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Background: Mobility recovery is one of the main purposes of physical rehabilitation after acute stroke and in a number of other neurological diseases., Aim: To quantify the efficiency of rehabilitation measures in patients after stroke and to compare the effectiveness of motor function restoration in patients in the acute phase of stroke and in the early recovery period., Methods: Examinations were made in 116 patients aged 27 to 88 years who had experienced a stroke (75% of ischemic stroke cases) and been admitted to the Department of Medical Rehabilitation. A control group consisted of 111 sex- and age-matched patients who had suffered a stroke (86% of ischemic stroke cases) and been admitted to the Department of Neurology for patients with acute cerebrovascular accident. The methods of working with patients included a clinical interview and an evaluation of complaints and history data, as well as a classic neurological examination using quantitative scales to assess symptoms, degree of disability and mobility., Results: The cycle of rehabilitation measures provided the following quantitative recovery indicators: the strength scale showed recovery indicators (from 0 to 5 scores) by an average of 1 score in both groups; Ashworth's scale scores for spasticity improved by an average of 1 in the Department of Rehabilitation; the average Rankin scale demonstrated 1 score better in both groups; and the Rivermead mobility index improved by an average of 3 scores in the Department of Rehabilitation and by an average of 8 scores in the Department of Neurology for patients with acute cerebrovascular accident., Conclusion: The investigation demonstrated the quantitatively best indicators in patients with acute stroke, in those with more severe motor deficits, and in younger individuals.

The article summarizes the experience in the treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs)., Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of endovascular treatment of SDAVFs, depending on the pathophysiological mechanisms of impact on the spinal cord., Material and Methods: For the last 5 years (2013-2017), 302 patients with SDAVFs were diagnosed and treated at the Neurosurgical Institute. The endovascular technique was used in 295 patients with this pathology. Males accounted for 82%; females accounted for 18%; the mean age was 51 years. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to assess the degree of spinal cord involvement. All SDAVF patients underwent total selective spinal angiography in order to study angioarchitectonics and to choose an endovascular treatment option., Results and Conclusion: Endovascular embolization of fistulas was performed in 295 out of 302 patients; direct surgery was used in the remaining cases. Endovascular treatment provided total SDAVF occlusion in 78% of cases and partial SDAVF occlusion in 22% of cases. Long-term outcomes were followed-up in all patients in a period of 6 to 12 months. In 90% of cases, improvement or stabilization of neurological symptoms was observed. In 60% of cases, there was a marked improvement in the neurological status in the form of rapid (within a few days) recovery of lost motor functions. The remaining patients had stabilization of clinical symptoms.

Aim: The objective of the present study was the evaluation and comparison of the effectiveness of the differential approaches to the neurorehabilitation of the somatosensory disturbances in the patients presenting with the spinal cord lesions., Materials and Methods: A total of 68 patients with spinal cord lesions were enrolled in the study, including 38 suffering from vascular myelopathy, 18 with the consequences of extramedullar meningioma surgery, 12 with the sequelae of acute transverse myelitis. The control groups was comprised of were 55 subjects. All the participants of the study underwent rehabilitation which included robotized mechanotherapy, stabilography, neuro-muscular stimulation, kinesiotherapy, physical therapy, ergotherapy, massage, etc. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and evaluation of somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) were carried out before and after the therapy., Results: In those patients who received personalized therapy, significant changes of TMS parameters (central motor conduction time at rest and in facilitation probe), but not SSEP ones were registered. Moreover, the patients who had undergone personalized therapy exhibited better clinical results than in the absence of such treatment., Conclusion: The results of the study gave evidence that neurorehabilitation had produced the more pronounced beneficial influence as regards the correction of motor disturbances even though the disturbances of the somatosensory functions proved to be more resistant to therapy. The data obtained suggest that taking into consideration the afferent deficit has to be mandatory for the purpose of planning the neurorehabilitative treatment of the patients suffering from sensorimotor disturbances associated with the lesions of the central nervous system at the spinal cord level. TMS and SSEP have to be utilized as the tools for the objective evaluation of the effectiveness of the neurorehabilitation process in such patients.

The analysis of the study results of remote training effect of physical training and sports in the age range including the later periods of human ontogenesis, from the point of oxidative stress theory. To study the characteristics of developmental variability of the functional state of the organism, a comparative study of the functional state of the body at different modes of physical activity in different age stages of development was carried out: from sports veterans, remain actively locomotor activity after the termination of sports career; former athletes, leading a sedentary lifestyle; persons engaged in improving the forms of physical exercise; as well as persons who had not engaged in regular physical activity. Subjects contingent was formed of men of various ages, as well as former athletes and coaches teams in cycling and team sports that require endurance predominant manifestation. The results of the research allowed to develop a model that reflects the characteristics and mechanisms of developmental variability of the functional state of the organism under the influence of different modes of physical activity.

Aim: The objective of the present study was to elaborate the method for the evaluation of the fine motor activity of the wrist in the patients presenting with wrist movement disorders resulting from central hemiparesis and to demonstratee the reliability of such method through the calculation of the standard error of measurements and minimal the detectable change (MDC95%)., Material and Methods: The study population was comprised of 42 patients who had undergone ischaemic stroke and suffered from the impairment of the upper limb functions . The deficit of the fine motor skills was estimated with the use of the original multi-touch diagnostic technique. The results of the assessment were compared with those of the measurement of upper limb motor activity based on the validated scales, such as the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) scale and the Nine Hole Peg Test (PHT)., Results: The study with the application of the multi-touch method for diagnostics of the fine motor skills has demonstrated the high internal consistency of the measurements, with the Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient amounting to 0.98. The re-test reliability was high, with the ICC=0.98 (95% CI 0.97-0.99). The Spearman rank-order correlation with the locomotion scale estimates gave evidence of the good associative links, with the Fugl-Meyer Assessment scale correlation coefficient making 0.55-0.66 and the Nine Hole Peg Test findings being -0.7. The Minimal Detectable Change (MDC95%) for the multi-touch method was found to be 12.67%., Conclusion: The objective diagnostics of the fine motor skill disturbances with the use of the original multi-touch method has demonstrated its high reliability and a high degree of correlation with the estimates obtained with the application of the modern validated scales in the patients who had undergone ischaemic stroke. Therefore, this method can be recommended for clinical use.

The brain melanocortin system plays a key role in the regulation of energy metabolism and feeding behavior and is involved in memory formation, and its abnormalities lead to metabolic disorders and cognitive deficit. The brain dopamine system controls the motor activity, the functions of the nervous, endocrine and cardiovascular systems, and is also involved in the regulation of peripheral metabolism and feeding behavior and in the formation of effect of reward and reinforcement. The fact that a large number of the important physiological functions are controlled by the melanocortin and dopamine systems indicates a close functional relationship between them in different areas of the brain. The basis of this relationship is colocalization of the components of melanocortin and dopamine signaling systems in neurons and interaction between them, which ensures a cross-talk between melanocortin and dopamine pathways in the CNS. The review includes a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the problem concerning the interaction between the melanocortin and dopamine systems of the brain at both the structural and functional levels.

The postnatal development of offspring's mental functions from rats with experimental preeclampsia caused by the replacement of drinking water by 1.8% sodium chloride solution from the 1st day of pregnancy until delivery was studied. Animals born by females with complicated pregnancy have a high level of anxiety, de- creased, motor, orienting-investigative activity, cognitive impairment in postnatal ontogenesis, compared with the offspring from rats of the control group. This model can be used in research related to the evaluation of animals born to females with the EP, as well as to search for new, effective agents for the purpose-of correcting deviations in nental development in children born to mothers with preeclampsia.

We estimated the age dynamics of aggregation properties of platelets and red blood cells in aged rats on the background of regular muscle loads. The study was performed on 26 male rats of 12 months of age, experience during the year, daily exercise. Control is represented by 91 healthy male rats: 30 individuals (12 months), 32 rats (18 months) and 29 rats (24 months). Applied biochemistry, hematology and statistical methods. The gradual increase in control observed with age, and the erythrocyte aggregation properties of platelets. In experimental animals observed retention of activity aggregation of platelets and red blood cells at a level close to the end during the whole period of regular muscle loads.

We studied the efficiency of the age chronotropic criterion inpatient rehabilitation of geriatric patients with myocardial infarction, provides for an increase in heart rate when the motor activity to submaximal values for the particular age of the patients. It was found that the inclusion of this criterion provides patients an optimal heart rate during exercise, the passage of the individual stages / riser activity, prevents the formation of cardiomyopathy induced tachycardia.

Low-molecular volatile metabolites were studies in breath of healthy human subjects exposed to prolonged hypodynamia and verified as potential biomarkers of hypoxia in skeletal muscles and myocardiur by comparison with energy metabolism biochemical indices. cs) was explored Profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was explored in breath of human subjects whose motor activities were limited due to 520-d isolation and connnemnerK nVIC - Analysis of detected voCs and comparison with dynamics of energy metabilism resulted in suggesting acetol as a potential breath biomarker of tissue hypoxia in skeletal muscles and myocardium. origination of acetol, the lactate precursor in methylglyoxal glucose oxidation, was hypothesized. It was shown that acetol decreases in consequence of low motor activity correlates with changes in biochemical indices of enzymes involved in energy metabolism and glycolysis, and also creatinine indicative of underloading the skeletal muscles. Decline in the activities of muscular and myocardial constellation enzymes during hypodynamia matches with the reliable dicrease in breath acetol.

Deterioration of health characteristics and ever increasing diabetes and cardiovascular morbidity among young subjects imply the necessity of identification ofpossible risk factors of these conditions. We evaluated the prevalence of hyperlipoproteinemia and adipose tissue activity based on the results of screening for resistin level, aggravated heredity, disordered hydrocarbon metabolism, overweight, arterial hypertension, behaviour (physical overstrain, hypokinesia, smoking, inadequate dietary regime). The risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and overall risk of cardiovascular disorders were calculated.

In order to identify the correlation between anxiety and conditioned fear, the behavior of the same male Wistar rats was compared in three anxiety tests (open field, light-dark box and elevated plus-maze) and in Pavlovian auditory fear conditioning paradigm using correlation, factor and variance analyses. The correlation between anxiety/bravery and locomotion indexes in different tests was not revealed. Positive correlations between grooming, urinations and defecations, rearing in three tests were revealed. These data suggest that animals reacted to various tests differently, resulting, apparently in the emergence of different anxiety levels, specific for each test. Vegetative reactions, inclination to exploration and substituting behavior were more stable characteristics of rats. Anxiety behavior in elevated plus-maze correlated to freezing response to context after fear conditioning, while high-anxiety rats had higher level of freezing to context than low-anxiety rats. The higher freezing response to sound after fear conditioning was found in rats with middle locomotor activity in open field. Conditioned fear to the context and to the sound was associated with different forms of rat anxiety during different tests.

In the "open field" test it was found that locomotor activity in Krushinsky-Molodkina rat strain (KM) is higher than in nonlinear animals. At the same time, both groups of animals had the same sex differences: a locomotor activity of females was higher than males. Sex differences in exploratory activities are not inherent for KM rats, while the female outbred animals are significantly higher than males in their level of such activities. The greatest differences in behavior between KM rats and outbred animals were found in anxiety level, which is much higher in the first case. Furthermore just KM rats are characterized by clear sex differences--the males demonstrate more anxious and fearful respond to unfamiliar surroundings than females. Male and female KM rats differ not only in behavior but also in the character of epileptiform seizures induced by loud sound: wild running, tonic-clonic and clonic convulsions occur faster in females and the resumption of breathing-in males. The interconnection between parameters of seizure and behavior was found for KM rats. This phenomenon is most clearly manifested in males and combine large group of indicators.

This work was designed to study a change in cytokine content in the peripheral blood of behaviorally passive and active Wistar rats at various time intervals after acute stress on the model of night-time immobilization. A decrease in the concentration of most pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in passive animals was most pronounced immediately and, particularly, 3 days after stress exposure. Variations in the blood cytokine profile after experimental stress were lower in behaviorally active specimens. A statistically significant decrease was observed only in the amount of a proinflammatory cytokine IL-1α and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-13. As differentiated from passive rats, these changes in active specimens were most pronounced 1 day after negative emotiogenic exposure. Our results illustrate a specific involvement of immunoactive substances in the systemic regulation of physiological functions and development of individual resistance to the negative consequences of stress.

The present review is devoted to the modern analysis of understanding of biological development, as a health index. There are considered works about tendencies of biological development of the child's organism in the conditions of environment, training and education. There are presented results of the study of indices of biological age of children's and teenagers' residing in various regions of the Russian Federation, and also in the near-abroad and far-abroad countries. The scientific materials devoted to the study of the biological development of the children's population were analyzed in the context of epochal variability. Modern approaches to the identification of the causes and risk factors for the formation of deviations in biological development of children and teenagers are presented.

The study analyses results of treatment of 196 patients, with cerebral palsy, which underwent a course of health-resort treatment is performed. Past medical history of patients for the last 10 years was also analysed. It was found that the use of botulin toxin <> (BT-A) <> as a part of complex rehabilitation of the patients significantly improved the effectiveness of the treatment. It was determined that the reasons of the lack of spasticity reduce are caused by degeneration of the muscles. The developed technique of ultrasound exam muscles allowed objectively evaluates the degree of muscle degeneration.

The article is devoted to a modern understanding of locomotor activity of olfactory cilia as a form of chemotaxis. It includes an analysis of published data and also the results of experimental research performed by the authors.

Interaction of slow-wave.rhythmic components of cardiac, respiratory.and motor activity was investigated in newborn rat pups on the first day after birth under normal conditions and after pharmacological depression of spontaneous periodic motor activity (SPMA) produced by injecting myocuran (myanesin) at low (100 mg/pg, i/p) and maximal (235 mg/pg, i/p) dosages. The data obtained allow to infer that in rat pups after birth the intersystemic interactions are realized mainly via slow-wave oscillations of about-one- and many-minute ranges whereas the rhythms of decasecond range do not play a significant role in integrative processes. Injection of miocuran at a dose causing no muscle relaxation and no inhibition of motor activity produces changes of the cardiac and respiratory rhythms as well as a transitory decrease of the magnitude of coordinate relations mediated by the rhythms of about-one- and many-minute ranges. The consequences of muscle relaxant injection were found to be more significant for intersystemic interactions with participation of the respiratory system. An increase of the dosage and, correspondingly, the total inhibition of SPMA is accompanied by reduction of the slow-wave components from the pattern of cardiac and respiratory rhythms. The cardiorespiratory interactions, more expressed in intact rat pups, are reduced in the about-one- and many-minute ranges of modulation whereas in the decasecond range of modulation they are slightly increased. Key words: early ontogenesis, intersystemic interactions, cardiac rhythm, respiration, motor activity, myocuran (myanesin).

Cerebral palsy is one of the common diseases that cause significant motor impairments. This review deals with new methods of motor rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy in terms of modern physiology, as well as with summarized and analyzed results of experimental studies on the effectiveness of these methods.

In this review current publications about neurobiology and marker value of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in neuropsychiatry are analyzed. It is shown that BDNF is an important member of the family of neurotrophins which widely represented in various structures of the CNS. In prenatal period BDNF is involved in all stages of neuronal networks formation, and in the postnatal period its main role is maintaining the normal brain architectonics, involvement in the processes of neurogenesis and realization of neuroprotective functions. BDNF plays an important role in learning and memory organization, food and motor behavior. BDNF brain expression decreases with age, as well as in degenerative and vascular dementias, affective, anxiety, and behavioral disorders. The reducing of BDNF serum, level reflects the decreasing of its cerebral expression and could be used as a neurobiological marker of these pathological processes but the rising of its concentration could indicate the therapy effectiveness.

Investigation of the processes of studying human instructions relevant follow-up in terms of systemic mechanisms of learning and memory processes, and moreover affects such a fundamental issue as psychophysiology focused attention, understanding the meaning of the information provided and the formation of social motivation in human activities. Analysis of heart rate variability in reading the instructions compared to the initial state of operational rest showed that this stage of the activity causes pronounced emotional stress, which is manifested in increased heart rate, decrease in variability and pronounced changes in the spectral characteristics of heart rate. Besides, it was revealed that heart rate variability in a state of operational rest before testing, and in the process of reading instructions positively correlated with the duration of the instruction reading and inversely correlated with effectiveness and the level of resistance of the subjects to the error after error when follow-up activities. Showing pronounced gender differences in the relationships between changes in the variability of heart rate when reading the instructions and the subsequent execution indicators of visual-motor test.

Comprehensive study of the cardiovascular system functional condition of 15-16 teenagers while in normal daily locomotor activity and in the mode of regular moderate physical activity was performed. The features of cerebral circulation and myocardium functional condition of teenagers are studied depending on initial tonus of the autonomic nervous system and locomotor activity level in the process of continuous step physical activity on tredmil. The condition of regulatory mechanisms, providing adaptation of teenagers in the conditions of modern school was studied. Research results showed, that elasticity of cerebrum arterial vessels, veins tone, venous outflow for teenagers not having regular physical activity, considerably mionectic. More adequate reaction of coronary blood flow in the process of physical activity is educed for the trained teenagers with the balanced autonomic regulation of cardiac rhythm. This group showed a higher level and regulation quality of organism reserve possibilities.

Aim of the Study: to study the efficiency of gene therapy following traumatic brain injury (TBI) by evaluating the influences of liposomal transfection of the brain tissue by APOE3-containing plasmid vector on the structural and functional manifestations of development of secondary brain injuries after acute experimental TBI in the rats of different age., Material and Methods: Severe diffuse TBI in rats was inflicted under overall anesthesia by free load weighing 450 g, falling from a 1.5 m elevation. The mixture of DOTAP liposome and 25 μg of plasmid vector pCMV·SPORT6 with cDNA of APOE3 gene was infused intraventricularly using ALZET osmotic pumps. Combined morphological, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical and morphometric studies of СА1 hippocampal region were conducted in rats at days 5 and 10 following TBI and gene therapy after investigation of motor functions (using composite neurological motor score) and cognitive functions in Morris water maze., Results: Significant changes in the morphofunctional state of hippocampus, as well as in the neurological and cognitive functions were shown on the model of severe TBI in the adult and old Wistar rats. Gene therapy, specifically cationic-liposome mediated APOE3 gene transfer to the CNS cells by plasmid vector, decreased a TBI-induced death of neurons and improved qualitative composition of neuronal population, normalized neuron-glial relations, decreased gliosis and microglial activation, axonal damage, myelin destruction and lipofuscin accumulation, all these having age-related peculiarities. After gene therapy observed in the animal brain was a lower intensity of the processes of apoptosis and a decrease of its rate in old animals. The above changes were accompanied with a more fast and expressed regress of neurological and cognitive disturbances typical for TBI. Administration of plasmid vector after TBI resulted in an increase of survival rate of old animals vs. old animals which got no gene therapy., Conclusion: APOE3 gene therapy has therapeutic potential in the treatment of severe TBI.

The experimental study of psychophysiological parameters of the central nervous system (CNS) has been performed in the adolescents who combine the learning-educational and sporting activities. The differences in psychophysiological indices in dependence on the intensity level of sporting loads have been revealed in the trained and non-trained adolescents in the presence of similar genetically determined abilities which may be determined by the force of the nervous system. The psychophysiological profile of.the youths and girls with a high intensity of sporting loads is characterized by the balance of nervous processes, the optimal functional state of CNS. The significantly higher speed of visual-motor reaction were revealed to be in the person with a high intensity of sporting loads than in moderate and low intensity of sporting loads. The psychophysiological profile in the adolescents with a low and moderate intensity of sporting loads in differed by disbalance of nervous processes with prevalence of the braking processes, a low speed of visual-motor reaction as the functional state of CNS is characterized by the pathological declinations. The attention level was found to reach the average values in the teenagers examined independently of intensity of sporting loads.

Using Laboras hardware-software complex, which is a system of automatic registration of behavioral reactions, the locomotor activity 1-, 8- and 16-month-old male rats (12 animals in each group) was recorded followed by counting the number of neuron cell bodies of in the layer V of the motor cortex in Nissl stained slides. It was found that the number of neurons in the motor cortex varied in different age groups. Maximal number of neurons was observed in 8-month-old animals. Motor activity was found to correlate with the number of neurons.

A characteristic feature of the life activity of modern children and adolescents is the couch potato, mostly "sedentary" lifestyle. Biomedical and psychosocial significance of motor activity (MA) stipulates the necessity of the substantiation of scientific and methodological approaches to the formation of the motivation to exercises and sports in children. The purpose of the study was in the scientific substantiation and the delivery of medical, pedagogical and neurophysiological prerequisites for the formation of the motivation to increase MA in students in current conditions of their life activity. There were examined 189 students from 2-5th and 9th classes, out of them 65 students were observed in the dynamics of the school year; 585 students from the 1st-11th classes participated in the survey. Results of the study allowed to reveal the relation of students to the lessons of physical training, to evaluate the impact of a new educational program on the functional possibilities of the body of children from the special medical group "A" and to reveal the neurophysiological features of adolescents with different needs in motion.

Unlabelled: The article deals with a study of role of epidural analgesia, used as a part of intra- and postoperative analgesia in patients underwent major laparoscopic surgery (gastric resections, pancreas and duodenal resections, hemicolectomy, resections of colon)., Patients and Methods: The study included 127 patients aged 65 ± 13 years. Main group--patients who had undergone extensive and prolonged laparoscopic surgery; comparison group--patients after traditional open surgery. Terms of laparoscopic and open surgeries was similar Postoperatively we assessed dynamics ofpostoperative pain and physical activity (using appropriate scales), dynamics of respiratory function (spirometry) in with and without use of epidural analgesia., Conclusion: major laparoscopic surgery accompanied with lower decreasing of speed and volume figures of spirometry if epidural analgesia is used as a part of intra- and postoperative analgesia.

The aim of this study was to determine somatotypological characteristics of 4619 rural schoolchildren (RSC) aged 7-17 years, resulting from the rate of biological development and conditions of residence. It was found that most RSC had age-appropriate rate of development. Among the extreme variants most frequently recorded were: retarded rate of maturation in boys and anticipatory rate of maturation rate in girls. RSC of asthenoid somatotype were characterized by the lag of biological age from the calendar age, while RSC of muscular and digestive body types, on the contrary, had an accelerated development. RSC had somatotypological characteristics that distinguished them from the urban schoolchildren, which is due to the specific conditions of life, in particular, agricultural activity that promotes physical activity and prevalence of schoolchildren with muscular somatotype among both boys and girls. However, equal proportions of children with digestive constitution among urban and RSC highlight the negative impact of factor of nutrition.

Unlabelled: The article based on the results of our own research shows the importance of the development of objective options for the individual forecast to recovery of stroke patients, and control of the rehabilitation process., Material and Methods: We examined 44 patients with stroke and 35 healthy volunteers as a control group. All patients and healthy volunteers underwent a neurological examination, neurophysiological testing, and extended neuropsychological survey. We evaluated the results of rehabilitation depending on the data obtained in the survey. The study had found that cognitive impairment reaching moderate severity can be regarded as a poor prognostic factor for recovery of hand function. The clear direct relationship was shown between the impaired hand (with decreased strength and agility) and severity of frontal-subcortical dysfunction, and visual-spatial disorders. We found that elongated latent periods of auditory evoked potentials, P300 latency prolongation (beyond the age norm) were inherent mainly for patients with moderate cognitive impairment with postural disorders and high risk of falls. These patients, according to our data, had almost no improvement of motor functions versus patients who had moderate cognitive impairment, in which the parameters of evoked potentials of the brain were within the age norm., Conclusion: Evoked potentials of the brain in conjunction with the results of the extended neuropsychological testing may be an objective indicator for prediction and possibly control of the dynamics of recovery of cognitive and motor functions in the rehabilitation of stroke patients.

Synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone decreased locomotor activity of neonatal rats 120 h after administration. Behavioral changes were associated with an increase in the content of active caspase-3 in the cerebellum. We found that expression of this apoptotic protease was similar to the control value when dexamethasone action was combined to hypoxic treatment to rats; however, the locomotor activity decreased to the hormone action did not recovered. We found that proapoptotic action of dexamethasone was blocked by hypoxic treatment; however, it was not sufficient for prevention of the effect of hormone on behavior.

The data obtained during the recent decades led to revision of the dominant in neurophysiology view of primary motor cortex as "the cord area" which transfers the motor commands to the spinal cord. Contrary to this point of view, it was shown that MI primates neurons participate in all stages of organization of motor behavior and that the final postures of complex coordinated movements are represented in the MI map. Characteristics of movements controlled by MI revealed by currently available methods were predicted and explained by N.A. Bernstein about 70 years ago. According to his concept, there are some levels of the construction of movements that exist in the central nervous system. Area 4 (i.e. MI), which is one of them, appeared on the definite stage of evolution for resolving the particular movement tasks. In support of this conception we are showing that: 1) MI controls the movements that differ from the movements of other levels by their characteristics (the mode of operating and the sense content); 2) some voluntary movements can be executed without participation of MI; 3) different motor areas of the cortex are coupled with different aspects of movement behavior.

Here we investigated whether the 5-HT3 receptor and the 5-HT3/5-HT(1A) receptors coaction play essential role in the regulation of locomotion, depressive-like and social behavior. It was found that central administration of selective agonist of 5-HT3 receptor m-CPBG (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 nmol) produced significant decrease of horizontal and vertical locomotor activity in the open field (OF) test. Selective antagonist of 5-HT(1A) receptor WAY-100635 (2.0 mg/kg (3.7 μmol/kg), i.p.) attenuated the effect of m-CPBG on behavior in the OF test. Selective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg (0.76, 1.5 and 3.0 μmol/kg correspondingly), i.p.) significantly decreased horizontal and vertical locomotor activity in the OF test as well. The activation of 5-HT3 receptors failed to affect immobility time in the tail suspension test, whereas the activation 5-HT(1A) receptors significantly decreased the immobility time. Administration of m-CPBG also did not produced considerable effect on social behavior. At the same time, 8-OH-DPAT significantly decreased time and number of social contacts. Thus it was shown for the first time that 5-HT3 receptor-induced behavioral response observed in the OF realized mainly via 5-MHT(1A) receptor. Obtained results provide new evidence on the role of 5-HT3 receptors and 5-HT3/5-HT(1A) receptors coaction in the regulation of locomotor activity but not in the depressive-like and social behavior.

The influence of physical activity of varying intensity and hypodynamia on the morphological indices parameters of the internal organs of rats in the experiment was investigated. Animals were subjected to the forced swim test by Porsolt of varying duration and to immobilization. The intense exercise, as well as long-term lack of exercise, were reveled to lead to the pronounced structural defects in the internal organs, while moderate exercise can be considered as the most favorable.

The review is dedicated to the signaling pathways triggered by the nitric oxide II in skeletal muscle. Analysis of the current literature shows that during physical exercise of various intensity and regimen the nitric oxide is an essential trigger of the signaling pathways, leading to the alteration of the structural and metabolic myofiber profile and enhancement of its functional capacity. At the same time during the elevated muscle contractile activity (for instance, eccentric activity), NO serves as a protective and stabilizing agent, preventing from the intensification of the proteolytic processes. Data obtained from the experiments with the modulation of the NO at the background of the functional (gravitational) unloading give evidence that neuronal NO synthase activation in this experimental conditions allows to stabilize the degradation pathways and prevent from disuse atrophy development.

Glycine receptor is the anion-selective channel, providing fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Together with the nicotinic acetylcholine, GABA and serotonin (5-HT3R) receptors, it belongs to the superfamily of pentameric cys-loop receptors. It has been cloned one beta and four alpha subunits of glycine receptor, which are specifically distributed in different areas of the nervous system. Due to their specific molecular properties and distribution, different subunits ensure important physiological functions: from control of motor activity and regulation of neuronal differentiation to sensory information processing and modulation of pain sensitivity. In this review we briefly describe main functions of these transmembrane proteins, their distribution and molecular architecture. Special attention is paid to recent studies on the molecular physiology of these receptors, as well as on presenting of molecular domains responsible for their modulation and dysfunction.

At present time there is a lack of satisfactory understanding of how DHEA affects cognition and nervous system function. Aim of the present study to evaluate effects of long-term DH EA administration of physiological doses on the Higher Brain Activity (HBA) in rhesus macaques (RM) at the limits of their biological age. The study included 9 male RM aged 24-30 years. Five of them were given im injections of DHEA (1 mg/kg each two days for 3 months). 4 control monkeys were administered the vehicle alone. Cortisol, testosterone, and free thyroxin were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. HBA was studied by classical motor-food conditioning (to estimate long-term memory) and by determining delayed response time (a measure of short-term memory). RM had to respond to a positive signal (1000 Hz) and no bar-pressing was required in response to a negative signal (400 Hz). MR were free to move in the cage during the experiment. Their behavior was tested before, within 1, 2, 3 months of DHEA administration and 3 months after its termination. The HBA increased of all 5 RM within 1, 2, and 3 month after the beginning of DHEA administration. Both long- and short-term memory stably improved while response time decreased from 5 to 1-1.5 s. The behavior of RM changed radically from passive one to enhanced motor activity and food motivation. These effects of DHEA persisted as long as 3 months after DHEA treatment. During DHEA treatment the steady tendency to rising in a blood concentrations of a free thyroxine, testosterone and DHEA was observed. DHEA administration caused a rise in testosterone, free thyroxin levels and DHEAS levels. In three months after DHEA treatment the hairs lost in the old monkeys was restored and this effect remained within one years of observation. Conclusion. Administration of physiological doses of DHEA to old RM induced a stable increase of Higher Brain Activity with harmonization of excitation and inhibition processes; radically enhanced motor and food activity; completely restored body hairiness which already remained within one year.

The aim was to examine the relationship between the ability to learn new motor skills and preference to the right or left front paw when performing manipulation movements in rats. As a new skill used the Morris water maze, in which the animals are initially trained to detect platform hidden under water at the swim of the sector of the opposite platform, and then when sailing from sectors on the left or the right of the platform. Preference paw was determined by using the taking of animal food from a narrow horizontal tube and, accordingly, the rats were divided into left-handedness and right-handedness. We found that when changing the place of launch, that is the first voyage from the left or right of the sector, are right-handed, unlike left-handed, spent significantly more time to find the platform.

The character of oxygen tension distribution and peculiarities of cytochromes stoichiometry in skeletal muscles of bottom and pelagic species of marine fish were compared. It is shown, that the limitation of muscle activity increases the number of hypoxic zones in the muscle tissue. The mitochondrial electron-transporting chain then obtain the uncompensated type of organization, expressed in the increase of the share of the terminal complex aa3 on the background of general reduction of cytochromes content in the muscles. The reaction is of an adaptive character and can be implemented by pelagic fish species in conditions of experimental hypokinesia.

Aim: To evaluate the modifying effect of physical activity on the association of ADRB3, CLOCK, FABP2, FTO, PPARA, PPARD, PPARG, PPARGC1A, SHBG, UCP2 and UCP3 gene polymorphisms with body mass index (BMI), body fat mass, and risk of obesity., Subjects and Methods: The investigation enrolled 582 students and 215 athletes who showed moderate and high physical activities, respectively. The students' body composition was estimated with a DIAMANT-AST bioimpedance analyzer. Gene polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or real-time PCR., Results: No differences in the rate of obesity risk alleles were found between normal-weight, and overweight or obese students. Correlation analysis in the total group of students revealed an association of the A allele of the FTO gene with BMI (p=0.0011) and body fat mass (p=0.0031). Comprehensive analysis summarizing the total number of obesity risk alleles for 7 polymorphisms of the PPARA, PPARD, PPARG, PPARGCIA, FTO, FABP2, and UCP2) genes in each individual showed that a subgroup of male students having a large number of obesity risk alleles (4-9) had higher BMI (22.6 ± 2.73 kg/m2) than that of students having a small number of obesity risk alleles (20.8 ± 2.81 kg/m2; p=0.0209). This pattern was not observed in the group of athletes regardless of gender and sports specialization., Conclusion: This investigation has demonstrated that physical activity has modifying effects on individuals who are genetically predisposed to obesity. Moderate and high physical activity considerably reduces the risk of obesity even in the presence of genetic risk factors.

The article presents data on the effect of the combined action of food and muscular load on the level of hydrolytic enzymes in blood serum of healthy young people 18-22 years old, with various levels of adaptation to the effects of physical activity. The first group (n = 8) of the examined persons were high-qualified athletes developing their speed and power qualities in anaerobic energetic regime (Greco-Roman wrestling, sambo, judo). The second group (n = 8) were athletes developing endurance in aerobic energetic regime (skiers, track and field athletes--stayers, biathletes). The control group (n = 8) consists of non-athletes. The content of hydrolytic enzymes: pepsinogen-1, pepsinogen-2, the activity of pancreatic alpha-amylase, lipase were defined by ELISA. The content and activity of ferments were defined in blood serum, taken in the morning fasting and post-prandial period in dynamics after 15, 45, 75 and 105 min after administration of the test breakfast (100 g of ground boiled beef and 200 ml of unsweetened tea) in a state of relative physiological rest and after the veloergometric exercise muscular load (at the level of 60-70% of maximal oxygen consumption) during an hour (in 7-14 days). Multidirectional changes of concentration of investigated enzymes in the postprandial period among examined were defined in the conditions of relative physiological rest and under the action of the muscular tension. For groups of athletes higher alpha-amylase and lipase blood activity were characteristic both in a state of physiological rest and under the action of muscular load. It was also determined that after the muscular tension there was an increase in activity of alpha-amylase at 75 min and lipases at 15 min relative to background indicators at non-athletes. For the athletes from the second group the increase (p < 0.01) relative to background data of activity as alpha-amylase as lipase on an empty stomach was noted. However postprandial (15-45 min) alpha-amylase (p < 0.05) and lipase (p < 0.001) activity was significantly decreased. At relatively high rates of fasting alpha-amylase activity there was a decrease of its level in the postprandial period, whereas at low rates of enzyme activity on an empty stomach its increase can be occurred in the postprandial period. Lipase activity changed in groups of athletes unidirectionally, it decreased (p < 0.01) in athletes of the first group at 45 min. and in athletes from the second group at 15-105 min (p < 0.001). For athletes of the first group, also as well for non-athletes, significantly lower blood lipase activity was noted at rest and in the conditions of muscular tension. After a physical load lipase activity in athletes from the second group was decreased throughout the postprandial period. Blood serum concentration of pepsinogen-1 and pepsinogen-2 were also significantly higher in the groups of athletes, but only in fasting conditions. After receiving the breakfast the content of these proenzymes were significantly lower in athletes comparable to the control group. Pepsinogen-2 concentration had a strong tendency to significant decrease after muscular exercise in all athletes throughout the postprandial period (at 15 and 105 min). For the athletes from the first group a decrease of pepsinogen-2 concentration to the values accepted as a norm (4-22 microg/l) was tended. The obtained data suggest that the revealed changes are associated with a sport orientation and a level of daily physical activity.

Single i. m. injection of amitriptyline in rats in high doses of 10-30 mg/kg causes a weak an- tidepressive effect because only in 1.3-1.7 times decrease immobilization in Porsolt test. In the specified doses amitriptyline exhibits appreciable sedative effect because in 3-6 times decrease horizontal activity, and also in 2-2.5 times decrease vertical activity of rats in the open field test. Combined single i.m. injection of amitriptyline in a small dose of 3 mg/kg and high dose of 30 mg/kg with phenylephine in threshold, noneffective alone dose of 0.02 mg/kg, causes the ma- ximal antidepressive effect because decreases immobilization in Porsolt test, accordingly, in 3 and 4.6 times, but does not produce side sedative effect in the open field test. The basis of the mec- hanism of potentiation of antidepressive action and elimination of sedative action of amitriptyline is the stimulation of gastric mucosa afferents by phenylephine.

We studied the biological age according to anthropometric indexes, mental, physical and both the types of working efficiency in 122 males at the age of 50-59 years. All of them were devided into 5 groups: untrained individuals, going in for general physical training, sport veterans, specializing in endurance training, sport plays representatives, weight-lifters. We found out a younger biological age in sport veterans, who were carrying out dynamic exertions.

A psychomotor test for induction of the state of monotony and visuomotor coordination analysis has been developed. The subject had to follow a small cicle slowly moving in circular orbit on a screen with a "mouse" cursor. When an additional target unexpectedly appeared, he had to catch it with a cursor and click a "mouse" button when the cursor was on it. Eye movements were recorded with an eyetracker. The experts marked the episodes of declined vigilance based on EEG and video of a subject. Analysis of parameters of visuomotor coordination demonstrated their high sensitivity to the vigilance decline. We have found the increase of variability in pursuit eye movements and "mouse" cursor movements during the episodes of lowered vigilance before the appearance of the additional target and also a growing latency of saccadic eye movements, cursor movements and "mouse" button presses when the cursor contacted the additional target. For latency of saccadic eye movements, cursor movements and mouse button presses significant increase was found 2-3 min before experts can detect vigilance decline too. The ability by visuomotor coordination parameters to predict the moments of critical vigilance decline is discussed.

Using a television-based vital microscopy method and immunohystochemical analysis, we have assessed the effect of intracerebral transplantation of syngeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) on the brain cortex structure and the microcirculation in the pia mater of old rats. Using "open field" system, we have studied the effect of MSC transplantation on position-finding and discovery behavior of older animals. We have found that density of microvascular network of the pia mater increased ca. 1.9-fold in MSC recipients, compared to age-matched intact animals. Density of the arteriolar area of microvascular network of the pia mater increased ca. 2-fold. Reactivity of the newly formed arterioles was nearly equal to that of native microvessels. Intracerebral transplantation procedure itself was traumatic for brain cortex of rats, but it had no effect on the microcirculation in the contralateral hemisphere. Intracerebral transplantation of MSC did not improve locomotor behavi- or and emotional stage of old rats, did not increase their position-finding and discovery activity.

Sodium valproate after chronic intragastric administration in the high dose of 100-200 mg/kg eliminates generalized clonic-tonic pentylenetetrazol seizures in 100 % of rats, but only in 33-57 % of rats it prevents local clonic kindling seizures. Strong sedation is induced by the specified doses of sodium valproate. The combined oral chronic administration of phenylephrine in threshold, noneffective alone dose of 0.2 mg/kg and sodium valproate in high doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg potentiates anticonvulsive action of sodium valproate, because prevents both clonic-tonic kindling. seizures in 100 % of rats and clonic kindling seizures in 86-100 % of rats, and also it increases in 1.7-1.9 times anticonvulsive activity of valproate. The specified combinations of sodium valproate with phenylephrine do not produce the sedative side effect. The basis of the mechanism of potentiation of anticonvulsive action and elimination of sedative action of sodium valproate in high doses is the stimulation of gastric mucosa afferents by phenylephrine.

The indicators of heart pumping ability of rats at a muscular loading of the maximum power and also in the conditions of transition from sharply strengthened motor activity regime on a strengthened motor activity regime at adrenergic influence stimulation and blockade were investigated. At rats of 100-daily age at the strengthened motor activity heart rate is less, and blood stroke volume is more, than in the rats, subject to muscular loading of the maximum power. The adrenergic influence on the heart's pumping ability of sharply strengthened motor activity rats is much more, than of unlimited motor activity rats. At the α1-adrenoreceptors blockade at 100-daily rats the decreasing in intensity of muscular loading causes increased in adrenergic influence on heart pumping ability.

It is known that spinal neuronal networks activated by epidural electrical stimulation (EES) can produce the stepping EMG pattern and control the locomotor behavior. At present study we showed that non-invasive transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (tESCS) applied to the lumbar-sacral enlargement can facilitate the locomotor activity in decerebrated and spinal animals. The comparison of the motor responses evoked by EES vs tESCS showed that both methods produce the locomotor patterns with close properties and similar reflex mechanisms. The data obtained suggest that tESCS is an efficient approach for investigation of the locomotor control in acute and chronic experiments as well as facilitates of the locomotor abilities after spinal cord injury. Taking to account the non-invasivity and easement of tESCS, this approach could be further implemented in clinical practice for rehabilitation of the patient with spinal cord injury.

There are yet no optimal criteria to be applied in rehabilitative sports medicine for the estimation of the restoration of the athletes' physical conditions to enable them to return to their professional activities. The primary objective of the present study was to develop specific methods for the assessment of the physical performance of the athletes safe enough for the use at any stage of testing and sufficiently informative to give idea of the athlete's condition. To this effect, we compared the effectiveness of various testing procedures specific for different sports. We divided the athletes suffering injuries to the knee joint into two groups. The control group consisted of athletes that were tested by classical diagnostic methods employed in sports medicine. The study group was comprised of the athletes examined by the methods specific for a given sport. The effectiveness of diagnostic methods was estimated based on the calculation of the frequency of repeated injuries during two months after the athletes were permitted to resume training. Results. The study has demonstrated that specific methods designed for testing alpine skiers, hockey players, and football players are more specific and produce better results if used for the assessment of the athletes' physical conditions in combination with the conventional diagnostic tests. Such an approach makes it possible to decrease the number of repeated injuries.

The aim of work was to study the influence of the highly selective blocker of the inducible NO-synthase (iNOS) of S-methylthiourea on the alteration of the endothelium-dependent vasodilation and α1-adrenoreactivity of the isolated rat aortic rings which underwent a short-term restriction of physical activity. The experiments were carried out on rat aortic rings preparations from female-rats bathed in Krebs-Henseleit solution, bubbled with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 and contracting in isometric mode. Endothelium-dependent dilation was caused by cumulative addition of acetylcholine (10-(10)-10(-4) M) after phenylephrine precontraction(10(-6) M). Adrenoreactivity was assessed through the response to increasing concentrations of α1-adrenergic receptor agonist. The 60-minute immobilization stress, characterized by the increase of the relative weight of the adrenal glands by 19.5%, the concentration of glucocorticoids (twice as much), of NO2/NO3 (stable NO degradation products) by 35%, the reduction in the level of thyroxine (by 16%), triiodothyronine (by 10%) and the increase in thyrotropic hormone by 45%, interleukin-1b (twice as much) and the appearance of tumour necrosis factor alpha in the blood serum, was accompanied by the two types of reaction of isolated aortic rings to acetylcholine and phenylephrine. The first one was expressed in the enhancing of acetylcholine-induced dilation of isolated aortic rings and the reduction of its response to α1-adrenergic stimulant phenylephrine. The second one showed a decrease in the response of isolated aortic rings to acetylcholine and enhancing the response to phenylephrine. But both of these reaction types were eliminated by using highly selective inducible NO-synthase inhibitor with S-methylisothiourea. However, it was differently directed with a different type of reaction. Taken together, these results suggest that the iNOS is formed in the cells of rat aorta under short-term stress. In some cases it can be a source of a large number of NO (coupling state of iNOS), and in another contribute reduce its bioavailability (uncoupling state of iNOS).

The article deals with issue of physical development of children as an important summarizing health parameter and indicator of social well-being of society. The organism development in child age determines the main traits of health of this generation in older age including potential longevity and transferring of corresponding qualities to future generations. The analysis is presented concerning accumulation of factual data and development of methodical instruments to evaluate physical development of children in Russia and other countries. The universal application in Russia of corresponding WHO standards is proposed. The necessity to include the integrated indicators of physical development into official statistical reporting is emphasized.