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Aim: To present the clinical history, vaccination status, features of the clinical picture, composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), results of laboratory and instrumental examinations of a patient with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP)., Material and Methods: In 2017, a child, aged 15 month, mistakenly vaccinated with the first dose of bivalent (types 1 & 3) polioviruses oral vaccine (OPV) was followed up., Results and Conclusion: Clinical parameters of VAPP in the recipient of OPV are considered. Clinical features of disease caused by wild poliovirus and VAPP are compared. The disease was characterized by sudden onset, recurrence, short (2-4 days) period of progression of paresis, persistent residual effects, CSF protein-cell dissociation. It is emphasized that the occurrence of VAPP cases reflects primarily immunization defects.

Immunization schedules implemented in various countries by using poliovirus vaccines are presented. Approaches to prevent development of vaccine associated paralytic poliomyelitis and risk groups for this infection are discussed. In recent years poliomyelitis morbidity situation in the European region has become more complex, with the example of poliomyelitis outbreak in Tajikistan in 2010. The resulting problem of protection of Russian against emergence and spread of poliomyelitis caused by wild type virus is discussed.

Analysis of publications about real and suggested contamination of polio vaccines produced in 1950s and 1960s with simian viruses--SV40 and SIV--is performed. Factual data are discussed and antivaccination fictions about calamitous consequences of really occurred contamination with SV40 and concocted contamination with SIV are refuted.

Collective poliomyelitis immunity was studied in 6339 donors from 19 towns and cities of Russia. Its stress substantially varied in different towns and cities. Studies of strain-specific antibodies to vaccine and wild viruses of poliomyelitis in donors from 4 towns established that the immune persons were more in the town where wild polioviruses had previously circulated than in those where the circulation of wild polioviruses had been limited and immunity resulted from vaccination. Circulation of vaccine viruses and reversion of their neurovirulent properties should be expected in the town where there are low collective poliomyelitis immunity rates. It is concluded that it is impossible to eradicate poliomyelitis as infection today; it is possible only to eliminate the disease if further vaccination of children is performed with live poliomyelitis vaccine.