specific problems identified in the analysis process. Methodologically, the study was based on a systematic analysis, on the principle of a step-by-step solution of scientific and practical problems; the author of this article used the following research methods: the method of structuring the elements of complex social objects; method of systematization and analysis of the regulatory framework; methods of analysis and synthesis; design method and deduction method; methods of legal statics and methods of research of ratings. The main results of the study were the substantiation of the need to improve the mechanism of legal protection of technologies and technological innovations based on the analysis of the legal framework and the institutional structure of the mechanism under study. As a result, conclusions were formulated regarding the improvement of the legal framework for regulation, as well as the creation of a specially authorized government body to ensure the functioning of this mechanism. The value of the study is that its results are brought to the development of practical results, fused to improve the mechanism of legal protection of the economic security of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of increasing the technological competitiveness of the economy. The practical value of the conclusions and provisions of this article is confirmed by the fact that they can be used: 1) to develop further directions for improving the mechanism for the protection and protection of intellectual property rights in the technological development of the republic; 2) to amend the legislation governing this area of law and economic development of Kazakhstan.

Dilution is a natural thing in running a company. The presence of dilution can cause losses. Anticipation of losses to dilution in Indonesia has been regulated in several regulations but has not fully addressed the issues related to dilution. Therefore, the concept of legal comparison is needed in further regulation. The writing method in this article is normative research using legal and conceptual comparative approaches. The results written in this article are (1) The existence of the concept of claims diluted explicitly with the determination of indicators as adverse dilution, (2) The existence of the concept of continuous supervision both before, at the time, and after capital addition activities that cause dilution to create legal protection for minority shareholders.

The latest technological advancement resulted in the creation of innovations, such as cryptocurrency, namely virtual money that functions as a tool of exchange as well as a form of investment. A popular form of cryptocurrency is bitcoin. Bitcoin prices often fluctuate, which opens the risk for price manipulation that may bring loss to others. This paper aims to analyze the legal protection of bitcoin price manipulation. This descriptive research uses the doctrinal or the normative approach. The data of this research is obtained from secondary data, i.e., literary legal materials. Results show that the price manipulation in bitcoins happened due to the ‘pump and dump’ activity. ‘Pump and dump’ is the most dangerous crime in the cryptocurrency market, as the crypto assets are bought in large amounts (‘pump’), thus causing the price to steeply increase. Then, it is sold in large amounts (‘dump’) so the price falls drastically and it returns to the point before the pump. This is categorized as a cybercrime. All the parties that experience loss from this crime have the right to obtain legal protection and to undergo legal efforts. Then, the legal effort includes the litigation method through the court or the non-litigation method by resolving disputes outside of the court.

This study aims to determine, analyze, and test the effect of attitudes, perceptions of control, and internal control systems on whistleblowing intentions with legal protection as a moderating variable. This type of research is survey research with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were employees who worked at PT Kereta Api Indonesia Daop 5 Purwokerto. The sample selection used purposive sampling method. The results of this study indicate that: 1) Attitude has a significant effect on the intention to take whistleblowing action. 2) Perceived control has no effect on the intention to take whistleblowing action on employees PT Kereta Api Indonesia Daop 5. 3) The internal control system has no effect on the intention to take whistleblowing action. 4) Legal protection cannot moderate the effect of attitudes on intentions to take whistleblowing actions. 5) Legal protection cannot moderate the influence of perceptions of control on the intention to take whistleblowing actions. 6) Legal protection cannot moderate the influence of the internal control system on the intention to take whistleblowing action.

The article reveals the problems and prospects of combating dishonest advertising of medicinal products in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using the example of the USA and Ukraine, the criteria for banning the advertising of medicinal products by researching scientific sources, international and domestic legal acts, prescriptions and instructions of state bodies, etc. were analyzed. The differences and specifics of the regulatory requirements for the advertising of medicinal products in Ukraine and the USA have been determined. It has been established that in the USA it is allowed to advertise prescription drugs, and in Ukraine a ban has been introduced to advertise "antiviral drugs of direct action". Attention was drawn to the qualification of the division of advertising slogans in the USA, which made it possible to draw an analogy with Ukrainian advertising of medicinal products. It has been proven that individual pharmaceutical manufacturers, by providing advertisers with incomplete information about the drug, can mislead consumers about its effectiveness. The Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine has demonstrated cases of countering the spread of false information about the properties of medicinal products, which became more frequent in connection with the emergence of the strain (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019. The advantages and disadvantages of a complete ban on medicines on television and radio, as well as other mass media are indicated in connection with the entry into force of the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine "On the state of the national health care system and urgent measures to ensure the protection of citizens of Ukraine with medical assistance" dated July 30, 2021. As an alternative to the complete rejection of drug advertising it is proposed, the introduction of the mechanism of "corrective advertising", which is actively used in the USA and consists in correcting or making amendments to already published drug advertising and eliminating statements that mislead consumers, contain incomplete, inaccurate, false information about the medicinal product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Information Library Magazine 'INFOLIB' is the property of National Library of Uzbekistan named after Alisher Navoi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the issues of preserving the genre of Russian folk oral musical creativity in the village of the Argun and the city of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, located in the northern part of China. The issue is viewed in the context of intercultural communication between descendants of Russian immigrants and Chinese locals. The article considers the factors in the formation of the ethnic group of Chinese Russians in Hulunbuir, an area of Russian immigrants’ compact settlement, and the markers of their distinct ethnic identity. Chinese Russians are a specific ethnic group since over several generations they fused with the local ethnicities yet preserved their unique cultural background. One of the peculiar aspects of Russian culture observed within the community of Chinese Russians is chastushka, or ditty, a short witty song expressing an individual’s attitude to any happening. The authors give records of the texts of ditties on various subjects, such as love, daily life, politics, etc. The folk genre of chastushka indicates intercultural communication between China and Russia and the integration of ethnic Russians into Chinese society. The article reveals the problems of protection of the Russian chastushka in the region and possible measures of state provision of its protection as intangible cultural heritage. Both national and local authorities take steps to ensure the continuity of various identities within the national identity of China. Several proposals have been put forward for the protection of the local heritage of this genre of the city of Hulunbuir. Such measures may include further research of cultural materials, enhancing tourism in the region, and incorporating ditties into local festivities Based on the historical and cultural significance, the research points to the real impact of Russian folk oral musical creativity in the processes of Russian-Chinese intercultural communication. The authors underline the significance of the ditty as intangible cultural heritage and the need to include the ditty in the list of the cultural heritage of Chinese Russians. The need to create conditions and state-organizational support for various forms of popularization of this genre, especially for those studying the Russian language, to preserve the oral folk musical creativity of Chinese ethnic Russians is substantiated.

The article highlights the problem of the need to strengthen the legal protection of employees of the National Police of Ukraine, who are subjected to illegal encroachments on their honor and dignity while performing their official duties. It is proved that there are acts concerning insults of police officers and insults or slanders committed against ordinary people in the normative legal acts of the countries of Europe and the former CIS. As a rule, insulting or slandering a law enforcement officer is a crime, while other actions are administrative offenses. Such actions have a qualified composition, which is manifested in the public dissemination of such insults or slander. It is argued that punishment for insulting a police officer is applied only in cases related to the performance of their official duties. Otherwise, the case will be considered in the usual way; the corpus delicti of such a crime may be recognized as qualified if such slander or insult is disseminated through the media or through the Internet. The current state of legal regulation of legal liability for insult and defamation of police officers in the Republic of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Poland, Germany, France and Spain is analyzed. Based on the study, the propositions to the Law of Ukraine «On the National Police» are formulated that are aimed at regulating the professional guarantees of police activities. It is emphasized that interfering in the activities of a police officer, failure to comply with his legal requirements, obstruction of the exercise of his respective powers, insult or slander against a police officer related to his official activities, insult to the police, as well as any other illegal actions they must be held legally liable for the police officer. The position that the profile law should enshrine in law the state protection of life, health, honor, dignity of a police officer, his professional reputation, members of his family, as well as property belonging to him and his family members from illegal encroachments in connection with the performance of official duties.

Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Companies has stipulated that the minimum percentage limit for minority shareholding is 10%. This limit causes justice and legal protection for minority shareholders to be neglected. This article aims to discuss the formulation of determining the minimum percentage of minority shareholding that provides justice and legal protection for minority shareholders in future changes to the law. The method used is a normative legal research method with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results obtained are the idea of changing the law in the future, namely the formulation of determining the percentage of minority shareholding can use the economies of scale of a Limited Company by using an indicator of the amount of paid-in capital, with this arrangement it is expected to provide justice and legal protection for minority shareholders.

The article presents a system-wide analysis of the environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of the legal protection of atmospheric air. It is especially emphasized that this vital component of the surrounding human, flora, and fauna of the natural environment is still not sufficiently methodologically and legally guaranteed against negative physical, chemical, biological and other influences. In the aspect of determining the relevance of the issue under consideration, an important conclusion was also made that the norms of the Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan in relation to the protection of atmospheric air require further development and detail. In the current legal version, their potential regulatory significance is not significant, which allows us to speak both about the lack of the desired effect on their part, and about the lack of development, with the help of the national legisla-tor, of an effective mechanism for the legal protection of atmospheric air in comparison with the protec-tion of natural resources: land, subsoil, waters, forests, flora and fauna. The aim of the authors is to reveal the modern content of the legal protection of atmospheric air, as well as to determine the main problems and future prospects in the context of the analysis of the environmental legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan using scientific views, domestic legislative acts and the results of law enforcement practice. During the development of the topic, the authors used a set of general scientific and special methods of scientific cognition, in particular the comparative legal method, as well as methods of modeling and system analysis. In the conclusions, the authors emphasize that one of the ways to possibly eliminate the gaps and, accordingly, create a balanced system of norms for the protection of atmospheric air on an equal basis with other natural objects can be the currently being developed and revised new edition of the Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The article is aimed at substantiating the need to protect commercial secrets, analyzing the economic and legal consequences of violating a commercial secret, developing proposals for improving the legal regulation of relations connected with the protection of commercial secrets based on a comprehensive analysis of current legislation. It is determined that protection of the right to a commercial secret provides for the application of appropriate legal, organizational, technical measures that create conditions for exercise of the subjective right to a commercial secret. Moreover, the general criteria for commercial secrets protection is be using of such measures as special clerical work, marking of documents containing commercially valuable information, cryptographic means of protection, and insurance against the risk of disclosing. We consider it expedient to refine and adopt the Law of Ukraine «On Commercial Secrets». Additionally, all security measures that apply to commercial secrets are developed today at the local level and are applied directly by persons, employed by enterprise, who define information that constitutes a trade secret.

Present day economy is based on knowledge and intellect, where the principle element of competitiveness is intellectual property. Availability of intellectual property market is an integral part of the innovation economy development, which determines the form and procedure of objects of intellectual property circulation. In industrialized countries intellectual property becomes a factor of production. The necessity to use objects of intellectual property in economic relations is stipulated also by globalization processes taking place in economy. It is impossible to realize the Strategy of Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation without new technologies. At the same time the development, protection and introduction of new technologies are not feasible without new approaches and methods of using objects of intellectual property in the system of economic relations. One of these approaches is the use of intellectual property as a mortgage tool. The article analyzes a possibility of using objects of intellectual property as a mortgage. It studies practice and features of such deals in Russia and abroad. Legislative regulation of these relations is also investigated. Key conditions of the credit deal using object of intellectual property as a mortgage were formulated, the principle criterion of conducting this transaction is the use of the effective object of intellectual property, which can guarantee min risks both for the creditor and the borrower.

Проаналізовано національне законодавство та законодавство деяких країн СНД щодо охорони біосферних заповідників зокрема та природно-заповідного фонду загалом, виявлено недоліки у правовому регулюванні. З’ясовано зміст та охарактеризовано особливості правової охорони біосферних заповідників, виділено її основні форми. Сформульовано визначення поняття «правова охорона біосферних заповідників». Запропоновано шляхи удосконалення національного законодавства про охорону біосферних заповідників.

The authenticity of food products is one of the criteria settling the consumers’ decision on the purchase of given goods. Herebythis article the authors focus on authenticity issues of butter and cheese. Matters of counterfeiting and methods of detecting such falsifications are brought up. The subject of additional substances permitted in the production of butter and cheese has been broadly discussed. The authors pay special attention to the issues of modern methods for the production of butter, having been in use for years in western European countries, which has run into resistance from supervising units. The problem of authenticity of butter and cheese has also been discussed in the context of products marked as Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) and Traditional Speciality Guaranted (TSG). The authors present possible offences against products subject to protection and legal regulations in the scope of the protection of traditional and regional products.

The paper discusses pros and cons of the legalization of prostitution and decriminalization of related activities, proves the necessity of resolving the issue from the perspective of human rights and interests of society, proposes changes to the current legislation of Ukraine and specific methods of information support of this process.

The article deals with a new social reality, widespread in post-Soviet Russia: hired domestic labor, and therefore forming a new socio-professional stratum of people in society – domestic workers. It is shown that hired domestic employment is dominated by women; a significant proportion of domestic workers are migrants, and hired domestic work is more common in large cities with a high proportion of solvent population. It is noted that domestic work is characterized by informal employment and household labor practices, including employment with undocumented labor relations (without a hire contract). Domestic workers cannot be considered a professional group, as this category of hired workers includes people of different professions. Hired domestic work in private households is the most invisible and poorly protected employment from a legal point of view. The few studies in this area primarily focus attention on gender and migration issues, and issues of social protection (Russian legislation lacks an effective mechanism to protect the rights of domestic workers). The virtually unexplored socio-cultural and stratification aspects of the provisions of this relatively new and poorly visually registered group (layer, category) of workers is extremely heterogeneous by education, and by vocational, ethnic and religious affiliation, and citizenship.

Basing on the study of national experience of applying the Federal Law "On the contract system in the procurement of goods, works and services for state and municipal needs" the authors explore current problems of geographical indication of goods as a part of the application-form used in the online auction and suggest their solutions.

Basing on the study of national experience of applying the Federal Law "On the contract system in the procurement of goods, works and services for state and municipal needs" the authors explore current problems of geographical indication of goods as a part of the application-form used in the online auction and suggest their solutions

The paper deals with legal regulations on protection of old and rare written materials during wars. Work in this area has been intensified since the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century. The international conventions issued in The Hague in 1899 and 1907, as part of the international law of war, are the first documents citing cultural property as a subject of protection from warfare. Great devastation in wars around the world, destruction and theft of cultural goods in the First, and then in the Second World War, have influenced the serious approach to the international protection of cultural property. Since then, several international conferences have been held and a number of regulations, declarations and conventions have been adopted in the world and in Europe, as well as in Serbia, in order to protect the old and rare books and the cultural heritage as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the legal protection of inventions in V.I. Shumakov Federal Research Center of Transplantology and Artifi cial Organs

To this day, the rights of people who lost their autonomy (the old people over 75, thepersons with disabilities and the mentally retarded), have not yet been the object of a special legislation, both at an international and at a national level, hence the lacunary aspects in the field of their rights` legal protection. Thus, with a view to ensuring a dignified existence to old people, the world`s States should also ensure – by means of special laws – their right to medical, sanitary, social protection etc. and not merely provide special social protection measures for them. These social rights, that should allow any individual to live a life characterized by “self-determination and the forbidding of exclusions”, are placed - in the rights` hierarchy - at the level of human fundamental rights, because they have in view the observance of human liberties, equality and dignity, irrespective of human living conditions, irrespective of the economic and social conditions, irrespective of age and of the citizens`state of health.

The article views crimes connected with registration, legal protection and utilization of trade marks, service marks, names of places of a product origin, and similar markings for homogeneous objects, as well as the public relations connected with the use of warning marks referring to the trade marks or names of places of a product origin which are not registered in the Russian Federation.

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