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Research on the condition of the lungs in senile people is an urgent task. This is due to the fact that degenerative or age-associated changes in the respiratory system play an important role in the formation of senile asthenia syndrome and a decrease in the age-related viability of the body as a whole. CT-scans of patients aged 80-90 years were analyzed (n=31). Age-associated changes were evaluated: the presence of linear fibrosis, increased pulmonary pattern by the type of reticular (reticular) changes, the presence of gross fibrous reticular changes with cystic cavities and air bullae (by the type of «cellular lung»), as well as the presence of pulmonary emphysema. Most naturally, senile people show changes characteristic of linear pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. The progression of the process leads to diffuse reticular changes in the interalveolar and intersegmental septa and, in adverse cases, to the formation of gross changes in the type of «cellular lung». Fibro-emphysematous changes are significantly more common in men. A microbiological study of the microbiota of the lower respiratory tract in elderly people was also carried out (n=16). When studying the microbiocenosis of the lower respiratory tract in elderly people, the following data were obtained: resident microflora was found in 71% and clinically significant microorganisms were found in 29%.

This article describes the modern approaches to the diagnostics and treatment of fungoid conditions of the pharynx with special reference to the main methods for the detection of pharyngomycosis and its clinical manifestations based on the results of analysis of the investigations carried out during the period from 2012 till 2016. Among the 3,465 patients presenting with chronic inflammatory pathology of the pharynx who sought medical advice and treatment at the clinical departments of the Institute, 861 ones (25%) were found to have mycotic lesions of the pharynx. Erythematous (atrophic) chronic pharyngitis was the predominant form of the disease documented in 2,059 patients whereas the remaining 1, 406 ones presented with the hypertrophic forms. The fungal infection was diagnosed in 403 (19,5%) patients with erythematous atrophic chronic pharyngitis in comparison with 458 (32,5%) patients suffering from the hypertrophic forms of this pathology including pseudomembranous, hyperplastic (granulomatous), and erosive-ulcerative ones. The principal pathogenic agents responsible for the development of fungal pharyngitis in our patients were fungi of the genus Candida that accounted for 97 - 99% of all the cases of this disease. The currently available modalities for the treatment of pharyngomycosis are described.

The analysis was carried out to detect mycobiota of tunica mucosa of mouth and surface of dental prostheses under orthopedic rehabilitation using removable acrylic laminar dental prostheses. The inoculation of biosamples received from examined patients permitted to isolate Candida albicans. The C. albicans from tunica mucosa of mouth of patients before prosthetics inoculated in low concentration making up 0.33±0.23 CFU/ml in comparison with concentration of 1.92±0.53 CFU/ml after prosthetics. The highest content of C. albicans was marked in biosample from surface of dental prostheses in comparison with biotope of tunica mucosa of mouth of patients. The concentration of microbiota from surface of dental prostheses signicantly surpassed the same on tunica mucosa of mouth of patients prior prosthetics. In patients with removable acrylic laminar dental prostheses under orthopedic rehabilitation various spectrum of representatives of microbiota was detected From biosamples from surface of dentalprostheses of patients the most frequently were inoculated such representatives of gram-positive microbiota as S. aureus, Micrococcus spp., S.haemolyticus, and of gram-negative microbiota Klebsiella pneumonae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cultural analysis of biosamples from patients with removable acrylic laminar dental prostheses detected Candida albicans on tunica mucosa of mouth before and after prosthetics as well as on surfaces of prostheses. The highest concentration of C.albicans is established in case of colonization of removable acrylic laminar dental prostheses. The received data testifies possible involvement of fungi capable of expressed potential ofpathogenicity, in development and maintenance of inflammatory process of tunica mucosa of mouth under orthopedic rehabilitation using removable acrylic laminar dental prostheses.

The objective of the present study was to develop an efficient system for the treatment of chronic tonsillitis in the patients of advanced and middle age based on the application of polyvalent bacteriophages in the combination with the physical factors and herbal medicines. The study involved 65 patients (39 women and 276 men) at the age from 65 to 73 years presenting with chronic tonsillitis. The treatment included washing the tonsillar lacunae with herbal infusion consisting of a tetterwort (Choledoniummajus) extract. This procedure was followed by phonophoresiswith the use of the combined polyvalent bacteriophage preparation in the non-liquid formulation during 7-10 days. The effectiveness of such treatment was evaluated based on the results of clinical examination and the analysis of the subjective feelings reported by the patients. In addition, the rosette-forming function of lymphocytes was estimated and palatine tonsil microbiotas in different patients were compared. The effectiveness of therapy was estimated at 89.2%. The positive outcome of the proposed treatment was documented in 78.6% of the cases within 6 months after the onset of therapy. It is concluded that the treatment of chronic tonsillitis with bacteriophagal preparations and herbal infusions in combination with thetraditionallow-frequency ultrasound treatment is highly efficacious (favourable outcome in 78.6% of the patients of middle and advanced age) without the use of antibiotic medications.

Microorganisms of the Corynebacterium genus are examined in the review as a component of a single microecological system of humans in the context of their interaction with the macroorganism, dominant and associative microorganisms under the conditions of both normo- and pathocenosis. Adhesive ability, antagonistic activity, pathogenicity and persistence factors, antibiotics resistance are described. The role of non-pathogenic corynebacteria in the formation of microbiocenoses of human body and realization of colonization resistance is shown on an example of vaginal biotope.

In this review new scientific technologies (genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcrip- tomics) were used to evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic action of probiotics, which are a major component ofthe normal human microflora (microbiota). Modern terms, definitions, classification of probiotic preparations are provided in the paper, the list of the probiotics registered in the Russian Federation is also submitted. The review analyzes the majority of mechanisms of probiotics action on a human body. The problem of safe application of probiotics is considered along with the detailed characteristic of the most effective production probiotic strains. New scientific technology to assess the effects of probiotic bacteria on the various functions of the macroorganism are also examined. In the review the special attention is paid to discussion of effectiveness of the probiotics impact in chronic infectious and metabolic disease processes (atherosclerosis, lipid distress syndrome, type 2 diabetes, obesity, etc.), which are the most active during dysbacteriosis and the destruction of normal microflora. From data of this article clearly that new scientific technologies will allow us to establish the functions of proteins that regulate metabolic and signaling pathways and affect the expression of genes required for the adaptation of probiotic strains in contact with the human body. In this review it is shown that the successful solution of this problem is closely connected with application of new scientific technologies for studying the composition and functions of the human microbiota, methods of active influence on her, and also with development of more sophisticated and effective probiotic preparations.

Backgraund: The result of comparative study of oropharyngeal microbiota taxonomic composition in patients with different severity level of bronchial asthma (BA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is presented in this paper., Aims: To compare oropharyngeal microbiota composition in case of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in different severity levels., Metods: 138 patients, 50 with BA and 88 with COPD were studied. For each patient was collected anamnesis vitae, swab from the back of the throat and performed physical examination. High-throughput 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing and bioinformatic analysis was employed to characterize the microbial communities., Results: As a result of the study wasfound a number of differences on various taxonomic levels in microbiota's composition within group of patients with different severity level of BA and group of patients with different severity level of COPD and between those groups. COPD patients with GOLD 1-2 in comparison with GOLD 3-4 patiens are marked by prevalence of species Brevibacterium aureum, genus Scardovia, Coprococcus, Haemophilus, Moryella, Dialister, Paludibacter and decrease of Prevotella melaninogenica species. BA patients with severe uncontrolled asthma in comparison with patients which have mild persistent asthma are marked by decrease of Prevotella and increase of species Bifidobacterium longum, Prevotella nanceiensis, Neisseria cinerea, Aggregatibacter segnis and genus Odoribacter, Alloiococcus, Lactobacillus, Megasphaera, Parvimonas, Sneathia. Patient's microbiota in BA group in comparison with COPD group is characterized by the prevalence of Prevotella melaninogenica and genus Selenomonas, Granulicatella u Gemella, and decrease of Prevotella nigrescens, Haemophilus influenza and genus Aggregatibacter, Alloiococcus, Catonella, Mycoplasma, Peptoniphilus u Sediminibacterium. There are no differences between microbiota composition in case of severe uncontrolled BA and very severe COPD., Conclusion: Lack of differences in oropharyngeal microbiota taxonomic composition between patients with severe uncontrolled BA and very severe COPD allow us to suggest a similarity of bronchopulmonary system condition in case of diseases' severe stages.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, recurrent disease associated with significant morbidity and disability rates and marked reduction of quality of life. The exact aetiology of these conditions is unknown, however, there is increasing data supporting the influence of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of IBD. Despite of large number of actively exploring approaches to IBD treatment, some patients remain refractory to standard management or have significant adverse side effects. Given the probably role of the gastrointestinal microbiotain development of IBD, treatments that manipulate the microbiota have been investigated with varying degree of efficacy. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can be considered as alternative regimen for IBD management, but there is currently a lack of evidence supporting this approach in similar conditions. The comprehensive data are necessary to provide understandable and clear conclusion to guide current practice and future research.

The article presents the results of study of adhesive characteristics of 67 clinical strains of bacteria extracted from patients with infected endoprotheses of large joints. All analyzed strains of microorganisms had adhesive characteristics. The unequal distribution by degree of adhesiveness for analyzed groups is marked. The capability to adhesiveness in Gram-negative microorganisms is higher in comparison with Gram-positive microorganisms. The Gram-negative microorganisms form biofilms more actively.

This review summarizes results of research on the composition of microorganism community in the airways of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Modern technologies for molecular genetic identification of microorganisms provide a deep insight into the microbiota of patients with chronic broncho-obstructive diseases for the better understanding of bronchopulmonary pathology in man and effect of microbiotic communities on the clinical course of diseases and formation of resistance to antibiotics.

This review summarizes the results of studies on the composition of microbial communities in the airways of healthy individuals and patients with asthma. Modern molecular genetic technology of the microbial identification, which are based on a sequence determination of encoding proteins genes conserved regions. These regions form the 16s-subunit ribosomal RNA in microorganisms of different species. These genes are detected by sequencing markers characteristic of individual microorganisms and their phylogenetic groups, and allow to perform a deep analysis of the microbiota in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic bronchoobstructive diseases. So, apparently healthy human bronchial tree is characterized by low bacterial contamination (most typical representatives here are the genera Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Prevotella, Fusobacteria and Veilonella, much less potentially pathogenic Haemophilus and Neisseria are represented). In bronchial asthma patients the lower respiratory tract microbiota undergoes a qualitative transformation: as compared to healthy individuals the number of Proteobacteria increases and the number of Bacteroidetes decreases. Severe asthma in children is associated with significant respiratory tract Staphylococcus spp. insemination. Association between the asthma developing higher risk in young children and organisms such as Haemophilus, Moraxella and Neisseria spp. It is of considerable interest to determine the role of the microbiome in the development of human diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, and to understand the impact of the microbes communities as a course of disease and the important factor for the development of resistance to therapy.

Physico-chemical and biological properties of sepsis-associated low molecular aromatic compounds are summarized and analysed in the review. Phenylcarbonic acids (PCAs), such as para-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (p-HPLA), phenyllactic acid (PLA), para-hydroxyphenylacetic (p-HPAA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), benzoic acid (BA), and phenylpropionic acid (PPA) are shown to have biorequlatory activity and be able to affect both bacteria and eukaryotic cells. In the review there are presented data on the diagnostic and pathogenetic value of PCAs, their bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal properties and biosynthesis by clinically significant bacterial species, as well as description of the mechanisms of microbial resistance to PCAs, the pathways of PCAs metabolism by prokaryotes, PCAs membrane transport and excretion pathways in humans, the data on the use of PCAs in clinical practice. The authors are of the opinion that PCAs of microbial origin share the metabolic and signal pathways in integration of the microbiome and man. On the basis of the literature data and personal studies the authors validated the hypothesis of possible development of new therapeutic strategies, grounded on regulation of the local and systemic balance of aromatic microbial metabolites in the human body.