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Land use that disregards the potential of the land, like is the case in watershed areas, not only increases the danger of disaster, but it can also lead to environmental damage. This study intends to assess the land capacity and soil fertility in the Lesti Sub-watershed in Malang Regency, East Java Province. GIS analysis, descriptive analysis, and laboratory tests were the data analytic techniques employed in this study. Four different land use types Moor, Coffee Plantation, Snakefruit Plantation, and Shrubs can be found in the area surrounding the watershed, according to field observations. The research findings imply that sloping and hilly plains have limiting factors for variable land capacities and limiting factors such as land slope and permeability. The study also provides an overview, namely that overall soil fertility is low and in all land use units, including the limiting factors on base saturation, C-organic, phosphate, and potassium. Overall, the research gives information or instructions for accurately analyzing land resources to measure agricultural commodity output based on the physiography of watershed areas experiencing land degradation.

Background: percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally invasive surgery to treat renal stones. Post-operative pain is distressing to the patient due to the injury to the capsule. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block at multiple level (T9–T10, T10–T11, T11–T12) was evaluated to manage postoperative analgesia in percutaneous nephrolithotomy surgeries. Methodology: a prospective randomized double-blind study of 60 cases of the American Society of Anesthesiologists I–II patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy were allocated into group P (test) and group N (control). Immediately after surgery, group P were given ultrasound-guided paravertebral block at T9–T10, T10–T11, T11–T12 on operated side using 5 ml of 0.25 % Levobupivacine at each level, while group N did not receive paravertebral block. The patients were assessed for visual analogue scale (VAS), time for first rescue analgesic, number of rescue analgesics in first 24 hrs postoperatively. Results: VAS pain scale shows significant difference between group P (4.2 + 0.8) and group N (5.3 + 1.1) (p < 0.05) at 30 mins, 2, 4, 8 hrs postoperatively. Total opioid consumption at postoperative 2, 6, and 24 hrs was less in group P than group N (P < 0.05). Number of rescue analgesics in first 24 hrs post-surgery in group P was 3.0 ± 0.4, and 4.0 ± 1.1 in group N with statistical significant difference (p = 0.0001). Total dose of opioid consumption (mg) in group P was 110 ± 40.45, and 155 ± 64.87 mg in group N with statistical significant difference (p = 0.002). The group N cases used more opioid than group P, with lower scores for satisfaction (p < 0.05). Analgesic consumption in postoperative 24 hrs of group P was less than that of group N (P = 0.001). Patient satisfaction score was significantly higher in group P than group N (P = 0.0001) in 24 hrs. No nausea and/or vomiting were noted in both groups. Conclusion: ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block had more analgesic, and reduce the requirement of opioids and maintains stable hemodynamics.