Search

This paper provides an overview of methods for processing and recycling chicken droppings. Poultry farms are a source of litter formation in an amount much larger than the main products. The litter contains up to 80% organic matter, many trace elements, all essential amino acids, growth regulators, vitamins, nitrogen and phosphorus. According to the Federal waste catalog, fresh chicken droppings belong to the 3rd hazard class. Fresh dung contains a significant amount of weed seeds, helminth eggs and pathogenic microorganisms. Dung is a source of toxic gases-ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, carbon monoxide. Without recycling, manure becomes a source of environmental pollution. Disposal of chicken droppings is a difficult issue for many farms. Modern trends in the processing and use of poultry manure: 1) direct application to the soil without additional treatment, 2) Processing by passive and active composting, 3) Vermicomposting, 4) Processing with the help of housefly larvae, 5) Dehydration and drying (mechanical, thermal, vacuum), 6) Pyrolysis at t = 450-550 °C, 7) Plasma gasification, 8) thermal depolymerization Technology, 9) Direct combustion in steam and hot water boilers, 10) Microbiological conversion, 11) anaerobic digestion in Methane tanks with the formation of biogas, 12) Dung as a component of compound feed for cattle. The considered technologies of utilization of bird droppings do not fully contribute to the preservation of the environment and production. At the present stage, the industry needs an environmentally friendly and cost-effective biotechnology for processing manure, which makes it possible to turn organic waste into valuable raw materials for obtaining feed, fuels, fertilizers, and substrates for the chemical and microbiological industries. The future of waste management is in nature-like technologies, because in nature, all the necessary processing mechanisms are already in place.

В статье рассмотрены вопросы повышения плодородия почвы за счет применения органических удобрений, производство компостов в полевых условиях и устройство компостноприготовительной установки. The article discusses the issue of increasing of increasing soil fertility with the help of organic fertilizers, the production of composts in the field conditions and compost preparation device.

Изучение динамики почвенного плодородия за 85-летний период применения удобрений в зерносвекловичном севообороте выявило значительное повышение содержания щелочногидролизуемого азота, подвижного фосфора, нитрификационной способности почвы на фоне небольшого подкисления, снижение содержания обменного кальция, увеличение – магния и гумуса. Данный уровень плодородия обеспечивал увеличение урожайности корнеплодов отечественного гибрида относительно контроля на 62,9–120 %, биологического сбора сахара – на 99,2–169 %. Самые высокие показатели продуктивности и почвенного плодородия отмечались на фоне системы удобрения, включающей N135P135K135 – под сахарную свеклу в сочетании с 25 т/га навоза в пару., Studying of soil fertility dynamics as a result of fertilizer application in a grain-beet crop rotation during 85 years revealed signifi cant content increase of alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and nitrifi cation capacity of soil in combination with some acidation, reduction of exchange calcium content and increase the one of magnesium and humus. This fertility level provided increase of beet root yield by 62.9-120 % and biological sugar yield by 99.2-169 %, as compared to the control. The greatest values of productivity and soil fertility were ensured by the fertilizing system of N135P135K135 for sugar beet together with 25 t/ha of manure in fallow., Сахарная свекла, Выпуск 4 2022

В статье рассмотрены вопросы получения бесподстилочного навоза, его химический состав и применение в растениеводстве. The article discusses the issue of obtaining manure without bedding, its chemical composition and its application in crop production.

В статье рассмотрены вопросы получения биогаза в анаэробных условиях, факторов влияющих на выход метана, температура, кислотность. The article discusses the issue of biogas production under anaerobic conditions affecting methane yield, temperature, acidity.

The paper discusses the results of long-term research in the competitive variety testing of the sainfoin variety ‘Shuravi’, introduced into the State List of breeding achievements and approved for use in 2019 in the North Caucasus and Nizhne-Volga regions of Russia.The sainfoin variety ‘Shuravi’ is a complex hybrid species obtained by the methods of individual-family selection and polycross followed by massive negative selection. According to the most morphological and biological characteristics, the variety has been assigned to the Transcaucasian species. The plants are of tall height (95-105 cm). The bush is semi-upright (40%), upright (40%) and semi-sprawling (20%). The root system is vertical with a well-defined main root. The stalk is rough, thick and hollow inside. The kernels are of medium size, mainly with spines. 1000 kernel weight is 18–20 g. The vegetation period ‘sprouts – full ripeness’ is 85–90 days, and the mowing ripeness of the green mass is 45–55 days. According to resistance to major diseases, the variety is not inferior to the standard variety ‘Zernogradsky 2’. The productivity of ‘Shuravi’ green mass during the State variety testing was on 9.6% higher than that of the standard variety, dry matter was on 14.7% higher and seed productivity was on 17.6% higher. In the following years of study in a competitive variety testing, the variety ‘Shuravi’ exceeded the standard variety on 10.3% in green mass productivity and on 9.8% in dry matter. According to the yield of fodder units per 1 hectare, raw and digestible protein, the variety exceeded the standard on 17.0, 15.7 and 16.1% respectively. Exchange energy content per 1 kg of dry matter and supply of a fodder unit with digestible protein in the variety ‘Shuravi’ was at the standard level.The use of the sainfoin variety ‘Shuravi’ as a green fertilizer makes it possible to cover fresh standard organic matter on 9.8–14.7% and nitrogen on 1.8–2.4 kg more compared with the standard; the percentage of phosphorus and potassium is the same as with the standard variety ‘Zernogradsky 2’. In general, when using sainfoin green mass as green manure, soil is supplied with much more such basic nutrients as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium than when applying the same amount of good quality manure.

Длительное применение минеральных удобрений и навоза в зерносвекловичном севообороте изменяло показатели эффективного плодородия (особенно содержание P2O5) чернозема выщелоченного под озимой пшеницей в звене с паром и под ячменем. Это способствовало увеличению урожайности зерна озимой пшеницы на 7,38–57,7 % (0,27–2,11 т/га) и ячменя на 13,0–59,1 % (0,39–1,78 т/га) относительно неудобренного варианта. Наибольшую прибавку урожайности зерна озимой пшеницы обеспечивало применение N135P135K135 + 25 т/га на- воза и N190P190K190, ячменя – также и N90P90K90 + 25 т/га навоза., Long-term application of mineral fertilizers and manure in a grain-beet crop rotation changed effective fertility indices (particularly P2O5 content) of leached blackearth soil under winter wheat in a link with fallow and barley. This promoted increase of grain yield by 7.38–57.7 % (0.27– 2.11 t/ha) for winter wheat and by 13.0–59.1 % (0.39– 1.78 t/ha) for barley as compared to the unfertilized variant. Using N135P135K135 + 25 t/ha of manure and N190P190K190 for winter wheat, and for barley, N90P90K90 + 25 t/ha of manure as well ensured the greatest increase of grain yields., Сахарная свекла, Выпуск 1 2021

Рациональное использование горных пастбищ сельскохозяйственными животными является огромным резервом при получении экологически чистой продукции животноводства, что на сегодняшний день является актуальным. Экспериментальные исследования, проведенные на территории горного стационара в условиях высокогорий Даргавской котловины, при откорме молодняка крупного рогатого скота, выявили различия между группами в пользу опытной группы по характеру роста и развития, повышению физиолого-биохимического статуса и интенсивности обменных процессов в организме, а также улучшению конверсии питательных веществ пастбищного корма в продукцию при использовании оптимального варианта горного фитоценоза., The rational use of mountain pastures by agricultural animals is a huge reserve in obtaining environmentally friendly livestock products, which is relevant today. Experimental studies carried out on the territory of a mountain station in the highlands of the Dargav depression, when fattening young cattle, revealed differences between the groups in favor of the experimental group in terms of the nature of growth and development, an increase in the physiological and biochemical status and intensity of metabolic processes in the body, as well as an improvement in conversion of nutrients of pasture fodder into products using the optimal variant of mountain phytocenosis., Горное сельское хозяйство, Выпуск 2 2021

Были проведены испытания синтетических мембран Biobrane Liner производства Serge Ferrari SAS, Франция. На мембраны укладывали различные фракции отходов, таких как нефтешлам, зола, продукты питания, навоз, зерно испорченное. Через 21 день сравнивали результаты химического состава почв под мембранами. Выявлены следующие общие закономерности, как уменьшение влажности в почве под пленкой от 0,8 до 2,7%, слабый сдвиг pH почвы в щелочную сторону на 0,1-0,7. Увеличение под пленкой сульфатов от 2 до 26 ммоль, незначительное увеличение общей жесткости, незначительное увеличение удельной активности Cs-137. А также выявлены частные характеристики проницаемости мембран. В целом содержание химических компонентов в почве осталось в рамках допустимых концентраций., The tests were carried out on synthetic membranes Biobrane Liner manufactured by Serge Ferrari SAS, France. Various fractions of waste, such as oil sludge, ash, foodstuffs, manure, spoiled grain, were placed on the membranes. After 21 days, the results of the chemical composition of the soils under the membranes were compared. The following general patterns were revealed, such as a decrease in moisture in the soil under the film from 0.8 to 2.7%, a slight shift in soil pH to the alkaline side by 0.1-0.7. An increase under the film of sulfates from 2 to 26 mmol, a slight increase in the total hardness, a slight increase in the specific activity of Cs-137. And also revealed the particular characteristics of the permeability of the membranes. In general, the content of chemical components in the soil remained within the permissible concentrations., Горный журнал Казахстана, Выпуск 11 (199) 2021, Pages 52-57

Представлены результаты исследований продуктивности и технологического качества корнеплодов сахарной свеклы при длительном использовании удобрений в основное внесение (1936–2017 гг.). Оценку производили за 9 ротаций севооборота (2009–2017 гг.). Установлено, что наибольшая урожайность гибридов сахарной свеклы отечественной селекции с высокими технологическими показателями корнеплодов достигалась при длительном внесении N45P45K45 под культуру на фоне 50 т/га полуразложившегося навоза КРС в пару. По сравнению с вариантом без удобрений данный агротехнический прием обеспечивал повышение урожайности корнеплодов на 13,0 т/га, сахаристости – на 0,57 абс. %, прогнозируемого выхода сахара на заводе – на 1,04 абс. %, сбора очищенного сахара с одного гектара – на 2,29 т/ га относительно варианта без внесения удобрений., The results of studies of productivity and technological quality of sugar beet in case of long-term application of fertilizers in the main application (1936–2017) are presented. These indicators were estimated for 9 rotation of crop rotation (2009–2017). It has been established that the highest yield of sugar beet hybrids of domestic selection with high technological indices of root crops was achieved with long-term application of N45P45K45 mineral fertilizers at the background of 50 t/ha of semi-spread manure of cattle in steam. This agricultural application increased the yield of root crops by 13.0 t/ha, sugar content – by 0.57 abs%, predicted sugar yield at plant – by 1.04 abs%, collection of purifi ed sugar from one hectare – by 2.29 t/ha relative to the version without fertilizers., Сахарная свекла, Выпуск 6 2020

При внесении возрастающих доз удобрений, длительно вносимых в севообороте с сахарной свеклой, в основном отмечалось снижение коэффициентов использования из них NPK, более всего – K2O, несколько меньше – P2O5, менее всего – N, также отмечено повышение поглощения из почвы P2O5 и K2O относительно неудобренного варианта. Наиболее значительное использование NPK удобрений и почвы, а также и наибольший возврат в экосистему азота и фосфора были отмечены при действии в севообороте систем N135P135K135 + 25 т/га навоза и N120P120K120 + 50 т/га навоза, When using increased doses of fertilizers applied in a crop rotation with sugar beet for a long time, reduction of NPK utilization coefficient was noted in general. The reduction was the greatest for K2O, somewhat less for P2O5, and the least of all for N. Also, absorption of P2O5 and K2O was more as compared to the unfertilized variant was registered. The most considerable use of NPK from fertilizers and soil as well as the greatest return of nitrogen and phosphorus to ecosystem were observed when using the systems of N135P135K135 + 25 t/ha of manure and N120P120K120 + 50 t/ha of manure in a crop rotation., Сахарная свекла, Выпуск 10 2020

Рассмотрено состояние и предложены пути комплексного решения проблемы переработки сельскохозяйственных отходов как вновь формирующейся отрасли по утилизации таких отходов в увязке с развитием зарождающейся отрасли производства органической продукции и рынка органических удобрений. Проблема рассмотрена во взаимосвязи регуляторной, экономической и технологической компонент в их динамике от текущего состояния к целевому (желаемому). Предложены конкретные меры для стимулирования взаимосвязанного развития отрасли переработки отходов в органические удобрения и отрасли производства органической продукции. Особое внимание уделено приоритетным технологиям переработки отходов в органические удобрения, механизмам пилотирования и масштабирования российских технологий для их ускоренного применения в сельском хозяйстве., The state is examined and ways of a comprehensive solution to the problem of processing agricultural waste as a newly emerging industry for the disposal of such waste, in conjunction with the development of the nascent branch of organic production and the market of organic fertilizers, are proposed. The problem is considered in the relationship of the regulatory, economic and technological components in their dynamics from the current state to the target (desired). Concrete measures are proposed to stimulate the interconnected development of the industry for processing waste into organic fertilizers and the organic production industry. Particular attention is paid to priority technologies for processing waste into organic fertilizers, to piloting and scaling up Russian technologies for their accelerated application in agriculture., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 9 (122) 2020

Исследования свидетельствуют, что в севообороте с клевером без удобрений под картофель происходит стабилизация содержания гумуса в дерново-подзолистой супесчаной почве, а при ежегодном внесении 10, 20 и 30 т/га ТНК наблюдается его положительный баланс. В севообороте с люпином стабилизируется содержание гумуса при внесении 10 т/га компоста с минеральными удобрениями в дозе 200 кг д.в/га в год. Устойчивый положительный баланс гумуса наблюдается при внесении 20 и 30 т/га ТНК с минеральными удобрениями. В севообороте с кукурузой без удобрений под картофель наблюдается отрицательный баланс гумуса. Применение 10, 20 и 30 т/га ТНК с минеральными удобрениями стабилизирует гумус в почве. Люпин и рапс в качестве сидеральных удобрений энергетически более выгодны, чем навоз. Использование сидератов повысило коэффициент энергетической эффективности возделывания картофеля до 1,38-2,25., Studies show that in the crop rotation with clover without fertilizers for potatoes there is a stabilization of humus content in sod-podzolic sandy soil. Under the annual application of peat-manure compost in doses 10, 20 and 30 t/ha to arable land, positive balance of humus is observed. In the crop rotation with lupine humus content stabilizes under application of 10 t/ha compost with mineral fertilizers at a dose of 200 kg/ha of primary nutrient per year. A stable positive balance of humus is observed when 20 and 30 t/ha of compost with mineral fertilizers are applied to arable land. In the rotation with corn without fertilizers for potatoes, a negative balance of humus is observed. Application on arable land of 10, 20 and 30 t/ha of compost with mineral fertilizers stabilizes humus in the soil. Lupin and rapeseed as green manure fertilizer is energetically more favorable than the manure. The use of green manure increased the energy efficiency factor to 1.38-2.25 against 1.34-1.87 when manure was applied., Плодородие, Выпуск 5 (116) 2020

Рассмотрено состояние и предложены пути комплексного решения проблемы переработки сельскохозяйственных отходов как вновь формирующейся отрасли по утилизации таких отходов в увязке с развитием зарождающейся отрасли производства органической продукции и рынка органических удобрений. Проблема рассмотрена во взаимосвязи регуляторной, экономической и технологической компонент в их динамике от текущего состояния к целевому (желаемому). Предложены конкретные меры для стимулирования взаимосвязанного развития отрасли переработки отходов в органические удобрения и отрасли производства органической продукции. Особое внимание уделено приоритетным технологиям переработки отходов в органические удобрения, механизмам пилотирования и масштабирования российских технологий для их ускоренного применения в сельском хозяйстве., The state is examined and ways of a comprehensive solution to the problem of processing agricultural waste as a newly emerging industry for the disposal of such waste, in conjunction with the development ofthe nascent branch of organic production and the market of organic fertilizers, are proposed. The problem is considered in the relationship of the regulatory, economic and technological components in their dynamics from thecurrent state to the target (desired). Concrete measures are proposed to stimulate the interconnected development of the industry for processing waste into organic fertilizers and the organic production industry. Particular attention is paid to priority technologies for processing waste into organic fertilizers, to piloting and scaling upRussian technologies for their accelerated application in agriculture., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 8 (121) 2020

В статье на основе обзора литературы и проведенных исследований рассматриваются вопросы биологического земледелия, использования сидератов с помощью которых последовательно решается задачи воспроизводства плодородия почвы и восстановления положительного баланса гумуса на лугово-каштановых почвах тяжелого механического состава, эффективность биогенных средств в регуляции агрофизических свойств почв, таких как плотность и пористость почвы как важные критерия определяющие плодородие почвы. Влияния мощного загущенного покрова посевного гороха после запашки его в почву как биологического фактора, выявляется в повышении плодородия почвы, что в конечном счете приводит к увеличению урожайности кукурузы на зерно в условиях орошения Терско-Сулакской подпровинции., on the basis of the literature review and the conducted research, the article considers the issues of biological agriculture, the use of siderates with the help of which the problems of reproduction of soil fertility and restoration of a positive balance of humus on meadow chestnut soils of heavy mechanical composition are consistently solved, the effectiveness of biogenic means in the regulation of agrophysical properties of soils, such as soil density and porosity as important criteria determining soil fertility. The influence of the powerful thickened cover of sowing peas after plowing it into the soil as a biological factor is revealed in the increase of soil fertility, which ultimately leads to an increase in the yield of corn for grain in the conditions of irrigation of the Tersko-Sulak subprovince., №4(4) (2019)

The article presents the study results of a long-term field stationary trial. There has been identified a role of the complex application of organic and mineral fertilizers, plant protection products and the biological product ‘Gumistim’ in the winter rye cultivation, its influence on the productivity and technological qualities of grain. Increasing doses of mineral fertilizers combined with chemical plant protection products and biomaterial ‘Gumistim’ significantly increased productive tilling capacity and the number of kernels per head. Kernel weight per head in the trial also depended on the level of mineral nutrition and the applied plant protection products. Mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on winter rye productivity, while the influence degree was determined by the level of fertilizers’ application. The use of ‘Gumistim’ in combination with protective techniques activated growth and development of the plants, which ultimately contributed to a significant increase in grain productivity. The highest increase from biomaterial ‘Gumistim’ was obtained in the aftereffects of application of 40 t/ha manure + N 70 P 30 K 60 + pesticides + 0.48 t/ha ‘Gumistim’ and N 140 Р 60 К 120 ‘Gumistim’. On average, during the years of research, the most effective fertilizing systems for winter rye were organic-mineral (the aftereffects of application of 40 t/ha manure + N 70 P 30 K 60 ) and mineral N 140 Р 60 К 120 ) combined with chemical plant protection products and biomaterial ‘Gumistim’. The above mentioned fertilizing systems improved winter rye yields to 2.54–2.66 t/ha. Under the influence of organic, mineral and organic-mineral fertilizing systems, together with chemical plant protective means and ‘Gumistim’, the technological quality of winter rye kernels has improved. The indexes of nature weight, 1000-kernel weight and vitreousness of grain have also improved. Winter rye grain with the best baking qualities was obtained in the variants with organic-mineral and mineral fertilizing systems in combination with plant protection products and biomaterial ‘Gumistim’.

Objective of research: the sanitary-veterinary and economic evaluation of the disinfecting effect of different technologies applied for decontamination of livestock manure and sewage from invasive pathogens of pigs as well as for conversion of these wastes. Materials and methods: The degree of contamination of liquid manure from pig farms with eggs and helminth larvae, cysts and oocysts of parasitic protozoa, was studied on the samples collected once a month at farms of the Moscow region, and once every two months at farms of the Republic of Mordovia. Sampling, transportation and investigation of samples were carried out by the method of A. Cherepanov (1972). Samples were taken in the morning at 3-5 points using IMOP sampler 1000. At the sampling point, an inventory was created where the date, location, selection point and its sample volume were indicated. To prevent the development of microflora in the samples, a certain amount of preserving agent was added. When sampling solid manure fraction from the surface, middle and lower level, manure mass was selected horizontally at each level from 3-5 points, thoroughly mixed, then the averaged sample (1.0 kg) was placed in a plastic bag. To confirm the viability of helminth eggs detected by coproovoscopic examinations, eggs were transferred with a micropipette into Petri dishes and cultured in an thermostat at a temperature 26˚C in a humid environment, periodically aerating and observing the development of the embryo. Comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment facilities in selected pig farms was performed by comparing the number of invasive elements in 1 liter of liquid manure entering and flowing out of the treatment facilities. Results and discussion: at all three selected pig farms, the most intense infections with helminth eggs, cysts and oocysts parasitic protozoa were found in raw sewage, what indicates a lack of effectiveness of anti-parasitic measures at the farm. JSC “Mordovia bacon” with 54 thousand pig heads a year is the only one of three inspected farms, where liquid manure is separated into fractions, followed by disinfestation of solid fraction on concrete pads with further application of manure as an organic fertilizer. Due to mechanical separation of liquid manure into fractions applied at this farm, the number of parasitic elements of internal parasites of pigs (eggs of Ascaris, trihotsefal, esophagitis, coccidia oocysts and cysts balantidiums) in 1 kg solid fraction was 586 ind. The efficiency of decontamination of liquid manure from parasitic elements, taking into account this treatment method was 53,6-73,4%. Biothermal decontamination of solid fraction of manure piles is achieved within 3-5 months (100%), depending on the season and used in fields as organic fertilizer.

The results of experiments on accounting for planting density and the use of fertilizers are presented. The factors contributing to obtaining high quality and the potato crop with a sufficient amount of dry substances starch, high quality, the minimum content of nitrates and good condition of the tuber. An Amiri-600 potato variety was used in the experiment. The studies were conducted in 2014–2016. Of mineral fertilizers, ammonium nitrate, simple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate were used. As a result of the work, it was found that in the grey-brown (chestnut) irrigated soils of the Ganja–Gazakh zone of Azerbaijan, to obtain a high and high-quality crop of potato tubers, the optimal fertilizer dose is recommended — manure 20 t/ha+N90P120K90 kg/ha.

Приведены результаты учета урожайности надземной фитомассы озимой ржи после выгонки растений по методу НейбауэраШнейдера. Установлено, что на светлосерой лесной легкосуглинистой почве азот аммиачной селитры в дозе 0,1 г/кг почвы способствовал формированию большей зеленой фитомассы ржи, чем равная доза азота в форме навоза крупного рогатого скота. На оподзоленном черноземе растения одинаково реагировали на внесение азота как в виде селитры, так и в форме навоза. Положительное действие минерального азота сохранялось и на фоне фосфорнокалийного удобрения, причем на светлосерой лесной почве относительная прибавки была в 1,8 раза выше, чем при влиянии азота органического удобрения. Стимулятор роста Циркон был эффективен при любой удобренности почвы, обеспечивая в начальный период роста повышение всхожести и увеличение урожайности зеленой фитомассы ржи., The article presents the results of accounting for the yield of aboveground phytomass of winter rye after forcing treatment of plants by the NeubauerSchneider method. It was established that in light gray forest loamy soil nitrogen of ammonium nitrate in a dose of 0.1g/kg of soil contributed to the formation of a greater green rye phytomass than an equal dose of nitrogen in the form of cattle manure. On the podzolizic chernozem, the plants reacted equally to the introduction of nitrogen, both in the form of nitrate and in the form of manure. The positive effect of mineral nitrogen was also maintained against the background of phosphoruspotassium fertilizer, and the relative value of increase in lightgray forest soil was 1.8 times higher than the effect of nitrogen of organic fertilizer. Zircon growth stimulator was effective for any fertilization of the soil, providing in the initial period of growth an increase in germination and an increase in the yield of green phytorye mass., №4(109) (2019)

Представлены результаты многолетних полевых опытов по изучению разных способов заделки и доз внесения торфонавозного компоста (ТНК) и навоза в дерново-подзолистую и серую лесную почвы. Установлено, что внесение 140 т/га ТНК под ярусную обработку на дерново-подзолистой почве увеличило содержание элементов питания – подвижного фосфора на 25 мг/кг, калия на 36, общего азота на 11 мг/кг почвы, снизило кислотность на 0,37 ед., на серой лесной почве, соответственно, на 26, 30, 12 мг/кг и 0,12 ед. Глубокая запашка органического удобрения в анаэробных условиях, замедляя процессы минерализации, способствовала образованию органического вещества, особенно в нижнем слое почвы. К концу ротации севооборота содержание гумуса в дерново-подзолистой почве увеличилось на 0,01 % в верхнем слое и на 1,28% в нижнем, в серой лесной почве – на 0,24 и 1,10 % соответственно. Улучшился качественный состав гумуса. Заделка компоста и навоза плугом ПЯ-3-35 на 25-27 см привела к росту урожайности возделываемых культур и улучшению качества продукции: урожай озимой ржи составил 3,81 т/га з. е., клубней картофеля – 5,52 т/га на дерново-подзолистой почве; 4,48 озимой пшеницы, 3,58 яровой пшеницы и 7,09 т/га картофеля на серой лесной почве. По ярусной обработке на обеих почвах увеличились содержание крахмала, витамина С и сахара, сырого белка, клейковины, стекловидность, содержание жира, общего азота, калия, фосфора, натура зерна и другие показатели., This article presents the results of long-term field experiments about the effect of different methods of embedding and doses of peat-manure compost (PMC) and manure in sod-podzolic and gray forest soils. It was established that the application of 140 t/ha of PMC for layer plowing on sod-podzolic soil increased the content of nutrients – mobile phosphorus by 25, potassium by 36, total nitrogen by 11 mg/kg of soil, reduced acidity by 0.37 units, on gray forest – respectively 26,30,12 and 0.12. Deep embedding of organic fertilizer under anaerobic conditions, slowed down the mineralization processes, promoted the formation of organic matter – by the end of the crop rotation, the humus content in sod-podzolic soil increased by 0.01% in the upper layer and was especially noticeable by 1.28% in the lower layer, in gray forest soil – by 0.24 and 1.10%, respectively. The qualitative composition of humus has improved. The compost and manure piling with plow model ” PYA‑3‑35” at 25-27 cm led to an increase in yields of cultivated crops and an improvement in product quality: the harvest of winter rye was 3.81 t/ha of grain units, potatoes – 5.52 t/ha of tubers for sod-podzolic soil and 4.48 winter wheat, 3.58 t/ha of spring wheat and 7.09 t/ha of potatoes on gray forest soil. The layer plowing on both soils results in increase of content of starch, vitamin C, sugar, crude protein, gluten, glassiness, fat content, total nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, natural weight of grain and other compounds., №3(108) (2019)

Структуру затрат исследовали на дерновоподзолистой тяжелосуглинистой почве с высоким содержанием фосфора и калия при сильной засоренности и пораженности растений болезнями в различных технологиях возделывания озимой пшеницы по сопоставимым ценам 1989 и 2012 гг. Показано, что структура эксплуатационных затрат комплексного применения удобрений и средств защиты растений в технологиях возделывания озимой пшеницы зависит от урожайности культуры, в т.ч. от соотношения масс зерна и соломы, погодных условий года, интенсификации производства (механизации и химизации) и диспаритета цен ресурсов. Диспропорции в структуре эксплуатационных затрат в большей степени обусловлены превышением (ростом) затрат (в стоимостном и относительном выражении) по ценам 2012 г. по сравнению с 1989 г. по сельскохозяйственной технике, топливносмазочным материалам, удобрениям и химическим средствам защиты растений над затратами по электричеству, зарплате и стоимости зерна., The cost structure was investigated on the soddypodzolic heavy loamy soil with high phosphorus and potassium content with strong infestation and plant diseases in various winter wheat cultivation technologies at comparable prices in 1989 and 2012. It is shown that the structure of operating costs of complex application of fertilizers and plant protection products in technologies of winter wheat cultivation depends on the crop yield, including the ratio of grain and straw weight, weather conditions of the year, intensification of production (mechanization and chemicalization) and on the disparity of resource prices. The disproportions in the structure of operating costs are largely due to the excess (growth) of costs (in value and relative terms) at the prices of 2012 compared to 1989 for agricultural machinery, fuel and lubricants, fertilizers and chemical plant protection products over the costs of electricity, fuel and lubricants and the cost of grain., №4(2018) (2019)

The crop data of the crop rotation link (winter rye, spring wheat with clover seed, clover of first-year use, winter rye) of long-term stationary field experiment (second rotation) are presented. Three systems of fall tillage (dumped, combined, nonmoldboard), kinds of fallow (clean, clean with entering of cattle manure 60 t/ha, green–manure mustard, green–manure clover) are being studied. Nonmoldboard tillage in comparison with the dumped and combined led to adecrease in the grain crops yield on average by experience to 2.75 t/ha. By dumped tillage it amounted to 3.32, combined — 3.07 t/ha of grain units. The meadow clover yield did not depend on the method of tillage — 2.01–2.12 t/ha of grain units. The entering of manure into fallow and clover green–manure fallow ensured the highest yield of winter rye grain — 2.59 and 2.61 t/ha, in theaftereffect of spring wheat — 2.84 and 2.77 t/ha, in control with pure fallow — 2.42 and 2.39 t/ha. The effectiveness of the manure depended on the way it was embedded in fallow. A negative correlation was found between the yield of a cover crop of spring wheat and clover, r = −0,706. Theproductivity of one hectare of soil, taking into account the depressive influence of individual factors in the manure application variant, was the highest — 2.95, with clean, green–manure mustard and clover fallows — 2.72–2.74t/ha of grain units. In the conditions of 2015–2018, apositive effect of manure is noted on the yield of all grain crops. The influence of the green–manure clover fallow lasted 2 years. The crops yield on the green–manure mustard fallow was at the level of control with clean fallow. The average yield of grain crops in the variant with pure fallow (control) was 2.83, from entering manure it increased to 3.36, the use of green–manure mustard fallow — increased to 2.97, and clover — to 3.05t/ha of grain units.&nbsp

В полевых стационарных опытах на орошаемой сероземно-луговой почве в условиях Мирзачульского оазиса изучено влияние мульчирования с различными органическими удобрениями (отходы солодки, солома, остатки хлопчатника и навоз) при минимальной обработке. По сравнению с контрольным вариантом при мульчирование с минимальной обработкой увеличилось содержание гумуса и питательных элементов (азот, фосфор, калий)., In field stationary experiments on irrigated gray-soil ground in condition of Mirzachul were oasis studied the influence of mulching with different organic fertilizers (the waste of the licorice, straw, the remainder of cotton plant and manure) under minimum processing. By comparison of checking variant mulching contents humus increased with minimum processing and nourishing element (the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium)., №4(101) (2018)

Результатами исследований, проведенных в стационар- ном опыте по внесению удобрений, установлена зависимость содержания нитратного азота в почве от количества осадков, выпавших от момента внесения удобрений до всходов. Повышение доз удобрений не способствовало увеличению содержания нитратного азота в условиях избыточного увлажнения холодного периода. Доза N120P120K120 на фоне 50 т/га навоза в пару обеспечивала высокое содержание элемента при различных условиях увлажнения., Results of fertilizer application studies carried out on the basis of the longterm experiment revealed dependence of nitrate nitrogen content on rainfall from the moment of the fertilizer application till emergence of seedlings. Increase of fertilizer doses did not promote increase of nitrate nitrogen content under conditions of cold period excess moisture. The dose of N120P120 K120 with the background of 50 ton/hectare in fallow provided high content of the element under different rainfall conditions., №7 (2018)

В статье на основе анализа литературных данных и проведенных исследований рассматривается проблема сохранения и поддержания на должном уровне запасов гумуса в почвах, эффективность видов удобрений в регуляции агрофизических свойств почв таких, как плотность и пористость почвы как важные критерия определяющие плодородие почвы, а также путем применении сидератов создать такую почвенную среду, которая бы улучшала жизнедеятельность почвенных микроорганизмов, повышала влагоёмкость, водопроницаемость, улучшала структуру почвы и надежно защищала её от водной и ветровой эрозии, In article on the basis of the analysis of literature data and the conducted research deals with the problem of preservation and maintenance of stocks of humus in the soil, the efficiency of fertilisers in regulation of agro-physical soil properties such as moisture content, density and soil porosity as an important criterion for determining the fertility of the soil and by the use of green manure to create a soil environment that would improve the livelihoods of soil microorganisms, increases water-holding capacity, water penetration, improve soil structure and protect it from water and wind erosion, №1 (2018)

Resource-saving technologies in soil cultivation are one of the most promising methods of land use, developed in our time. In this experiment, winter wheat was studied, the yield of which was directly related to the cultivation of the soil and the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. In the complex of agrotechnical measures that contribute to obtaining high yields of food grain of winter wheat, fertilizers have a leading role. We, skillfully using fertilizers, tried to improve the quality of grain, increasing its protein content, gluten content and technological properties. The positive effect of fertilizers on plants of winter wheat is manifested only in well-cultivated soils with a reaction of the environment close to neutral. The article presents the results of research on the influence of soil cultivation and fertilizers on the yield of winter wheat in the Ganja-Gazakh region of Azerbaijan. The purpose of our research is to study methods of soil and fertilizer cultivation, improvement of soil fertility and winter wheat cultivation technology, which ensures higher yield and quality of grain in the Ganja-Gazakh zone of Azerbaijan. On the basis of these studies found that to obtain a high yield and quality of winter wheat and soil fertility restoration of the grain on a grey-brown long-irrigated soils of this area, we recommend the traditional farms (loosening of 20-22 cm) and minimum tillage, using fertilizer annually normal manure 10t/ha+N90P90K60. As a result, production of the two recommended treatments and soil cultivation rate of fertilizer, except in 3 years minimum processing necessary to replace traditionally., {"references":["Drobyshev, A. P. (2013). Optimization of crop rotations and basic tillage in resource-saving agriculture in the south of Western Siberia. Dr. Diss. Moscow, 320. (in Russian)","Remeslo, V. N., Saiko, V. F., & Shevchenko, A. I. (1978). Harvest and quality of wheat, depending on the variety, the norm of sowing doses of fertilizers. Vestnik selskokhozyaistvennykh nauk, (10), 63-69. (in Russian)","Bakirov, F. G., Petrova, G. V., Dolmatov, A. P., & Petrov, D. G. (2014). Resource-saving technologies in the chernozems of the Orenburg region. Dostizheniya nauki i tekhniki APK, (5), 3-5. (in Russian)","Garkusha, A. A. (2002). Efficiency of methods of minimizing pre-sowing soil cultivation and care for spring wheat crops in the conditions of the Altai Ob area. Ph.D. Diss. Barnaul, 134. (in Russian)","Ilyasov, M. M., Yapparov, A. Kh., Shaikhutdinov, F. Sh., & al. (2014). Formation of the winter wheat crop depending on the fertilizer system while minimizing the main soil cultivation. Vestnik Kazanskogo GAU, (1), 65-75. (in Russian)","Yagodin, B. A., Zhukov, Yu. P., & Kobzarenko, V. I. (2004). Agrochemistry. Ed. by B. A. Yagodin. Moscow: Mir, 584. (in Russian)","Semizorov, S. A. (2013). Differential basic treatment of meadow-chernozem soil at different levels of mineral nutrition in the Northern Trans-Urals. Ph.D. Diss. Krasnoyarsk, 206. (in Russian)","Kazantsev, S. I. (2013). Efficiency of the minimal methods of basic soil cultivation in a link of grain-growing crop rotation on typical chernozems of Central Chernozem. Ph.D. Diss. Orel, 150. (in Russian)","Shabaev, A. I., Kholinsky, N. M., Azizov, N. M., & Sokolov, N. M. (2007). Resource-saving soil protection treatment of the soil in agro landscapes of the Volga region. Zemledelie, (1), 20-22. (in Russian)"]}

The article considers the problem of saving of nutrients (N, P, K) at the intensive composting of chicken manure in chamber-type and drum-type bioreactors. The indexes of nutrients saving and timing of processing at intensive technologies are given and compared with the same indexes at traditional ones.

Organic fertilizers fill important place in the system of measures to improve soil fertility. To enhance the competitiveness of their products, the manufacturer is faced with the necessity of upgrading existing equipment for loading of organic fertilizers.