Search

В условиях беспрецедентных внешних рестрикций, международных санкций, вынужденной утраты устоявшихся кооперационных цепочек имеющийся научный и кадровый потенциал российской науки не только ключ к преодолению исторически сложившейся технологической зависимости страны в базовых отраслях народного хозяйства, но и скрытый резерв для формирования и развертывания принципиально новых в глобальном масштабе секторов экономики, основанных на принципах Индустрии 5.0. В этой связи одним из приоритетов государственной научно-технической политики является создание необходимых финансовых, инфраструктурных и институциональных условий для обеспечения конструктивного и долгосрочного взаимодействия академических институтов, вузов, организаций и предприятий реального сектора экономики с целью оперативного сырьевого, компонентного, технологического и продуктового импортозамещения и импортоопережения, способствующего, в конечном счете, формированию технологического суверенитета страны и суверенитета данных в приоритетных бюджетообразующих и социально-значимых отраслях. Безусловно, в сложившихся обстоятельствах целенаправленная поддержка расширения направлений подготовки и внедрения передовых форматов прикладного инженерного образования является фокусом научно-образовательной политики государства. Особую актуальность приобретает системная интеграция всех уровней инженерного образования, которая обеспечивала бы не только преемственность среднеспециального и высшего образования, но и способствовала бы формированию востребованных высокотехнологичными компаниями страны прикладных компетенций. В этой связи цель исследования состоит в комплексном анализе стартовых позиций вузов — участников новой федеральной инициативы по формированию передовых инженерных школ и перспектив социально-экономических сдвигов в региональной архитектуре научно-технологического развития на примере Республики Татарстан., In the face of unprecedented external restrictions, international sanctions, and the forced loss of established cooperative chains, the existing scientific and human potential of Russian science is not only the key to overcoming the country’s historically established technological dependence in the basic sectors of the national economy, but also a hidden reserve for the formation and deployment of fundamentally new sectors of the economy on a global scale based on the principles of Industry 5.0. In this regard, one of the priorities of the state scientific and technical policy is to create the necessary financial, infrastructural and institutional conditions to ensure constructive and long-term interaction of academic institutions, universities, organizations and enterprises of the real sector of the economy with the aim of operational raw materials, component, technological and product import substitution and import saving, which ultimately contributes to, formation of the technological sovereignty of the country and the sovereignty of data in priority budget-forming and socially significant industries. Of course, under the circumstances, purposeful support for the expansion of training areas and the introduction of advanced formats of applied engineering education is the focus of the state’s scientific and educational policy. Of particular relevance is the systemic integration of all levels of engineering education, which would ensure not only the continuity of secondary special and higher education, but also contribute to the formation of applied competencies in demand by hightech companies in the country. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to comprehensively analyze the starting positions of universities participating in the new federal initiative for the formation of advanced engineering schools and prospects for socio-economic shifts in the regional architecture of scientific and technological development on the example of the Republic of Tatarstan., Бизнес. Образование. Право, Выпуск 1 (62) 2023, Pages 1-7

The article proposes approaches to assessing the risk of non-implementation of scientific and technological projects, based on the analysis of data from institutions for innovative development of information, and carried out following the requirements of a comprehensive assessment of projects’ technological readiness. One of the approaches presented allows you to build a matrix for subsequent analysis that describes the possibility of a project oving to a higher level of development, and the second is based on identifying empirical dependencies between the level of readiness of the project being executed and the risk of violating its deadlines. Examples of applying the developed approaches for practical tasks on program activities of target programs in the field of research and development in priority areas of the scientific and technological complex of Russia are given. The described models are intended for use in the governing bodies of innovative development institutions to increase the implemented support programs’ efficiency.

The current Strategy of Innovative Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020 and the Strategy of Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation determine the goals, priorities and objectives of the state innovation policy and scientific and technological development of the country. A significant role is given to areas that allow us to obtain scientific and technical results that are the basis for increasing the innovative level of production and consolidating the country's position in the foreign market. Among the priority areas is the aviation industry, namely the sector of aircraft engine construction. The creation of aircraft engines is currently one of the most science-intensive and high-tech tasks of the domestic aircraft industry. However, the analysis of the current state of implementation of programms in this area shows that the problems of their functioning and development are not always solved taking into account a wide range of emerging risks, the negative impact of which can lead to significant financial losses. To develop effective methods for assessing and minimizing risks, it is necessary to first analyze and classify them. In the article, based on the analysis, a system of classification of risks arising during development aircraft engines. The results obtained will allow us to give a preliminary qualitative assessment of the negative events that occur at various stages of the development of aircraft engines.

Excessively acidic soils account for one third of arable land in the Russian Federation (35.1 million ha). Over the post-reform period (1990–2019), the relative share of acidic soils increased by 2%, due to a sharp decrease in the area of liming, and thus restoration of acidic properties of genetically acidic soils previously limed, as well as the involvement in agricultural use of some abandoned fields and fallows covered by acidic soils. This paper demonstrates a new approach to prioritize areas for liming by the example of the Vladimir region. The study makes use of newly established database “Soils of agricultural lands in the Russian Federation” which includes 10,000 soil quality typological unites and 57,678 soil quality mapping units (SQMU). National “Grain equivalent model” calculates the standard yields for grain crops by each SQMU. The GIS analysis allows joining spatial distribution of soil acidity and standard yields of grains in order to determine the priority areas for lime application. Acidic soils with the highest grains standard yield are proposed to be considered as high-priority ones for liming. Application of the given method in two districts of the Vladimir region showed significant reduction in the payback period of liming.

Based on the results of the first Russia—Africa Summit and Economic Forum, priority areas of economic cooperation, according to which concrete results can be achieved in the coming years, were identified. These are modern and high-tech mining and processing of minerals, geological exploration, energy (including renewable energy sources), infrastructure development (specifically the construction of railways and housing), agriculture, digital technology, medicine, science and education. Cooperation between Russian universities and African countries occupies a special place. Currently implemented by the Sergo Ordzhonikidze Russian State University for Geological Prospecting (MGRI), the scientific and educational initiative for the development of the mineral resource base of Uganda, presented in June 2019 to the country’s President Yoweri Museveni, is the basis for International cooperation between Russian universities in the East African region.

The article describes specialized tools for assessing a team of executors of a scientific and technological project based on the information contained in the project documentation, developed within the framework of the methodology for assessing the readiness of an innovative scientific and technological project, and increasing the objectivity of expert evaluation of projects. These tools can be used to determine if a team is in line with a planned or ongoing project. The application of the proposed tools allows us to assess the risks of failure to achieve project results associated with various characteristics of the project team and formulate recommendations for the development of the project team aimed at reducing them. Specialized tools have been tested for projects of the federal target program «Research and development in priority areas of the scientific and technological complex of Russia for 2014–2020».

The article provides examples of the practical application of the methodology for the integrated assessment of scientific and technical projects to assess the results of completed projects, as well as to assess the level of technological development of projects carried out according to the program activities of the federal target program “Research and development in priority areas of the Russian scientific and technological complex for 2014–2020 years“. A methodology for the comprehensive assessment of scientific and technical projects and integrated project portfolios, including integrated innovative development programs as part of various programs to support scientific and technical activities. The developed special tools, algorithms and integrated assessment algorithms make it possible to determine the level of project requirements, for example, TRL, as well as assess the level of the project team and its complexity. ongoing project. The use of special tools in the management bodies of innovation development institutions will increase the effectiveness of ongoing support programs.

This article is devoted to the history of the Department of Political Science and Sociology of Political Processes of the Faculty of Sociology at Lomonosov Moscow State University. The stages of the organization and formation of the Department, the processes of teaching formation and methodological activities, which have occurred over the thirty-year history of the Faculty of Sociology, are considered, and the priority areas of the professors research works are outlined.

В статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы эволюции отраслей социальной инфраструктуры в условиях современных вызовов. Определены тенденции развития социально-информатизационной инфраструктуры в сферах жизнедеятельности отрасли региона. Разработаны научные основы социально-инфраструктурных комплексов, а также определены приоритетные направления реформирования системы инфраструктуры социально-экономических кластеров. Среди них предложено ускорить разработку законодательно-правовой и нормативной базы, усовершенствовать механизм и структуру управления социальной инфраструктурой. Основой исследования являются труды российских и зарубежных ученых., The article deals with topical issues of the evolution of social infrastructure sectors in the face of modern challenges. The trends in the development of social and informatization infrastructure in the spheres of life of the industry in the region are determined. The scientific foundations of socio-infrastructural complexes have been developed, and priority areas for reforming the infrastructure system of socio-economic clusters have been identified. Among them, it was proposed to accelerate the development of the legal and regulatory framework, improve the mechanism and structure of social infrastructure management. The basis of the study are the works of Russian and foreign scientists.

The article summarizes the results of the interim assessment of the degree of achievement of the planned indicators of the Federal target program «Research and development in priority areas of development of the scientific and technological complex of Russia for 2014–2020».

The review considers works devoted to convolutional neural networks as a main method for digital image processing, as well as to the diagnosis of neurological diseases based on computer-aided analysis of magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. It describes approaches to building computer-aided diagnostic systems and gives examples of these systems in neurology. The virtual reality technology used to rehabilitate patients with imbalance, posttraumatic disorders, and consequences of stroke is presented. Digitalization is stated to be one of the priority areas for medicine development.

The structure and dynamics of internal costs of research and development in the regions of the Russian Federation have been considered. Particular attention has been paid to the characteristics of the scope of variation and uniformity of internal costs of research and development per organization. The regions with the maximum values of the considered indicator have been selected. The grouping of the subjects of the Russian Federation on the priority areas of research and development costs for 2010 and 2017 has been carried out. The characteristic of changes in priorities in the regions has been given.

An overview of the chemical industry of the Russian Federation at present stage has been adduced, the main economic indicators of its industries have been analyzed. The position of the Russian chemical complex in the world market of chemical products has been studied. The main problems of development of the chemical complex of Russia, as well as existing external and internal barriers have been revealed. Taking into account the analysis of the state of the chemical industry in developed countries, the priority areas and tools for the development of the chemical complex of Russia have been considered. Special attention has been paid to the development of innovative component and to the implementation of digital technologies at the enterprises of the chemical complex.

Environmental taxation contributes to the development of relations between the state and taxpayers. Trends in the development of the environment taxation confirm and justify its role in ensuring environmental safety and strategic development of the Russian Federation as one of the economic methods of the state regulation. By methods of comparative analysis, synthesis, grouping of data, problems in the field of effective use of tax instruments to improve the environmental situation have been revealed, as well as priority areas for the development of environmental taxation in Russia have been determined.

Today, health care as one of the priority areas for the state of development requires special attention in the transition to innovative models based on the use of advanced medical concepts and digital technologies. In this regard, for medical organizations, a strategic decision, the formation of disparate architectural solutions becomes topical. Before you begin to develop models of architectural solutions, apply digital transformations to them, it is advisable to use some reference model in the digital transformation of a medical organization, which will allow you to take into account the organization’s main business and IT requirements, restrictions and technologies used. For the formation of the reference architectural solution, a preparatory stage is needed, which allows identifying the requirements for the architecture and the corresponding restrictions. The article proposes a motivational expansion, on the basis of which the requirements and limitations for the reference model of an architectural solution in the digital transformation of a medical organization are formulated.

История вопроса. Роль Стратегии научно-технологического развития Российской Федерации в изменении политики выбора приоритетов. Некоторые неопределённости и противоречия законодательной и нормативной базы. Сопоставление приоритетных направлений развития науки и техники через призму критических технологий Российской Федерации с учетом мнений исполнителей прикладных научных исследований федеральной целевой программы «Исследования и разработки по приоритетным направлениям развития научно-технологического комплекса России на 2014-2020 гг.», Background. The role of the strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation in changing the policy of choosing priorities. Some uncertainties and contradictions in the legal and regulatory framework. Comparison of priority directions of development of science and technology through the prism of critical technologies of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinions of the performers of applied scientific research of the Federal target program «Research and development in priority areas of development of the scientific and technological complex of Russia for 2014-2020», ИННОВАЦИИ, Выпуск 4 (258) 2021, Pages 10-20

Рассмотрены подходы к выбору приоритетных направлений (проблем) и включения их врегиональные программы ипланы развития вдолгосрочной перспективе. Обращается внимание на роль учета и взаимосвязи таких важных интегральных факторов, как состояние экономики конкретного региона истратегические ориентиры развития национальной экономики вцелом вусловиях рынка. Показано, что для обоснования данных проблем иопределения методов их решения должны применяться планово-прогнозные научные исследования. Отдельно подчеркивается, что приоритетные проблемы имеют особый статус, требуют согласования и взаимодействия между субъектами государственного управления, участия самостоятельных хозяйствующих субъектов различных форм собственности вразличных отраслях реальной экономики (промышленности, сельского хозяйства, транспорта, связи, непроизводственной сферы)., The approaches to the selection of priority areas (problems) and incorporating them into regional programs and development plans in the long term are considered. Attention is drawn to the role of accounting and interconnection of such important integral factors as the state of the economy of a particular region and the strategic orientations of the national economy as a whole in the market conditions. It has been shown that planning and predictive scientific research should be used to substantiate such problems and determine how to solve them. It is emphasized separately that priority issues have aspecial status, require coordination and interactions between the subjects of public administration, participation of independent economic entities of various forms of ownership in various forms of ownership in various forms of ownership sectors of the real economy (industry, agriculture, transport, communications, non-manufacturing)., №2 (2020)

В этой статье, дано анализ к туристической деятельности Кыргызстана со стороны исследовательских институтуов стран СНГ и Европы. Сделан анализ деятельности местных и иностранных туристических компаний, влияние туризма на объем ВВП, развитие видов туризма, приток иностранных туристов, легкое промышленность туризма, современное состояние развития туризма в регионах страны и рекомендовано приоритетные направления для развитии туристической деятельности регионов Кыргызской Республики., In this article, an analysis of the tourism activities of Kyrgyzstan by research institutes of the CIS countries and Europe is given. An analysis is made of the activities of local and foreign travel agencies, the impact of tourism on GDP, the development of tourism, the influx of foreign tourists, the light tourism industry, the current state of tourism development in the regions of the country, and priority directions for the development of tourism activities in the regions of the Kyrgyz Republic are recommended., №3 (2020)

The main possibility of further territorial development in conditions of insufficient financial resources, budget funds and reduced investment activity is, first of all, to increase the efficiency of the use of internal potential of territories. Territorial marketing deals with the development of territories. The activity of territorial marketing is aimed at achieving the maximum effect from the use of the internal potential of the region and to further increase the potential of the territory. The strategy of socio-economic development of the region should be aimed at improving competitiveness, ensuring sustainable growth of resource potential, increasing the rating of investment attractiveness. These tasks are the priority in the activities of regional and municipal authorities. Regulation of the resource potential of the territory should be focused on the innovative and investment path of territorial development. The results of sustainable development of the territory depend on many factors that require a systematic approach and system analysis to study and evaluate. First of all, they depend on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of resources, technologies, internal and external factors. Therefore, the effective use of the resource potential is an objective condition for the implementation of all the functions of the territory and can be considered the most important prerequisite for effective territorial development. This approach is implemented using the resource concept, which is aimed at effective implementation of the territorial resource potential in the conditions of strong market competition between territories for partners, consumers and tourists. Competition for investment and personnel, for reducing migration outflow are the current problems faced by the region and entail significant economic difficulties. The departure of young people to other more developed regions, the decline in business activity pose a threat of the economic degradation of the territory. In this part of the study, a model of the information system of the territory management is proposed, Основным резервом дальнейшего территориального развития в условиях недостаточности финансовых ресурсов, бюджетных средств и снижения инвестиционной активности является повышение эффективности использования внутреннего потенциала территорий 1. Стратегия социально-экономического развития области должна быть направлена на повышение конкурентоспособности 2, обеспечение устойчивого роста ресурсного потенциала, повышение рейтинга инвестиционной привлекательности. Данные задачи являются приоритетными в деятельности областных и муниципальных органов власти. Результаты устойчивого развития территории зависят от многих факторов, для изучения и оценки которых нужны системный подход и системный анализ 3. Прежде всего они зависят от количественных и качественных характеристик ресурсов, технологий, внутренних и внешних факторов. Следовательно, эффективное использование ресурсного потенциала является объективным условием осуществления всех функций территории и может рассматриваться важнейшей предпосылкой эффективного территориального развития. Внедрение такого подхода происходит с помощью ресурсной концепции, которая направлена на эффективную реализацию территориального ресурсного потенциала в условиях острой рыночной конкуренции между территориями за партнеров, потребителей и туристов. Конкуренция за инвестиции и кадры, за снижение миграционного оттока это текущие проблемы, с которыми сталкивается регион, влекущие за собой значительные экономические трудности. Отъезд молодежи в другие, более развитые регионы, снижение предпринимательской активности создают угрозу экономической деградации территории 4. В статье предложена информационная модель территориальной системы управления с учетом структуры стратегии социально-экономического развития Волгоградской области, поддерживающая анализ выбора инструментов маркетинговой политики, с целью реализации экономического потенциала области, №1(50) (2020)

На основе анализа изученности и ресурсной базы углеводородов, геологического строения и результатов геологоразведочных работ (ГРР) последних лет в Терско-Каспийском прогибе обоснованы первоочередные направления и рекомендации по проведению ГРР с целью ускоренной подготовки разведанных запасов в среднесрочной перспективе в подсолевых отложениях прогиба., Based on the analysis of the knowledge and resource base of hydrocarbons, the geological structure and the results of exploration in recent years in the Tersko-Caspian trough, priority directions and recommendations for geological exploration are substantiated with the aim of accelerating the preparation of explored reserves in the medium term in subsalt deposits of the trough., №2(16) (2020)

The article covers the issues related to the scientific substantiation and methodological support of immunological monitoring of persons vaccinated against plague upon epidemic indications. The problematic issues of the methodology for the assessment of immunological efficiency (efficacy) of plague live vaccine (PLV) are noted. The current tasks and possible prospects for the introduction of immunological monitoring of persons vaccinated against plague upon epidemic indications have been defined. The algorithm of efficacy estimation of plague live vaccine in vaccinated (revaccinated) persons has been tested under real conditions. Analysis of the results of efficacy evaluation of plague live vaccine among vaccinated (revaccinated) people against plague living in the territories of natural foci of this infection has been performed. Demonstrated is the possibility of using immunological monitoring results in creating an objective basis for improving the strategy of specific plague prevention in natural foci of this infection. The priority areas for further optimization of the specific plague prevention in the territories of natural foci of the infection, including those related to the formation of individual regimen revaccination tactics, taking into account the possibilities of creating modern and effective vaccines, are outlined.

The article considers socio-demographic issues of research and development of the «Federal Target Program for Research and Development in Priority Areas of Development of the Russian Scientific and Technological Complex for 2014–2020». Analysis based on project's documents in the Program from 2014 to 2016. We studied the dynamics in both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of project performers – applied research and experimental development, and defined trends of project R&D personnel changes, including sociodemographic characteristics: age, size and composition of performers, the proportion of researchers with academic degree, and the proportion of women-researchers. In the article it is shown that specialists under 40 years of age are the largest part of project performers. The renewal of project personnel in time of projects is 65 percent. In the article it is also shown a strong correlation between project academic personnel and academic personnel of Russia as a whole. We devised proposals for tracking quantitative and qualitative parameters of project performers and for securing growth the skill level of young specialists in projects.

The challenge of building a robust technological base to ensure an advancing growth of the economy and global competitiveness of domestic companies can be achieved only by target-focused channeling of state funds and private resources into a limited number of priority areas. The purpose of the research is to develop a system with measurable indicators of scientific-technological areas, which will allow one to compare, range, and insightfully validate scientific-technological areas, which have a maximum potential for creating new industries in Russia with minimal risks and barriers. The article shares results of this system’s approbation. It is expected that using a system of such measurable indicators will help to rationalize management decisions, leading to the concentration of intellectual, financial, organizational and infrastructure resources on priority areas, which need to be developed for Russia it to meet its challenges.

Article is devoted to a multidimensional approach to an important part of risk analysis of innovative projects – evaluation of the sensitivity of risk when you change their underlying caus-es. Proposed and tested on a concrete example method of forming an empirical base for modeling the sensitivity of risk evaluations of innovative projects within that do not violate the consistency of the matrix of paired statements. It is shown that this can be obtained economically significant results, including assessment of priority areas of investment elasticity of the weights of different types of risks, and identifying the most sensitive risk factors.

Consideration is given to the experience of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Guinea in the matter of Ebola fever response. Outlined are the challenging issues regarding scientific support of preventive activities. Provided is a brief characteristic of Pasteur Institute of Guinea as a unique platform for research activities. Covered are the legal aspects of collaboration and priority areas for the development of common initiatives in the sphere of epidemiological monitoring. Identified are the stages of material reinforcement and medical stuff capacity building, including training of specialists with a view to the establishment of effective system for epidemiological surveillance.

Медицина и здравоохранение во многих странах рассматриваются как одна из приоритетных сфер. Ориентиры ее развития лежат в двух ключевых плоскостях: социальной — борьба с распространенными и сложными заболеваниями, и экономической — создание научных заделов и технологий, которые обеспечат лидерство или, как минимум, достойную нишу на глобальных рынках. В статье представлены результаты исследования, проведенного НИУ ВШЭ, совместно с организациями-членами технологической платформы «Медицина будущего». Была выдвинута и эмпирически проверена гипотеза о практической возможности построить матрицу «вызов – ответ» для выбора приоритетов научно-технологического развития. Выявлены базовые тенденции и научно-технологические области, определяющие облик медицины в среднеи долгосрочной перспективе, а также заделы, которые позволят интегрироваться в мировые рынки. По четырем наиболее значимым для России вызовам идентифицированы потенциальные научно-технологические ответы, и на этой основе сформулированы приоритетные исследовательские задачи. Авторы заключают, что в большинстве медицинских направлений научно-технологические разработки прорывного характера в России отсутствуют. Между тем, достижения в отдельных областях все же предоставляют шанс для завоевания значимых позиций на глобальных рынках и встраивания в цепочки создания стоимости. Времени для освоения таких возможностей осталось немного: по оценкам, многие из них утратят актуальность через 5-7 лет, что требует незамедлительных действий. Полученные результаты прошли широкое обсуждение на различных коммуникационных площадках, в числе которых экспертные группы по подготовке государственной программы «Развитие науки и технологий на период до 2020 года», научно-технические советы технологической платформы «Медицина будущего», международные и российские конференции., Many countries consider healthcare a priority area of development. Its future milestones lie in two key dimensions: social — combating common and complex diseases, and economic — establishing S&T basis that will provide leadership, or at least a decent niche in the global markets. The paper provides the results of a study conducted by the HSE in cooperation with the member organizations of technology platform “Medicine of the Future”. It supposes and empirically tests the feasibility of matching challenges and responses aimed at selecting the priorities of S&T development. The study identified underlying trends and S&T areas that will shape the medium and long term prospects of medicine, as well as backlogs allowing gaining strong global market positions. The possible technology responses for the most significant healthcare challenges for Russia are identified, and a priority research agenda is proposed. The authors conclude that Russia lacks breakthrough S&T capacities in the majority of promising medical areas. Meanwhile, domestic advances in some fields still offer the chance for a breakthrough and gaining solid positions on global markets as well as for integration in the value chain. Time to catch up with these opportunities however is running out: most of them are estimated to be available only for the next 5-7 years, so urgent actions are required. These results have been widely discussed in the framework of a range of communication platforms, including that of expert groups preparing the draft state-run programme «Development of Science and Technology for the period up to 2020», and working committees of the technology platform «Medicine of the Future», which are presented at Russian and international conferences.