Search

This investigation was conducted in three provinces of southern Vietnam in September-October 2011. A total of 257 small mammals of 11 species were caught; among them 120 rodents were infected with harvest mites of 8 species (Trom- biculidac). About 4000 mites of nearly 1200 identified species were collected from the small mammals. 17 species of harvest mites were identified. Walchia lupella, Leptotrombidium deliense, Walchia kritochaeta, and Walchia micropelta predominated in the collections. Most species of mites parasitized Rattus rattus (n= 15), Maxomys surifer (n=9), and B.savilei (n=7). The occurrence of Trombiculidaewas high on Bandicota savilei (90.0%), M.sunfer (87.8%), R.rattus (80.9%), and Bandicota indica (71.4%). The largest number of mites was observed in B.savilei and B.indica. The species of the genus Ascoschoengastia parasitized predominantly R.rattus and those of the genus Wachia did M.surifer. W.upella (n=7), L.delense (n=5), and Ascoschoengastiaindica (n=5) were associated with the widest range of nourishers. The species L.delicense known as a carrier of the causative agent of tsutsugamushi fever predominated in synanthropic rodents.

The effective application of GIS against parasitic diseases requires the patterns of spread of parasitic diseases in certain natural, climatic, and socioeconomic conditions of different regions where there are epidemically effective carriers. The epidemiological parameters defining a high risk of an epidemiological process after P.vivax importation into Russia were calculated using the developed HealthMapper controlled module with a database. Analysis of the average long-term air temperatures in the administrative territories of Russia over 78 years, namely July, the warmest month of the year when there are the largest numbers of all types of mosquito vectors and high levels of microfilaria in the peripheral blood of in- fected dogs (definitive hosts), has shown that the northern border of the maximum possible area of dirofilariasis in Russia is most fully described by the +14C July isotherm.

Principles of mass parallel sequencing, otherwise called next generation sequencing (NGS), appeared at the beginning of 2000s and were realized in dozens of NGS platforms. High performance and sequencing speed of NGS platforms opened wide horizons for scientists in the field of genomic studies, including metagenomic, first of all related to studies of structure of various microbiocenoses. Dozens of studies dedicated to studies of microbiome and virome of various biotopes of humans in normal state and pathology by using NGS platforms have appeared, forming novel conceptions on pathogenesis and epidemiology ofvarious infectious diseases. Significant cost reduction of the analysis facilitates expansion of sphere of application for NGS technologies not only in the field of fundamental, but also applied microbiologic studies, including etiologic diagnostics of infectious diseases. Due to the increase of the number of cases of infectious diseases, that do not have a typical clinical presentation, use of metagenomic approach is of particular importance, allowing to carry out detection of a wide spectrum of causative agents of bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Technologic features of mass parallel sequencing platform, main methods of metagenomic studies and bioinformatics approaches, used for the analysis of data obtained, are presented in the review. Studies on healthy human microbiome and in pathology are described; possibilities and perspectives of metagenomic approach application in diagnos- tics and system of epidemiologic control of infectious diseases are examined.

In 2010-2013, the quality of microscopic detection of the causative agents ofparasitic diseases in the feces has been assessed by the specialists of the laboratories of the therapeutic-and-prophylactic institutions (TPIs) and Hygiene and Epidemiology Centers, Russian Inspectorate for the Protection of Consumer Rights and Human Welfare, which are participants of the Federal System of External Quality Assessment of Clinical Laboratory Testing. Thirty-two specimens containing 16 species of human helminths and 4 species of enteric protozoa in different combinations were examined. The findings suggest that the quality of microscopic detection of the causative agents of parasitic diseases is low in the laboratories of health care facilities and that the specialists of the laboratories of TPIs and Hygiene and Epidemiology Centers, Russian Inspectorate for the Protection of Consumer Rights and Human Welfare, do not not possess the knowledge and skills necessary to make a laboratory diagnosis of helminths and enteric protozoa. The average detection rates of helminths and protozoa were at a level of 64 and 36%, respectively. The correct results showed that the proportion of helminths and protozoa were 94.5 and 5.5%, respectively. According to the biological and epidemiological classification of helminths, there were higher detection rates for contact group parasites (Enterobius vermicularis and Hymenolepis nana) and geohelminths (Ascaris, Trichuris trichiura, and others). Biohelminths (Opisthorchis, tapeworms, and others) Were detectable slightly worse.

The results of the sanitary-parasitological studies, performed in 2010 in the Southern Military District. Detection of excited-makers parasitoses in soldiers was 1.5%. Allocated to eight species of helminthes and 4--the simplest. A set of preventive measures tick parasites in the army.

The structure of a parasite system is formed and its functioning takes place in qualitatively different environments. The aquatic environment serves as a source of new elements and modules, energy, and information for parasite systems. And the parasite systems, for their part, affect the physical and biological parameters of the environment. Many intestinal infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms generally characterized by an acute disease course are related to a water factor. Such are typhus, typhoids, dysentery, cholera, salmonellosis, virus hepatitis, and others. Many parasitic diseases caused by pathogenic intestinal protistae (lambliasis, amebiasis, balantidiasis), blood parasite protistae (malaria), helminthes (opisthorchiasis, fascioliasis, diphyllobothriasis, cercariosis, pseudoamphistomosis) are also closely related to a water factor. Ascaridiasis, hymenolepiasis, trichocephalosis, and echinococcosis have a less close but still self-evident relationship to a water factor. The clbse relationships of many parasitic diseases to a water factor are also determined by the fact that the life cycles of many parasites necessarily include various intermediate hosts and parasite vectors, such as fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, and insects, which are aquatic organisms at some stages of their life. The results of continuous exposure of people to parasitic diseases are quite similar to the suppressive effects of the environment in the ecologically troublesome regions. The most prognostically useful information is formed while mapping by medical and ecological regions, by employing a combination of current mathematical and cartographical methods. The former include cluster analysis, quartering method, informational logical analysis, which are all described in this article and others. Regional mapping using the parasitological criteria should achieve at least two goals: 1) a scientific one that aids in finding causative connections and to prognosticate a situation; 2) a practical one that assists in developing regional programs for disease control and prevention. It is necessary to use the recommendations described in detail in the article in order to have the maximum results during medical and ecological mapping by the regions with a future goal of obtaining useful prognostic information.

The aim of research is to study of the spirometry figures of bronchoobstructive syndrome in concomitant intestinal parasitosis. There are 81 patients aged from 5 to 61 years (male 43, female 38) were examined. The patients were divided into 2 groups: 1 group - patients treated only with bronchodilator therapy (14 patients with protozoa, 14 - with helminth, 12 - with combination of parasitosis); 2 group - patients treated with bronchodilator therapy in common with anti-parasitic therapy (14 patients with protozoa, 17 - with helminth, 10 - with combination of parasitosis). There are 22 patients with bronchoobstructive syndrome without parasites were included in control group. Functional disorders at the initial examination are not significantly distinguished between patients with protozoa, helminth, with combined parasitosis and patients without parasites. Considerable differences manifested in dynamics after treatment: only bronchodilator therapy of patients infected with parasites is not lead to sufficient increase of the indices of external respiration function, even the decreasing of the most parameters were observed in patients with helminth. The least growth of spirometric indices were observed in patients from group 1 - 2,17/ 5,09% predicted volumes (-6,81min; 10,54max), the highest growth were observed in patients from group 2 - 20,26/ 12,45% p.v. (2,77min; 43,85max). The spirographic indicators increase after treatment in the control group was more moderate in comparison with 1 and 2 groups - 5,96/ 2,97% p.v. (0,39min; 9,59max). Thus, using antiparasitic therapy in common with bronchodilator therapy in treatment of patients with intestinal parasitosis (group 2) is lead to the reliably significant positive dynamic of spirometry parameters in comparison not only to 1 group (<0,05 for many parameters) but also to control group (<0,01 for many parameters).

A 15-year-old patient living in Bashkortostan was admitted as having a diagnosis of hydatid cyst of the left hepatic lobe for surgical treatment. He had the following concomitant diseases: neurodermatitis, bronchial asthma, and acute respiratory disease. After surgery (laparoscopic echinococcectomy), a portion was taken from the parent vesicle wall for a histological study. The parasite was detected on the inner membrane surface. It is suggested that this is a Pentastoma sp. (Arthropoda, Maxillopoda, Pentastomida, and Cephalobaenida). Thus, the observed patient has a combined hepatic invasion with Echinococcus and Pentastoma).

Data on a wide spread of parasitic diseases among Russia's population are presented in the article. The contamination of soil, water-reserves' surfaces, drinking water, foodstuffs and of household goods with helminth ovum and with cysts of intestinal pathogenic protozoa was shown to play the key role in the discussed process. Therefore, hygienic measures targeted at preservation, environmental sanitation and protection of the environment from causative agents of parasites that would reduce or expel the risk of new contaminations should be regarded as the key trend in preventing the parasitic diseases.

The ecological flexibility of parasitic systems is observed in parasites, such as pentastomas of Linguatula serrata and Armillifer sp., cestodes of Spirometra erinacei europaei, and dirofilariae of D. repens, D. immitis, D. ursi in relation to ecological shifts in the areas and anthropological pressure.

The materials are summarized on the basis of which the authors were given Diploma No. 118 (with priority from November 23, 1994, registered under No. 137) for discovery of the same name by the resolution of the International Association of Authors of Scientific Discoveries on May 12, 1999. FORMULA OF THE DISCOVERY: "The unknown hitherto regularity of formation of environmental parasitic contamination in urbanized ecosystems has been ascertained to embrace the following. In emergency of biosocial conditions leading to parameters: (structures, functions, regulatory mechanisms) transformations of evolutionary established parasitic systems owing to the development of expression, expansion and succession in protozoa and multicellular parasitic organisms' populations, the conditions arise that favour the violation of biocenoses homeostasis and changes in tension of epidemic, epizootic and epiphytotic processes during parasitoses". The discovery pertains to the field of biology in particular, to general, ecological, medical, veterinary and agricultural aspects of parasitology.

The paper gives a conceptual design of field parasitological studies of the association of the inoculation of the environment with the pathogens of parasitic diseases with their spread among humans. The design includes 6 stages that reflect their object, the problems to be solved, guidelines, and expected results. It is of great importance in defining a factorial (environmental) risk for infection with the causative agents of parasitoses and in substantiating and implementing measures to protect the environment from pollution and to prevent parasitic diseases in man and animals.

E. N. Pavlovskiĭ's concept of natural focality of diseases and the development of general knowledge about natural foci and their structural (components), functional (mechanisms of pathogen maintenance), and ecosystem-related organization (assortment and interrelations of ecosystems) are reviewed from principal (in authors' opinion) aspects. The 60-year history of this theory includes three stages at which its scope and contents differed. At the first stage, it concerned transmissible zoonoses. It had been assumed that structurally, natural foci necessarily include the pathogen-vector-host triad, and the functioning of the focus is provided for by only pathogen circulation in terrestrial ecosystems. At the second stage, it became clear that vector is not a necessary structural component of any focus (an example of nontransmissible diseases), although the functioning of foci remained to be unequivocally attributed to the continuous pathogen circulation among animals of terrestrial ecosystems. The third stage is characterized by an understanding that, in general, the presence of a warm-blooded host in the focus is also unnecessary for pathogen survival, and natural foci can be represented by soil and aquatic ecosystems. The only necessary and specific component of any natural focus is the pathogen population. In this context, modern views on natural focality of diseases are reviewed, and the essence of the terms "natural focus" and "epizootic process" is defined. It is proposed to distinguish the phases of pathogen reservation and epizootic spread (circulation) in ecosystems of any type. The current state of this concept provides evidence that, in general biological terms, studies on natural focality of diseases belong to one of the fields of symbiotology.

Attempt to give a definition of the parasitism phenomenon from the symbiotological point of view is proposed. Parasites are the organisms, existence of which is possible only in the parasitic systems of any degree of complexity. Outside the parasitic system the parasite is not capable to realize its main vital function including feeding, dispersion of reproduction. The parasitism as the biological phenomenon could be defined as the existence of organisms in the structure of parasitic systems.

Foundations of the Parasitic Contamination (PC) conception being considered as an element of biological contamination and manifested itself in urbanized ecosystems under an influence of diversiform ecological (amenable to anthropopressure) and socio-economical factors are presented. PC is regarded as the "superthreshold" contamination exceeding the "natural background" (i.e. the parasitological situation outside urbanized ecosystems). As a rule, PC is accompanied with events as follow: an increase (often explosive in character) of hosts' number of all ranks, of vectors numbers and finally of parasites' numbers (parasitic expression); a partial replacement of parasite faunas (parasitic succession); a capture of new territories and hosts (parasitic expansion). As a rule, all processes run synchronously. They lead to disturbances of evolutionary generated relations (quantitative and qualitative ones) in parasitic systems and thereafter to changes in a tension of epidemic, epizootic and epiphytotic processes. It is assumed, that rates of evolutionary processes going in parasitic systems is increased at the recent historical stage. Their entropy character is being changed: they often transform from more of less regulated (balanced) processes, which were achieved in a long course of component coevolution, into chaotic (unbalanced) ones. It is stimulated with a powerful and at the same time differently vectored anthropogenic pressure onto parasitic system components. It promotes inhibition processes involved in generating of a natural parasite-host mutual adaptation.

A new hypothesis of formation (activation) of an epidemic process in the interseasonal and interepidemic periods at the expense of self-regulatory mechanisms associated with variations of parasitic biosystem diversity is suggested. The period of minimum intense morbidity in its multiannual and annual dynamics is shown to be the most vulnerable span of an epidemic process.

A new concept of medical entomology is proposed, according to which this discipline should comprehensively study the effects of arthropods on human health and possible control of these effects. Thus, the tasks of medical entomology are markedly widened to embrace cognitively and practically important problems, which have been neglected. This approach does not negate the accepted understanding of medical entomology but includes it as an essential component.

The paper provides the examination findings of helminthiases in the population of the town of Anadyr, the settlements of Kanchalan, Krasneno, and in the reindeer-breeding teams of the Anadyr District, CAD. The children infected with enterobiasis were shown to amount to 15.1 to 22.9%, diphyllobothriasis was detected in 12.9 - 33.7% of the examinees. Single cases of ascariasis were revealed. Analysis of 232 cases with echinococcosis demonstrates that the infection is prevalent over the whole Chukotka territory. Infection with Echinococcus multilocularis is more common in the indigenous population in the north-east of the District and that with Echinococcus granulosus in the central and northern regions. High extensive and intensive parasitic contamination rates of environmental objects, such as soil, sewage, household appliances, fish, etc., were noted, indicating a constant risk for Chukotka population's infection with parasites.

Studying parasitic contamination is regarded as an individual research trend for large-scale land and water areas whose natural habitat is greatly modified by man-made influences. On the one hand, parasitic contamination as its particular form acts as a factor that destabilizing the environment, on the other, the man-made deformation of natural biocenoses, which is induced by socioeconomic influences promote its occurrence and manifestations. The investigations of parasitic contamination are beyond the scope of the routine parasitological goals, though they involve their whole package and should be considered as an ecological objective of environmental protection. The cenotic communications of the links of the parasitic systems with the physicochemical and biological ingredients of the habitat predetermine qualitative and quantitative differences of parasitic contamination in the large urban areas and, finally, the dissimilar course of epidemiological, epizootic, and phytototic processes in parasitic diseases in their various sectors. The major factors influencing the levels of the parasitic pollution of the Moscow megalopolis were analyzed. These included various lines of economic activities, the population's living conditions, procedures for manufacturing foodstuffs, demographic changes. In the recent years, the situation in many parasitic infections in man (trichinosis, cryptobiasis, enterobiasis, toxocariasis, etc.), animals (fascioliasis, trichinosis, etc.) and plants (viral, fungal, and nematode diseases). There is an increase in the population of mosquitos, lice, fleas, and other insects which are vectors of dangerous parasitic diseases of man and animals.

Analysis of morpho-ecological adaptations of parasites showed that their necessary and sufficient characteristic is their inhabiting the host environment. Integration with the environment is achieved 1) by adaptations towards a particular habitat (first order environment) at certain phases of ontogenesis, and 2) by adaptations to the aggregate of hosts, their ecology and factors regulating the numbers of parasites (second order environment) at the level of their entire life cycle. The evolutionary progress of parasites is sustained by the increase in their independence from extrinsic factors not by means of general organization complication and integration (as in free-living animals), but by elimination of free-living developmental stages and by increase of integration with the host environment. The basis of the latter is formed by ecological adjusting of parasites to the environment. It is achieved by syncytial transformation of the covers and the use of communication means analogous to those of host cells. The consequence of host-parasite integration is the transition of parasites from resource consumption to the "management" of the environment. It is manifested by their influence on defensive reactions and other functions of the organism, as well as on its behavior and ecology. Parasitism may turn into other forms of coexistence (commensalism, mutualism) in the course of coevolution, as a result of dialectical overcoming of antagonistic interactions of the two partners.

The paper represents a review and analysis of different trends in the evolution of tissue parasitism. Data are given on different ways of departure of parasites from the host's immune response, inhibition of its immunity, antigenic mimicry, capsule formation. The paper considers in detail the mechanism of origin, structure and functions of capsules, which are induced by various groups of parasites in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Uniformity in the structure of capsules, which are formed in different host-parasite systems, suggests the universality of mechanisms ensuring their formation.

Specific drugs, most of them heterocyclic compounds, are leading in the therapy of parasitic infections despite their relative toxicity and potent mutagenicity. In some parasitic diseases chemotherapy is of low efficacy (hydatid and multilocular echinococcosis, African trypanosomiasis) or practically absent (American trypanosomiasis) mostly due to suppression or distortion of an immune response. Methods of immunocorrection using recombinant cytokines (interleukins, interferons) or their inducers are to be borrowed from the practice of treatment of oncological, lymphoproliferative diseases and other immune deficiencies. For instance, alpha-interferon and gamma-interferon inducers should be used in echinococcosis, where, as our studies have shown, the production of these cytokines is markedly suppressed. The enforcement of chemotherapeutic effect by "parachemotherapy" (Sh. D. Moshkovskiĭ, 1944), the effect of nonspecific pharmacological drugs upon the cells and tissues damaged by parasites (like Ca2+ transport blockers in drug-resistant falciparum malaria), should be used, for instance, recombinant gamma-interferon plus specific drugs in toxoplasmosis. Modern methods of immunotherapy based on the molecular mechanisms of a host-parasite relationship should be created, for instance, monoclonal antibodies to C3 receptors of membranes of cells invaded with Toxoplasma gondii. Immunotoxins such as monoclonal antibodies to myoblast receptors conjugated to 5-nitroimidazolyl-thiadiazole in Chagas' disease should be tested. The above mentioned biological approaches should increase the efficacy of chemotherapy in parasitic diseases with smaller amounts of specific drugs and less courses of treatment.

Complex studies of parasitic cenoses of four species of gerbils were carried out in Turkmenia. Over 60 forms of parasites were found out as follows: three species of blood parasites, 12 species of Coccidia, 8 species of cestodes, 12 species of nematodes, one species of Acanthocephalus, three species of chigger mites, 15 species of gamasid mites, 6 species of ixodid ticks, fleas and lice. The list of species of parasites with regard to their hosts is provided.

Possessing a different antigenic structure larvae of helminths have to withstand the protective reactions of their hosts in order exist in their tissues. A new phenomenon was noted in host-parasite relationships. Larvae of helminths inhibit the host's leucocyte reaction (by inhibiting chaemotaxis) and induce the formation of a capsule of specific structure by the host. The capsules represent a modified protective reaction of the connective tissue. The capsules perform two main functions. They do not pass the specific antibodies from the host's blood to a parasite. They are physiologically active; an intensive transport of nutrients passes through them to the parasite against concentration gradient, with a participation of ferments and expenditure of energy.

The author has reviewed the available literature on the changes in the physiological state and behaviour of hosts of vector-borne diseases agents during the before-host-changing and during host-changing periods. For vertebrates the effect of the agent is reflected in the rise of body temperature, reduction of locomotor activity and protective reactions, thrombocytopenia and vasodilation, accompanied by periodical concentration of the agent in the peripheral part of the vascular system. All this provides a successful search for a host, a source of infection, and obtaining the agent by blood-sucking vector. For arthropods the effect of the agent is reflected in changes in the vector behaviour as during the host-searching period so in an attempt for bloodsucking. Alimentary tract obstruction with an agent blocking, phagoreceptors block (eructation type of infection), inhibition of saliva ferments activity (saliva type of transmission) result in the prolongation of the feeding period and rise of agent hit probability. The last three types of effect on the feeding mechanism increase the possibility of death of an infected individual and decrease the chance of progeny preservation.