Search

Very important is the knowledge of the perennial fluctuations of maximum costs, especially in the context of global climate change. The results of long-term fluctuations in absolute maximum costs make it possible to predict in advance the expected water disasters and work out ways to prevent their danger or mitigate them. The work studied, analyzed and identified patterns of perennial fluctuations of the maximum water flow of the rivers of mountainous areas of Armenia in context of global climate change. For this purpose collected, processed and analyzed the results of actual observations of Armhydromet, available literary sources. Used in the work methods: mathematical-statistical, geographical, comparison, analysis. In the study area, the maximum costs are mainly in the period of spring floods and are formed mainly from snowmelt and rainwater, which can occur both separately and together. During the spring floods, which are one of the main stages of the water regime of the rivers of Armenia, a significant part of the annual flow runs along the rivers. As a result of research, it turned out that in the study area there is mainly a tendency to decrease the values of the maximum flow, which is the result of both human activity and climate change. Among the 53 posts studied (out of 84 active posts), in 49 (that is, in 92% cases) there is a tendency to decrease in absolute maximum expenses, only at 4 posts there is a tendency to increase. This is because in the territory of the republic there is an increase in air temperature, an increase in the frequency of thaws in winter, a decrease in the water supply in the snow.

The paper discusses and analyses the common factors of spatial distribution of the Debed river basin flow, features of the water regime and intra-annual flow distribution owed by the geological and hydrogeological structure of the region and the soil composition. Besides, some issues of regulation and management of river flow related to the peculiarities of the geological and hydrogeological structure of the river basin and the soil composition are considered.

The general point of view of Timur's origin is the following: Tīmūr ibn Tarağāī was born in 1336 (or 1334) in the village Khoja Ilğar of the district Kesh 1 in Mawarannahr, by the origin he was from turkified Mongolian tribe Barlās. He is known as Timur Lang, Tamerlane, Tamburlaine, Temir Aksak2 , which means Lame Timur or Lame Iron: according to ibn 'Arabshah, his name was Tīmūr, which in other languages (probably in Turkish or Persian) pronounced as Tamūr or Tamrlank/Tamarlank and ''he is the Iron ibn Tarağāī in Turkish''3. Besides this explanation (Tīmūr-Iron), another etymology of Timur's name we find in the auto-biographical memoirs of Timur: according to The Mulfūzat after Tīmūr's birth his father went to shaykh Shams al-Din al-Fakhuri to choose a name for his son4 . Shaykh opened Qur'an and read the 16 th ayat of 67th surah ''Do you feel secure that He who [holds authority] in the heaven would not cause the earth to swallow you and suddenly it would sway ( tamūru)?''. Consequently, this word (tamūru) is in the base of the name.

The paper reviews and assesses heat provision conditions of Armenia's main wine-producing region (Ararat Valley and foothill area), analyzes the patterns of temporal distribution of heat provision and determines how they are affected by the global climate change. It demonstrates increase of active temperatures observed in the main wine-producing region.

The regularities of the space-temporal distribution of the radiation balance of the underlying surface for the conditions of the mountainous territory of the Republic of Armenia were discussed and analyzed.

It takes time and effort to make a highly qualified translator. But currently there is a great demand in skills of qualified translators in professional cross-cultural communication. So machine-aided translation could solve the problem. Today it is impossible to overestimate the significance and prospects of the machine-aided translation for this purpose. The paper describes the main stages of the machine-aided translation development, evaluates its advantages and disadvantages, its future opportunities for professional cross-cultural communication and provides the results of the explanotary study. The authors believe that this technology will facilitate teaching English for professional needs as LSP.

The article discusses the new opportunities for improving technology of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice using LED and laser sources in order to reduce the level of bilirubin in the blood of infants. It has been shown that several types of LEDs with emission spectrum corresponding to the long-wavelength slope of bilirubin absorption band can be used for therapeutic purposes. At the same time, the efficacy of phototherapy depend on not only from the position of the maximum in emission spectrum of the LEDs within bilirubin absorption band, but also on the spectral width of acting radiation. Based on the study of regularities of infl of optical radiation on the survival of animal cells in culture sensitized with bilirubin it has been concluded that the damaging eff cts are signifi ly reduced upon transition from quasi-monochromatic LED sources to lasers, emitting in the same spectral range. It allows to consider the modern semiconductor lasers emitting in blue and blue-green spectral regions as promising sources for development of phototherapeutic equipment for treating neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

An automated system for measuring the diffraction efficiency of light, as well its kinematic scheme, were designed and assembled. The measurements of the diffraction efficiency of light on the sample of polymeric substrates with periodic microrelief were carried out. The software is developed in Matlab environment for the construction of the diffraction pattern of the geometric parameters and wavelength. By using software as well as the results of measurement of the light diffraction efficiency the microrelief period was determined too. The correctness of the period was checked by an independent method

This paper is devoted to the application of the Bayesian approach to the forecasting of aggregate taxes on the example of the Republic of Armenia. Typically, this approach is used in large-scale BVARs to forecast macroeconomic variables. The objective of this study is to estimate the efficiency of the Bayesian approach to constricting relatively low-scale fiscal VARs. Another objective is to build a specific BVAR model for forecasting tax revenues in the context of actual forecasting rounds. The study is based on seasonally adjusted quarterly aggregate tax data and the corresponding proxy bases. A hierarchical approach to the selection of BVAR’s priors is implemented. It assumes the random nature of variances in the prior values of the coefficients. The hierarchical approach is also characterized by a high level of variability of hyperparameters. To determine the optimal structure of the BVAR model in terms of out-of-sample prediction accuracy, a special algorithm was developed. This algorithm involves a specific procedure for the selection of priors and model parameters, which allows to significantly minimize the prediction error. The Geweke and Gelman-Rubin tests were used/considered to check the convergence of the parameters, and the acceptance rate of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm was taken into account. It Additional priors, such as the sum-of-coefficients prior and the dummy-initialobservation prior (single-unit-root), are shown to improve the quality of out-of-sample forecasts. These priors allow for the possibility of the existence of a single root and cointegration between variables. The main finding of this study is that the proposed algorithm for selecting parameters in BVAR significantly improves out-of-sample performance compared to traditional frequency VAR.

This is the second article in a series devoted to the canonical image of the armed saints in Early Christian, Early Byzantine, Late Byzantine and post-Byzantine iconography. The most representative and distinctive iconographic images, from the point of view of Christian theology, are the faces of soldiers-confessors who became victims of persecution and suffered a painful death in the era of early Christianity. Their image is conceptually different from the bloodless faces of hermits: the soldiers of Christ were among people, relocating from place to place, they knew the world around them well. In appearance, they were not different from the rest of the military, because on frescoes, icons and bas-reliefs they were depicted as physically strong, well-groomed, firm in their intentions men, with noble facial features, dressed in beautiful clothes and having expensive armor. The icon painters seemed to deliberately seek to emphasize the physicality of their image and the close connection with the mortal existence of this world. However, when the dilemma of choosing between a painful confessional death and renunciation of faith for the sake of preserving life or a high social position arose, the love of life of these noble young people did not prevent them from making a choice in favor of the immortality of the soul, to sacrifice the values of the world below for the glory of the throne Above. Over time, the image of soldiers-confessors was transformed: from victims of permanent persecution, religious intolerance and arbitrariness of the Roman authorities, they turned into incarnate soldiers of Christ, defenders of the faith, who joined the ranks of the Heavenly host under the command of Archangel Michael. This explains the iconographic similarity of the images of the earthly Christian warriors and the Heavenly Host. Это вторая статья из серии, посвящённой каноническому образу святых-порубежников в раннехристианской, ранневизантийской, поздневизантийской и поствизантийской иконографии. Наиболее репрезентативными и своеобычными иконографическими образами, с точки зрения христианской теологии, являются лики воинов-исповедников, ставших жертвами гонений и подвергшихся мучительной смерти в эпоху раннего христианства. Их образ концептуально отличается от бескровных ликов отшельников: воины Христа обретались в гуще людской массы, передислоцируясь с места на место, хорошо знали окружающий мир. С виду они ничем не отличались от остальных военнослужащих, потому на фресках, иконах и барельефах изображались телесно крепкими, ухоженными, твёрдыми в своих намерениях мужами, с благородными чертами лица, облачёнными в красивые одежды и дорогие доспехи. Иконописцы словно намеренно стремились подчеркнуть телесность их образа и тесную связь с бренным бытием этого мира. Однако когда вставала дилемма выбора между мучительной исповеднической смертью и отказом от веры ради сохранения жизни или высокого социального положения, жизнелюбие этих знатных молодых людей не препятствовало им сделать выбор в пользу бессмертия души, поступиться ценностями дольнего мира ради славы Горнего престола. Со временем произошла трансформация образа воинов-исповедников: из жертв перманентных гонений, религиозной нетерпимости и произвола римских властей они превратились в воплощённых воинов Христа, защитников веры, пополнивших ряды Небесного воинства под командованием Архистратига Михаила. Этим объясняется иконографическое сходство образов земных воинов-христиан и воинства небесного.

The purpose of the study is to explore the origin and meaning of the term խալայ - xala, to identify the peculiarities of its application in the Armenian historical milieu, and to define at least approximately the chronological boundaries when the tax was in use in medieval Armenia. Xala became known mostly from epigraphic records of Armenia, where the term is mentioned in the immunity donations, in the instructions and references to the exemption of churches from tax obligations and from taxes, including xala. The paper will address all well-known explanations of the term, along with a comparative analysis with the Georgian historical environment, with the fiscal system of medieval Georgia, and, on the other hand, based on the analysis of source studies and definition of the etymology of the term and the phenomenon, a new definition of the term and answers to the above questions related to xala will be proposed as a hypothesis.

The forced massive transition of universities to distance learning due to the pandemic has raised questions about the effectiveness of online education in general and video lectures in particular. Research shows that video lectures are either comparable or less effective than face-to-face lectures. In this work, based on the data collected as part of the experiment, we compare two lecture formats (videolecture and face-to-face lecture) based on the educational results of students, and also evaluate the combined lecture format. The experiment involved 151 second-year students in the direction of training “Pharmacy” of Sechenov University. The field experiment was carried out in the spring semester of the 2020-2021 academic year in three stages. At the first stage, some of the students listened to a face-to-face lecture, and some - a video lecture. At the second stage, both groups were swapped. At the final stage, both groups listened to a combined lecture. Our research has shown that a video lecture and a face-to-face lecture are the same in their effectiveness: on average, students received the same educational results as a result of mastering the lecture material. At the same time, the combined lecture led to an increase in the educational results of students - after the combined lecture format, students received a higher score for the post-test, and also showed a greater increase in the level of knowledge. The results of the study will be especially relevant for the administration of universities responsible for the implementation of online learning, and teachers who conduct lectures.

The Euphrates contact zone has been a watershed between microsystems for thousands of years. Here several syncretic religious systems, confessions and heretical movements has been formed. The military settlers played a role of the main ground for most of them: stratiotes, members of their families and their closest environment. It is not a coincidence that from this limitrophic environment most of the warriors confessors came out. Especially famous among them is Centurion Longinus, who pierced Christ’s body with a spear in order to make sure that he died on the cross. The next soldier who believed in Christ was Cornelius the Centurion, the first pagan who did not see Christ. Both centurions were from Cappadocia. The spread of Christianity, thanks to the preaching among the soldiers, took place almost along the entire perimeter of the Roman Empire. Missionary preaching was most actively conducted in Cappadocia, Galatia and Sebastia. Hagiographic tradition mentions many cases of persecution of Christians among the border guards, especially among officers. A typical example is the story of the forty martyrs of Sebaste; at the same time, Gordius, a centurion from Caesarea, suffered for his faith. During the reign of Emperor Maximian, another major Christian military commander, Andrew Stratelates, suffered for his faith in the south of Great Armenia, in the Taurus Mountains, and also, according to Armenian church tradition, another military commander, Sargis the General (Sergius Stratelates), who served in the Roman border units in the Gamerek region (Cappadocia). The most famous warrior confessor was another Cappadocian – George the Victorious. It is noteworthy that there is an external similarity between George the Victorious and the other holy warriors fighting with dragons – Theodore Stratelates and Theodore Tiron. It was the Euphrates frontier that became the locus of the active formation of a new faith. Images of warriors confessors from the Euphrates contact zone became central in Byzantine and Armenian iconography. The article is an introduction to the topic of semiotic interpretation of the iconography of holy warriors in Eastern Christianity. Евфратская контактная зона в течение тысячелетий была водоразделом между миросистемами. Именно здесь сформировались несколько синкретических религиозных систем, конфессий и еретических течений. Основной питательной средой для большинства из них были военные поселенцы – стратиоты, члены их семей и их ближайшее окружение. Неслучайно, что именно из этой лимитрофной среды вышло больше всего воинов-исповедников. Особо известен среди них центурион Лонгин, пронзивший копьём бок Христа, дабы убедиться, что тот умер на кресте. Следующим уверовавшим воином был центурион Корнелиус (Корнилий), первый язычник, не видевший Христа. Оба сотника были родом из Каппадокии. Распространение христианства, благодаря проповеди среди солдат, происходило почти по всему периметру Римской империи. Наиболее активно велись проповеди в Каппадокии, Малатии и Себастии. Агиографическая традиция упоминает много случаев гонений на христиан именно среди порубежников, особенно среди офицеров. Характерный пример – история сорока Севастийских мучеников; тогда же пострадал за веру и сотник из Кесарии Гордий. В правление императора Максимиана пострадал за веру другой крупный христианский военачальник Андрей Стратилат на юге Великой Армении, в горах Тавра, а также, согласно армянскому церковному преданию, другой военачальник – Сергиос¬-Саргис, служивший в римских пограничных частях в области Гамерек (Каппадокия). Самым знаменитым воином-исповедником стал другой каппадокиец – Георгий Победоносец. Примечательно внешнее сходство между Георгием Победоносцем и другими святыми воинами-змееборцами – Феодором Стратилатом и Феодором Тироном. Именно приевфратский фронтир стал локусом активного формирования новой веры. Образы воинов-исповедников из приевфратской контактной зоны стали центральными в византийской и армянской иконографии. Статья является введением в тему семиотической интерпретации иконографии святых воинов в восточном христианстве.

Since the end of the XIV century, in official documents and written sources on the history of the Ilkhanate, the term šiltāqāt is often found, the meaning of which is still not fully understood. The interpretation of the term was often given without regard to the substantive characteristics of the word: šiltāqāt is interpreted partially, sometimes conflicting, and approximately meaningful comments are given. Šiltāqāt has been interpreted as an illegal tax, a tax levied under various pretexts, a pretext or extraordinary tax, generally as a collective name for lawless taxes, etc. Moreover, what was the meaning and application of šiltāqāt? If it was a tax, in what amount, where, how, and under what circumstances was it levied? Surely, since the Ilkhanid period šiltāqāt was levied on the subject peoples, and hence the term should have been reflected in the reports of the economic life of those same peo-ples. In particular, the article deals with the mention of šiltāqāt in the Armenian sources, the use and semantic meanings of the term or phenomenon. Interestingly, during the post-Ilkhanid period until the early 16th century, the term does not occur in Armenian sources at all. However, later on, begining from the 16th century in Armenian historical sources, and interestingly, also in various Armenian dialects, the term (sometimes in a distorted form) is often found, as well as a description of the phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to collect all the information and references to šiltāqāt in the Armenian sources, and on the basis of this as additional historical material, try to make clarifications of šiltāqāt, its application, meaning, etc. by means of source analysis

Being an invitation to a discussion, the article is not just a declaration of the author’s ideological position, but rather an appeal to direct all resources to turning our cities into a life-affirming habitat for people. The author’s dominance is based on the awareness of the need for methodological development of ways to solve this problem, both in a global and specific local context. The topic choice of the article is not just of purely academic interest, but that of concern about the fate of Yerevan city, its future. The author sees one of his tasks in attracting interest in urbanism and the city as a phenomenon in temporal and spatial dimensions. Another equally important task is to identify the patterns of development of a modern city, the desire to fully understand how the mechanisms of self-regulation and self-defense of the city work, where the resources and possibilities of immunity end and after which there must be an indispensable intervention from outside, from below or from above, in order to stop the self-destruction of the city. The ultimate goal is to identify the urban problems of Yerevan, search and discover methods and mechanisms for their solution. The article uses micro-historic, macro-sociological, descriptive, and comparative methods, as well as the anthropological method of urban research. The article identifies three types of cities: 1) cities that arose spontaneously, without a single plan and concept; 2) cities that arose by a strong-willed decision of a charismatic leader, by synoecism, or as a result of the collective creativity of passionaries, but, necessarily, according to a well-thought-out plan and with messianic goals in the future development; and 3) mixedtype cities that arose as a result of spontaneous development or spontaneous merger of settlements, the development of such cities over time takes more meaningful forms, combining elements of “nakhalstroy” and “general plan”. The article examines the modern urban problems of Yerevan and how they were solved (or not solved) by the municipal authorities and the country leaders. The spontaneous processes of gentrification and suburbia are described. The main results of the study are the proposal to create an urban zone around Yerevan, consisting of a small number of specialized, primarily small-bourgeois cities and towns. The creation of such a zone will solve a number of urban, ecological, anthropological, demographic, and social problems, will help the republic overcome the crisis, and provide an answer to the challenges of 2020.

China's history is rich in urban planning traditions. In some regions of the country, in different epochs, several forms of dormitories were developed, which gave rise to original forms of urban dwelling. In this article we have considered two types of dwellings: the most common type, the traditional house of Siheyuan, also known as "Beijing house", or "Beijing courtyard", and a less common, atypical for large urban centers, but interesting with regard to urban planning and social structure, a house called "Tulou". Both of these types of dwellings in the form and principles of the hostel are expressions of the system-forming features of the general Chinese mentality and the cultural concept of Zhongguo and at the same time the conceptual features of the urban planning principles of different ethnic groups and sub-ethnoses of the Celestial Empire. They are united by one important feature of the traditional and, in many ways, modern Chinese mentality: clan system. The idea of a family clan was "fueled" by Confucian ancestor cults and filial piety. Whole clans lived in the houses of Siheyuan, the houses themselves were named after clans (for example, the house of Zhao) and these clans were urban, like Shakespeare's Montagues and Capulets. They fought for spheres of influence, reconciled, concluding tandems with each other, but they were all united by their commitment to urban living standards and urban values. The inhabitants of Tulou were not representatives of the titular Han nation, they were representatives of the Hakka people. They erected then-gigantic buildings away from large urban centers, at first explicitly opposing themselves to the former nation, but later some of these houses became city-forming elements, overgrown with urban infrastructure, and turned into citadels. Typologically, tulous are similar to Scottish medieval castles, North Caucasian Vainakh towers, kasbah citadels in the Maghreb countries, as well as Israeli kibbutz. The relations of the inhabitants of Tulou, the Hakka mountain people, with other inhabitants of the Middle Empire were not easy. The whole history of the Hakka people in Zhongguo China has been a struggle to preserve their ethnicity and identity. The Tulou castle houses have helped this proud people to survive and preserve their mentality. In fact, the Tulou houses reproduce the peculiarities of the Hakka people's attitude and character (individualism and self-isolationism), while the Siheyuan houses reflect the mental features and the lifestyle of the Han people which is the titular nation of the Middle Kingdom (collectivism and hierarchy). According to researchers, the concepts of the Confucian world order were used as the basis of the Siheyuan dwelling, while Tulou castles were built according to the principles of the Taoist canon. The Confucian world order is based on the man-family-state scheme, whereas the Taoist worldview tradition is based on the individual-family-universe paradigm.

Рассчитаны зимние среднедекадные минимальные расходы для постов, имеющих длинный ряд наблюдений (40 лет и более) на реках, впадающих в оз. Севан. В ряду многолетних наблюдений оценена динамика зимнего среднедекадного минимального стока рек и закономерности его пространственного распределения. Выполнена обработка инструментальных данных 12 гидрологических постов Службы по гидрометеорологии и активным воздействиям на атмосферные явления Министерства по чрезвычайным ситуациям Республики Армения. Использованы следующие методы: математико-статистический, экстраполяционный, интерполяционный, корреляционный, а также анализа и аналога. Установлено, что у большинства рек бассейна оз. Севан наблюдается тенденция роста зимних среднедекадных минимальных расходов.

Modern medicine is developing in a society in which special attention is paid to the quality of services provided, including dental services. At the same time, there are gender stereotypes that impede the full realization of the possibilities of women dentists as professionals, which directly affects the state of this field of medicine as a whole. The study of gender imbalance and the development of measures to improve the competitiveness of female dentists in the modern labor market are relevant at all stages of the organization and provision of dental services. The article reveals gender problems and stereotypes in the dental services market through a sociological survey of practicing doctors.