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Non-smoking products for oral consumption are a growing segment of the nicotinecontaining products market and, therefore, the study of the component composition and toxicological load during its consumption is an urgent task. The toxic components of nicotine-containing products are the subject of research in scientific laboratories and are carried out by various methods. Studies have been monitored for potential toxicity determinations of tobacco and non-tobacco smokeless products. The article presents the results of monitoring methods for determining toxic components that determine the risk of nonsmoking products, carried out at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution ARSRCTTP. As a result of the research, methods for the quantitative determination of nicotine content have been determined and the method for the determination of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) using high-performance liquid chromatography in the product under study has been validated.

One of the most difficult tasks for surgeons and one of the main components of success of surgical treatment is a safe removal of transparent vitreous body, and structures of the vitreoretinal interface (VI): translucent, internal limiting membrane (ILM), epiretinal membranes during subtotal vitrectomy. Biological and synthetic dyes are used for intra-operative visualization of vitreous body, highlighting its native structures and pathologically changed sites. The peak of development of the intravitreal injection of dyes was the appearance of a new surgical approach – chromovitrectomy, in 2000. Its essence consists in the injection of intraoperative dyes for contrast enhancement of structures of the posterior segment of the eye. This technique provides a better intra-operative visualization of vitreous body and the VI, a more thorough removal of the cortical vitreous layers, simplifies the peeling of ILM and epiretinal membranes, reducing the risk of iatrogenic damage to the retina. However, contrast agents have a number of side effects, and as a result, many discrepancies regarding the potential toxicity and safety of use of these substances remains. Despite the large accumulated in this field experience, a number of issues associated with the properties of intravitreal dyes, their interaction with the surrounding anatomical structures, side effects of these substances remain unresolved until now. It should provide adequate color difference between the stained ILM/ERM and the normal retina. Other favorable characteristics are: rapid elimination from vitreous cavity, photochemical stability, solubility in balanced salt solution, absence of toxicity and an adequate light absorption profile. Also, numerous dyes have been applied in experimental settings with promising or devastating results. This article highlights the major clinical and experimental results of currently used novel vital dyes. The aim of this article is to present the current state-of-theart in regard to the application of vital dyes during vitreoretinal surgery to overview the current literature regarding the properties of dyes, techniques of application, indications, and complications in chromovitrectomy, the surgical recommendations to minimize the risk of toxic effects.