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The most important task of the present time for botanical gardens is the assessment of collections of living plants with the subsequent introduction of the positive results of the introduction of new species, forms and varieties of plants into the practice of urban gardening and urban floristics. Collections published in our country at different times on wild and useful species, as well as on rare species successfully introduced in different countries in botanical gardens, show what a rich and promising assortment of ornamental tree and shrub plants we have. All that remains is to introduce the new promising range of ornamental species developed over the years through various nurseries into organizations involved in the design and specific landscaping of the modern urban environment, especially in large cities of the country.

Purpose. To determine the content of biochemical compounds in fruits of M. domestica Borkh. varietal samples, select the most promising ones for use in further breeding, and recommend for use in various directions, given the biochemical complex of signs, taste and marketability of the fruit. Methods. We used generally accepted methods for determining the biochemical composition of fruits (soluble so­lids (SSR) according to GOST (State Standard System) 29030-91, total sugars according to GOST 8756-13.87; polyphenol composition according to the method of L. I. Vigorov (1968), vitamin C according to the method of A I. Ermakov (1972); tit­rated acids – according to GOST 25555.0-82). Results. Nine cultivars of apple trees were analyzed for the biochemical composition of fruits, namely the apple tree cultivar ‘Vydubytska Plakucha’ (‘V. p.’) and various hybrids created on its basis from the collection of the fruit plant acclimatization department of the M. M. Hryshko National Botanical Gardens of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Selected forms are sources of 1–5 important biochemical characteristics (solids content, glucose, sugars, ascorbic acid, titratable acid) and promising for use in breeding. According to the dry matter content – the lowest rate was found in hybrid ‘V. p.’ × ‘Renet Symyrenko’ (16.68%), the highest in the hybrid – ‘V. p.’ × ‘Renet Oranzhevyi Coksa’ (22.87%), rates of ascorbic acid content varied within (6.0–12.25 mg%), total sugars (10.37–18.23), acids (0.74–1,67 respectively). The most interesting for introduction and breeding are hybrids with a high content of biochemical parameters, namely: ‘V. p.’ × ‘Renet Oranzhevyi Coksa’, ‘V. p.’ × ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘V. p.’ × ‘Parmen Zymovyi Zolotyi’. Conclusions. The content of the biochemical composition of the fruits, taste and marketability were characterized, and varietal samples of hybrids of the apple tree ‘Vydubytska Plakucha’ were distributed in the directions of use in order to improve the quality of life of the population. According to the biochemical indicators of the cluster analysis of the studied apple hybrids, close relationships were found between the three groups necessary in the future for breeding when selecting parental forms for an improved biochemical composition of the fruit (including hybrids ‘V. p.’ × ‘Renet Oranzhevyi Coksa’, ‘V. p.’ × ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘V. p.’ × ‘Parmen Zymovyi Zolotyi’, titrated acid hybrids ‘V. p.’ × ‘Starkrimson’, ‘V. p.’ × ‘Parmen Zymovyi Zolotyi’ and ‘V. p.’ × ‘Renet Symyrenko’, tannins hybrids ‘V. p.’ × ‘Slava Peremozhtsiam’ and ‘V. p.’ × ‘Starkrimson’); and to expand the assortment of apple trees according to the planned commercial signs. Hybrids of the apple-tree cultivar ‘Vydubytska Plakucha’, created in the NBG using old and valuable modern apple-tree cultivars, indicate the promise of producing high-yielding, large-fruited varieties with a high content of biologically active substances

The study involved seven species and cultivars of ornamental apple trees including Malus × floribunda, M. halliana, M. niedzwetzkyana, M. × purpurea, M. × purpurea ‘Ola’, M. × purpurea ‘Royalty’, and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’. The average value of increment, average length, and duration of shoots’ growth were determined to characterize the seasonal growth of Malus shoots. The percentages of rooted cuttings, callus formation without roots, and unviable cuttings were registered for each investigated taxon. Statistical analysis was performed in Microsoft Excel 2007 following Zaitsev (1990), and Atramentova & Utevskaya (2014). The total duration of shoots growth of the studied species and varieties ranged from 72 (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) to 118 days (M. niedzwetzkyana); annual shoots reached a length from 213.75 mm (M. × purpurea) to 448.75 mm (M. niedzwetzkyana); the average increment of shoots ranged from 3.90 mm (M. × purpurea ‘Ola’) to 14.70 mm (M. floribunda). The rooting ability of Malus stem cuttings was limited to a reasonably short period of cutting procedure and depended on the application of biologically active substances, their concentrations, and complexes. The highest rooting rate (33.33 %) was observed in M. × purpurea ‘Ola’ after the treatment of its cuttings by 0.6 % indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at the end of June. A slightly lower rooting rate (20.00 %) was observed in M. halliana cuttings treated by 0.4 % IBA and M. × purpurea ‘Selkirk’ cuttings treated by Podkorzen AB aqua at the end of June. Finally, 7.69 % of M. × floribunda cuttings were rooted with Podkorzen AB aqua at the beginning of July. The prediction of the rooting ability of Malus stem cuttings was confirmed by a strong negative correlation between the percentage of rooted cuttings and the duration of shoots’ growth (r = –0.88). Hence, the percentage of rooted cuttings increases with decreasing duration of shoots growth, depending on the genotype.

The presence of the resulting fruit and mature seeds of introduced plants - one of the indicators of the success of introduction of new types of tests in specific climatic conditions. The study of the latent period and the evaluation of the quality of reproductive diaspora are necessary to develop recommendations for the implementation of promising species for the needs of the national economy and the urban and landscape gardening. This assessment is important for collections of the Botanical Gardens, as they participate in the international exchange of seeds, and it is always important to know - what quality seeds are sent or received in the garden upon request. The purpose of this work - assessment of the quality of seeds of some species of apple tree Malus Mill. (Rosaceae), introduced in the Peter the Great Botanical Garden. In the course of the work it is shown that in the conditions of St. Petersburg, a considerable number of introduced species of fruit each year form a complete and viable seeds. It was found that different types of apples are not all the fruits of the seeds are formed, and many formed seeds are damaged by pests. That less, for seed multiplication, you can use the seeds of its own reproduction, but only after a careful selection of the most large and made of them not affected by pests. It is necessary to carry out preventive measures to fumigation reproductive dias-poras for timely pest control.

The intron of the chloroplast rps16 gene encoding ribosomal protein 16S belongs to group II introns, which have the capacity to self-splice. The sequence of this intron may be quite polymorphic and is widely used for molecular-genetic studies of different plant families. But regions of the intron important for splicing and organization of the pre-mRNA secondary structure in Rosaceae species including the genus Malus have not yet been described.The aim of the work was to characterize the nucleotide sequences of the rps16 gene intron, to study their polymorphism and to identify the individual structural elements of the intron determining the correct splicing of the rps16 gene in Malus species and related Rosaceae species. Nucleotide sequences of the rps16 chloroplast gene group II intron from 32 Malus species and 17 related Rosaceae species were amplified, sequenced and their polymorphism was analyzed. The rps16 intron sequence in the genus Malus appeared to be very conservative (1.5 %), as well as in Prunus species, the level of the rps16 intron polymorphism was slightly higher (2.25 %). In the studied sequences the boundaries of the six functional domains typical of group II introns and IBS/EBS binding sites were identified. Variability of all the domains and inter-domain regions was studied. Domains V and VI were the most conservative, which may be due to their role in the positioning of the pre-mRNA structures and formation of the catalytically active secondary structure. Thus, polymorphism of the rps16 gene intron was for the first time studied in Malus species and related Rosaceae species. The boundaries of all six functional domains typical of group II introns and IBS/EBS binding sites were identified. The most conservative were domains V and VI.

Genus Apples (Malus Mill.) have been known at Peter the Great Botanic Garden of the Komarov Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences since the end of the XVIII century, the first exotic species was M. pumila Mill. (M. domestica Borkh.). It is here M. floribunda Siebold ex van Houtte, M. sachalinensis (Kom.) Juz. and M. sieboldii (Regel) Rehd. apparently were firstly introduced into general cultivation. The hardiest is M. baccata (L.) Borkh. which is represented here constantly since 1816. There are 71 specimens in modern collection which belong to 21 taxa. They are mostly small trees, and very seldom - shrubs. Some of them exceed the sizes which they attain in optimal conditions of their natural habitats. Certain trees belong to the largest and the oldest ones in the European gardens. In modern climatic conditions nearly all taxa are winter hardy, though earlier they were considerably bitten by frosts in abnormally ((severe)) winters of the XX century. The most of them produce fruits well. There are certain specimens who may be promising for tests and selection as a fruit trees – they have good and steady crop and produce edible apples of rather good quality. Some species such as M. orthocarpa Lavall., M. x spectabilis (Aiton) Borkh., M. tschonoskii (Maxim.) C.K. Schneid. Maybe recommending for repeated introduction. There are good prospects for primary introduction of species which have never been tested - M. brevipes Rehd., M. rockii Rehd., M. ioensis (Wood) Britt. etc. In connection with the analysis of collections of open-air ground in our Botanical garden, and evaluation and the introduction of different types of groups of plants were analyzed and the data on the genus Malus. Analysis of published lists of seeds – Index ((здесь надо множественное число)) seminum or Delectus ((и здесь)), which our Garden published from 1835, allows us to judge the effectiveness of fruiting grown in the Garden of plant species. Several species of Malus in the Garden fruited not lasting. But those species whose seeds are often included in the exchange lists, says that they are resistant to the climate of St. Petersburg, and can be recommended for urban gardening (M. cerasifera, M. cerasifolia, M. manshurica, M. pallasiana, M. prunifolia, M. sieboldi). Some of the types and forms of species from genus Malus from the collection of the Garden, can be regarded as promising for the needs of green building and modern urbanofloristic. They are also of interest as decorative and suitable for testing as fruit trees, and as a basis for future breeding selection. Many types of freezes earlier species of Malus, in a changing and global warming can be quite promising for breeding now for the conditions of St. Petersburg.

The study of pollen morphology of some species of the genus Malus (Rosaceae) was carried out. All investigated species are characterized by tricolpate pollen grains, but differ by their size and coloration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper morphological and anatomical structure of the petioles of 15 different genomic hybrids between quince and apple are compared with other hybrids and the initial forms. Specific and common anatomic peculiarities of the petiole for the studied hybrids in comparison to other hybrids and parental forms are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits are the most important source of polyphenols, substances that have a positive effect on human health. Modern technologies for the industrial processing of fruits into juice are aimed at preserving the useful components of the raw material in it. The issue of the content of polyphenols in industrial juice products, and, especially, changes in their concentration over time, is important for understanding the nutritional value of juice products and requires further study. The purpose of the work is to study the total content of polyphenols depending on the type of juice products and the time elapsed since the product was manufactured. Material and methods . The total content of polyphenols in terms of gallic acid was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method in four popular types of juice products (orange, grapefruit and apple juice, cherry nectar), various brands and with different production dates. The results of the determination in 60 product samples selected from Russian retail chains were analyzed. Results . Polyphenols are found in all types of products in significant amounts: in orange juices from 678 to 870 mg/kg, in grapefruit juices from 447 to 798 mg/kg, in apple juices from 264 to 1320 mg/kg, in cherry nectars from 696 to 1090 mg/kg. The highest average content was found in cherry nectars (859±106 mg/kg), followed by orange (781±54 mg/kg) and grapefruit juices (634±91 mg/kg). In apple juices, there is a significant variation in the content of polyphenols depending on the method of juice production - the highest content of polyphenols was found in straight-pressed apple juices (1119±124 mg/kg). The content of polyphenols in products stored for six months or more does not show any significant differences from the content in fresher products, which suggests a consistently high content of polyphenols in juice products throughout the entire shelf life. Conclusion . The study showed the presence of high concentrations of common polyphenols in juice products. The dependence of total polyphenol content on the time elapsed since the production of juice product was not found. Juice products of industrial production can make a significant contribution to the intake of polyphenols in the human body., Competing Interests: Berezhnaya Yu.A. and Kutepova I.S. are employees of PepsiCo, Inc., any opinions or scientific interpretations expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc. Shashin D.L. and Polyakov S.A. are employees of JSC “Multon”, the paper presents the author’s point of view. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

Introduction to action GOST 33302-2015 "Fresh agricultural products. Guidance for irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment" on the territory of the Russian Federation regulating the use of radiation processing to extend shelf life and improve storability of fresh agricultural products requires commodity market understanding - to what extent and under what conditions this technology will allow you to keep the nutritional value of agricultural raw materials and meet the safety requirements in accordance with the Technical regulations of the Customs Union 021/2011 "On food safety". Currently there is no science-based regulation of radiation doses that would allow you to preserve the nutritional value of products, including antioxidant activity. Apples are the most accessible and widely distributed representative of fruit products in the consumer market of the country, characterized by a high content of antioxidants. The experimental material was investigated by a retrospective method. To confirm the fact of irradiation/non-irradiation, control samples of apples of different pomologic varieties ("Pink Lady", "Granny Smith", "Golden Delicess", "Gloster") were identified on the consumer market using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The results of the study confirm that antioxidant content is due to the pomological belonging to a particular class and structure of the fruit (pulp or juice without pulp). The antioxidant activity (AOA) of freshly squeezed (untreated) juices, in contrast to the AOA of apples have lower rates and is lower for pomological variety "Pink lady" by 13.8%, for grade "Granny Smith" - by 22.0%, for the variety "Golden delicious" by 22.6% for class "Gloucester" by 23.0%, respectively. Studies have been conducted on the effect of various doses of ionizing radiation on antioxidant activity of fresh apples by potentiometric method using the K3[Fe(CN6)]/K4[Fe(CN6)] mediator system. Test samples of fresh apples were treated with ionizing radiation using a linear accelerator of electrons in doses from 1 to 12 kGy. AOA of experimental samples of fresh apples of pomological variety "Pink Lady" after irradiation with a dose of 12 kGy decreased by 4.5 fold compared with unirradiated samples, in apple varieties "Granny Smith" - by 2.9 fold, "Golden delishes" and "Gloucester" - by 3.1 fold, respectively. With an increase in irradiation dose of more than 3 kGy, the most intense decrease in antioxidant content occurs. A high correlation coefficient between the dose of irradiation and the content of antioxidants in the experimental samples of fresh apples of different pomologic varieties has been established - from 0.94 to 0.99. The obtained experimental data allow us to propose a limitation of the radiation dose to 3 kGy in order to preserve the antioxidant potential of fresh apples., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

The results of the burned wounds treatment with 1-2% solution of apple or beet pectins were analysed. The control results were examined at the same patients with symmetrical wounds treated by chlorhexidine, levomecol, furacillin liniment. Clinical evaluation demonstrated good tolerability of the treatment regime, absence of side effects and complications, inhibition of inflammation, acceleration of epithelisation of the burns II-IIIA class, allowed to diminish the preliminary period before autodermoplastic operation (burns of IIIB class), diminished microbial dissemination and dissemination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The best results were demonstrated when the pectins application was performed since the first day after the burned injury.