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The study objective is to investigate the biological effect of energy substrate (pyruvate) on human sperm motility in vitro.Materials and methods. The study was conducted using human sperm from 14 ejaculate samples obtained by the standard method. Motility and viability were evaluated per the World Health Organization guidelines under 400x magnification. After dilution, 1 ml was sampled from the ejaculate for the experiment and control. The experiment consisted of addition of pyruvate to the test tube with the ejaculate in final concentration of 1 mmol.Results. The level of initial sperm motility corresponded to normozoospermia. The percentage of progressive motile sperm increased by 24, 67 and 84 % after 30, 60 and 120 min of the experiment. The percentage of non-progressive motile sperm and total percentage of motile sperm showed no significant change during this time period. The number of live spermatozoa showed no significant change during the experiment.Conclusion. The study showed that pyruvate can stimulate motility of human sperm in vitro.

This review presents the data devoted to anatomical and functional diversity of fibroblasts, peculiarities of metabolic processes and energy exchange in these cells. In particular, the changes in fibroblast proliferative activity depending on various factors are discussed. The review shows the influence of the malate dehydrogenase shuttle system on the activity of metabolic processes and the life span of fibroblastsin vitro. The increase of cell cultivation timein vitrois associated with the cytosolic isoform of this enzyme. The stability of fibroblast cell culture to the activation of free-radical processes and peroxidation with addition of biologically active compounds is described and followed by a discussion of the role of separate metabolites in providing free-radical protection and maintenance of the proliferative potential of cells.

Objective: to study the effect of the ATACL (4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylcinnamicacid) compound on some biochemical parameters under conditions of exhausting exercise in animals. Materials and methods: the study was conducted to study the effect of a cinnamic acid derivative on certain biochemical parameters under conditions of exhausting exercise in animals. The experiment was performed on 40 outbred male mice weighing 22-24 grams. Animals were subject to daily exhausting exercise for 5 days in the treadmill running test. The test compound ATACL was administered intragastrically at a dose of 100 mg/kg for 30 minutes before the exercise. At the end of the experiment, the animals were decapitated and blood was taken to assess lactic, pyruvic acid, the lactate/pyruvate coefficient and myoglobin as the marker of muscle damage. Results: It was found that upon exercise, 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylcinnamic acid neutralizes the acidic pH. 10.7 times (p

The role of reamberin, a succinate-containing infusion preparation in correlation of pulmonary metabolic and respiratory disturbances in patients with obstetric puerperal sepsis was estimated. The prospective randomized study enrolled 43 patients with puerperal obstetric sepsis complicated by polyorganic deficiency (SOFA 8-10). Nineteen patients of the 1st group and 24 patients of the 2nd group were additionally treated with reamberin in a dose of 800 ml/day for 8 days. The venous and arterial difference by glucose, lactate, pyruvate, diene conjugates, malondialdehyde and ceruloplasmin was investigated. The blood gases were determined with the Ciba Corning 45 apparatus. Lower metabolic activity of the lungs with prevalence of the glucose anaerobic metabolism and lower activity of the intrapulmonary antioxidant protection were observed in the patients with obstetric sepsis. The use of reamberin in the complex therapy of obstetric sepsis promoted maintenance of the initial balance and anaeroibic and aerobic pulmonary metabolism, thus providing shorter terms of the decompensation and recovery of the lungs respiratory function.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the cerebroprotective effect of some phenolic acids under the conditions of experimental cerebral ischemia in rats.Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats weighing 220–240 g. Focal cerebral ischemia was modeled by irreversible right-sided thermocoagulation of the middle cerebral artery under chloral hydrate anesthesia (350 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). The experimental compounds (4-hydroxy-3.5-di-tert-butyl cinnamic acid, caffeic acid and gallic acid 100 mg/kg each compound) and a reference drug (Mexicor – 100 mg/kg) were administered intragastrically next day after the surgery and then for three daysrunning. The effect of the test-compounds on the cognitive functions of the rats was evaluated by CRPA and TEA tests. The influence of the compounds on the changes in the concentration of lactate, pyruvate, homocysteine, as well as the degree of cerebral edema formation and necrosis of the brain tissue, were studied.Results. In the study, it has been established that against the background of the focal cerebral ischemia, the administration of caffeic, 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylcinnamic and gallic acid, contributed to the preservation of a memorable trace in rats, as well as a decrease in lactate concentration (by 40.37% (p

Aim: To evaluate the possibility to augment myocardial protection with desflurane and sevoflurane by prolongation of their delivery into the oxygenator of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) pump during surgical myocardial revascularization.Materials and methods: This randomized prospective study included 75 patients with ischemic heart disease who underwent aortocoronary and mammary coronary bypass grafting with extracorporeal circulation from 2014 to 2017. The patients were allocated into the three study group by means of a random number table generated by Statistica 10.0 software, depending on the anesthetic agent used: group 1, desflurane (n=30), group 2, sevoflurane (n=28), and group 3 (control), propofol (n=17). Desflurane and sevoflurane were delivered into the oxygenator during the artificial circulation. Hemodynamic parameters were assessed, such as cardiac index, total peripheral vascular resistance index, pulmonary artery wedge pressure. Changes in lactate, pyruvate, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, asparagine, taurine, leucine, isoleucine and valine levels over time were assessed in blood taken from the heart coronary sinus before aortal clamping, before release of the clamp and after 30 minutes of reperfusion. During the first 24 hours post perfusion, we assessed the incidence of postperfusion heart failure (PPHF), duration of mechanical ventilation and duration of stay in the intensive care unit. Troponin I levels were measured at 12 and 24 hours after the intervention.Results: There were no significant differences in the changes of the hemodynamic parameters over time in all the groups. The PPHF incidence and the course of the postoperative period were similar in all the groups. Irrespective on the type of the anesthesia, lactate and pyruvate levels increased during the CPB, with no significant differences between the groups, as well as the postoperative troponin I levels at 12 and 24 hours after surgery. No differences between the groups were found for the changes of amino acid levels over time, except a significant reduction of alanine levels during the aortal clamp in the group 3.Conclusion: Prolongation of desflurane and sevoflurane delivery into the CPB pump oxygenator does not augment myocardial protection during myocardial revascularization surgery.

Goal of the study: to detect the correlation between lactate and pyruvate levels and their ratio (LPR) during ischemia/reperfusion with the post-operative increase of troponin I as a marker of myocardial lesion. Materials and methods. The study was performed among the patients undergoing myocardial revasculization surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass in order to evaluate the prognostic opportunities to predict development of post-perfusional cardiac failure. 56 patients with coronary disease who underwent surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were examined. The samples of blood for lactate and pyruvate tests were collected from the catheter of heart coronary sinus before aortic compression, before release of the clamps and in 30 minutes after reperfusion. During the surgery the following rates of hemodynamic profile were registered (cardiac index, systolic output index, medium arterial tension, index of peripheral resistance and pulmonary vessels resistance, index of systolic output of the left and right ventricles, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure), oxygen transportation, consumption and extraction co-efficient, arteriovenous oxygen difference. In the early post-operative period the following rates were evaluated: need in inotropic support, duration of artificial pulmonary ventilation and stay in the intensive care department. The level of troponin I was tested in 12 and 24 hours. Correlations were evaluated for the whole group in general, and in certain subgroups the patients were divided into basing on LPR value before aortic compression. Group 1 (LLPR) included 24 patients with LPR lower than the medium level of the cohort (M 17.6), Group 2 (HLPR) included 29 patients with LPR above the medium level. No significant differences were found between the groups. Results. The obtained results confirmed the certain dependence between the lactate level and increase of plasmic troponin I. However it was shown that the strong correlation between them could manifest only if the initial levels per-perfusional lactate level and lactate-pyruvate ratio had been high. The pre-perfusional lactate level did not allow predicting the development of post-perfusional cardiac failure. High values of lactate-pyruvate ratio prior to the start of cardiopulmonary bypass reflected the probability of this complication. This fact allows treating patients with high LPR as a group undergoing the advanced risk of the unfavorable course of the post-operative period. The increase of lactate in blood collected from coronary sinus of such patients during anoxia is to be regarded as an argument for adequate increase of myocardium protection. Conclusion: In order to evaluate the risk of post-reperfusional cardiac failure the routine testing of the lactate level in coronary sinus is to be supplemented by testing of the pyruvate level.

Goal of the study: to evaluate the capability of pyruvate which is endogenously produced during myocardium anoxia to prevent the post-perfusion cardiac failure in the patients undergoing revasculization surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Materials and methods. 56 patients with coronary disease who underwent surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were examined. The samples of blood for anaerobic metabolism tests were collected from the catheter of heart coronary sinus before aortic compression, before release of clamps and in 30 minutes after reperfusion. During the surgery the following rates of hemodynamic profile were registered (cardiac index, systolic output index, medium arterial tension, index of peripheral resistance and pulmonary vessels resistance, index of systolic output of the left and right ventricles, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure), oxygen transportation, consumption and extraction co-efficient, arteriovenous oxygen difference. In the early post-operative period the following rates were evaluated: need in inotropic support, duration of artificial pulmonary ventilation and stay in the intensive care department. The level of troponin I was tested in 12 and 24 hours. Patients were divided into groups depending on the increase of pyruvate level from the start of cardiopulmonary bypass before aortic compression. Group 1 (Pyrx1) included 30 persons with the pyruvate level increase less than twice and Group 2 (Pyrx2) included 26 persons in whom the pyruvate level increased more than twice. No significant differences were found between the groups. Results. Increase of pyruvate concentration in coronary sinus blood does not improve the heart performance in the post-perfusion period. Frequency and speed of consequent regress of post-perfusion heart failure were not principally different in both groups. Post-operative level of troponin I was the same and changed the same manner in both groups. Conclusion. Increased endogenous production of pyruvate in myocardium during anoxia does not improve post-perfusion restoration of the heart function.

Goal of the study: to assess the feasibility of using inhalation anesthetics of desflurane and sevoflurane during cardiopulmonary bypass to reduce the chances of post-perfusion cardiac dysfunction during myocardial revasculization surgeries. Materials and methods: 75 patients suffering from coronary disease and undergoing myocardial revasculization with cardiopulmonary bypass were divided into three groups as per the type of used anesthetic: Group 1 receiving desflurane (n = 30), Group 2 receiving sevoflurane (n = 28) and Group 3 receiving propofol (n = 17). Anesthetics were used at all stages of anesthesia including cardiopulmonary bypass. The rates of the wider hemodynamic profile were registered (cardiac index, systolic output index, index of peripheral resistance and pulmonary vessels resistance, index of systolic output of the left and right ventricles, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure). During cardiopulmonary bypass the blood was collected from cardiac coronary sinus in order to assess changes in the levels of lactate and pyruvate before aortic compression, before the release of clamps and in 30 minutes of reperfusion. During the first 24 hours of the post-perfusion period, the following parameters were assessed: frequency of post-perfusion cardiac failure development, duration of artificial pulmonary ventilation and stay in the intensive care department. The level of troponin I was tested in 12 and 24 hours. Results. The hemodynamic profile, blood levels of lactate and pyruvate during cardiopulmonary bypass did not differ between the groups. The rate of increase of the levels of the above metabolites by the 30th minute of reperfusion was the same for all the groups; lactate-pyruvate ratio was stable during all time of anesthesia. There were no differences in the post-operative level of troponin I between the groups during the first 12 and 24 hours after the surgery. The frequency of post-perfusion cardiac failure and its course were similar for all group. Conclusion. Prolonged administration of inhalation anesthetics during cardiopulmonary bypass does not protect myocardium from ischemic and reperfusion lesions.

Aim. To study the oxygen transport function in red blood cells and energy balance in patients suffering from epistaxis of various progress severities. In case of epistaxis a single blood loss is insignificant, yet in case of recurrent epistaxis there is a threat of a tissue hypoxia development. However no indicator blood values demanding transfusion therapy exist these days. This is a study of the blood oxygen transport function and energy balance in the red blood cells in those suffering from single epistaxis, recurrent moderate epistaxis and recurrent severe epistaxis. Materials and methods. In patients’ red blood cells a contents of 2.3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2.3-DFG) and hemoglobin oxygen affinity (Р50) were estimated; energy balance was assessed by the activity of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-FDG), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDG), as well as by the lactate and pyruvate contents in the red blood cells and plasma. Tissue hypoxia severity was assessed by the lactate/pyruvate ratio in blood plasma. Results. It has been determined that in case of single epistaxis the studied parameters do not differ from normal ranges. In case of recurrent epistaxis the level of hemoglobin and P50 goes down, plasma LDG activity goes up, the pyruvate content goes down, while plasma lactate retains within the normal ranges. Conclusion. The stated changes in the carbohydrate metabolism in the red blood cells and blood plasma of patients suffering from severe recurrent epistaxis suggest a breakdown of compensatory mechanisms, which manifests itself in the reduced cell energy reserve and disturbed red blood cell membranes. The obtained data testify that the severity of the state of patients suffering from epistaxis is not only defined by a quantitative loss of red blood cells and hemoglobin, but also by the adaptive capacities of the body, which determine its resistance to hypoxia. The guide link in the pathogenesis of disturbed gas transport function of blood in patients suffering from epistaxis is metabolic acidosis developing as a consequence of tissue hypoxia.

The problem of preventing the development of metabolic disorders in the early postanesthesia period is relevant in modern anesthesiology and pharmacology. This article is devoted to pharmacological correction of energy metabolism in the liver and brain of white rats by phytoremedy «Polynoophyt» in the early postanesthesia period after application of sodium thiopental. The experiments were performed on 33 white Wistar rats. The content ATP as the main macroergic component and energy-supply metabolites (lactate and pyruvate) was determined. It shown that the course administration of «Polynoophyt» resulted to rising of ATP content in the liver and brain at 68% (p < 0,05) and 54% (p < 0,05) compared with the control, respectively. Furthermore, the ratio of lactate/pyruvate decreased indicating the normalization of the intensity of glycolytic and oxidative transformation of carbohydrates into the liver and brain. It should be emphasized that the phytoremedy «Polynoophyt» reduced the concentration of lactate in the liver and brain in 2,5 and 1,6 times respectively. The pyruvate content in brain increased at 45% (p < 0,05) accelerating the ATP resynthesis. The effect of energy-supply improvement was caused by the presence of a complex of biologically active substances (flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides etc.) providing a wide range of pharmacological actions.

The dependence of respiration rate of rat permeabilized acinar pancreacytes on oxidative substrates concentration was studied at various [Ca2+] - 10-8-10-6 M. Pancreacytes were permeabilized with 50 µg of digitonin per 1 million cells. Respiration rate was measured polarographically using the Clark electrode at oxidation of succinate or pyruvate either glutamate in the presence of malate. Parameters of Michaelis-Menten equation were calculated by the method of Cornish-Bowden or using Idi-Hofsti coordinates and parameters of Hill equation -- using coordinates {v; v/[s]h}. In the studied range of [Ca2+] the kinetic dependence of respiration at pyruvate oxidation is described by the Michaelis-Menten equation, and at oxidation of succinate or glutamate -- by Hill equation with h = 1.11-1.43 and 0.50--0.85, respectively. The apparent constant of respiration half-activation (K0.5) did not significantly change in the studied range of [Ca2+] while at 10-7 M Ca2+ it was 0.90 ± 0.06 mM for succinate, 0.096 ± 0.007 mM for pyruvate and 0.34 ± 0.03 mM for glutamate. Maximum respiration rate Vmax at pyruvate oxidation increased from 0.077 ± 0.002 to 0.119 ± 0.002 and 0.140 ± 0.002 nmol O2/(s·million cells) due to the increase of [Ca2+] from 10-7 to 5 x 10-7 or 10-6 M, respectively. At oxidation of succinate or glutamate Ca2+ did not significantly affect Vmax. Thus, the increase of [Ca2+] stimulates respiration of mitochondria in situ of acinar pancreacytes at oxidation of exogenous pyruvate (obviously due to pyruvate dehydrogenase activation), but not at succinate or glutamate oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To assess antioxidant system (AOS) enzyme activity and red blood cell hypoxia severity, according to compensatory-adaptive reaction type in young men with mitral valve prolapse (MVP). Material and methods. In 137 young men with MVP, red blood cell activity of catalase (C), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lactate, pyruvate concentration, lactate/pyruvate (L/P) coefficient were measured by standard methods, together with cardiohemodynamic parameters. Results. In Group I (high compensatory-adaptive potential), L/P was 2,2 times higher than in controls. In Group II (decreased compensatory-adaptive potential), this parameter was higher than in controls by 14,6% (p

The paper focuses on intermolecular interactions, particularly interactions between proteins and natural intermediates (small molecules). Molecules with a molecular weight of up to 1000 Da are free in cytoplasmic solution and form a pool of intermediates. Methods of computer modeling for prediction of protein-proteinaceous, protein-ligand, protein - a small molecule of interactions are presented. The program for modeling predicted biological activity in silico is Prediction of Activity Spectrum for Substances (PASS). In the Search Tool for Interacting Chemicals (STITCH) system, it is possible to identify potential protein interaction partners for small molecules. A review of the literature presents modern data on small molecules - metabolic switches, such as α-glycerophosphatedihydroxyacetone phosphate, pyruvate-lactate, oxaloacetate-malate. The molecules we study have different and multiple effects on metabolism and on intercellular interaction systems. Natural intermediates are at the intersection of metabolic pathways of metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids; they are signal molecules, participate in regulation of protein function, gene expression, enzyme activity. An increasing interest in deciphering protein-small molecule/metabolite interactions at the systemic level will lay a conceptual foundation that provides insight into complex epigenetic regulation under various environmental influences. A complete interplay, including a protein-small molecule interaction, will be crucial to eventually unraveling the complex relationships between the genotype and phenotype and to provide a deeper understanding of health and disease., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The study involved 106 elderly people of the Arctic aged 61-74 years, 42 of them were residents of the Subarctic region (SR) and 64 residents of the Arctic region (AR). Using gas-liquid chromatography there was determined the serum content of saturated fatty acids (SFA): short-chain (SCFA), medium-chain (MCFA) and long-chain (LCFA); and the levels of carbohydrate metabolism parameters were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Correlation analysis showed that elderly people of SR had no significant interrelationships between the contents of SCFA, MCFA and LCFA, since all the correlation dependences were weak (r=0,2-0,29, p=0,08-0,786), against AR with a lower occurrence of high values of glucose (Glu), lactate (Lac) and low pyruvate (Pyr). In AR, with the highest occurrence of high and low values of GIu, the greatest number of its interrelations was noted with LCFA (palmitic, margarine, stearic, behenic, tricosanoic), then with MCFA (myristic, pentadecanoic) and SCFA (pelargonic), low values of Pyr with MCFA (lauric, myristic, ∑MCFA) and SCFA (decanoic), and a slight decrease in the occurrence of high levels of Lac and Lac/Pyr with LCFA (palmitic, margarine, stearic, tricosanoic), MCFA (lauric, tridecanoic) and SCFA (caproic, capric).

The implementation of Randle rule is not a cycle; fatty acids C4 - ketone bodies at interrelationships with glucose metabolite - pyruvate regulate production of mitochondria of acetyl-KoA by induction of substrate and its conversion in Krebs cycle, reactions of respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation and formation of ATP. In phylogenesis, the early substrate for formation of ATP by mitochondria is acetyl-KoA from C4 fatty acids 4; this is alternative A of induction by substrate adopted from archaea. The alternative B of induction in bacteria is based on synthesis of acetyl-KoA by mitohondria from pyruvate developed in cytosol from exogenous glucose. The insulin is late activator of absorption by glucose cells in phylogenesis; using induction by substrate, insulin inhibits absorption of fatty acids by cells and specifically activates absorption of glucose by them. The insulin activates absorption of glucose only by insulin-dependent cells by force of decreasing of "bioavailability" of fatty acids. These cells are preferred to be metabolize by mitochondria from times of archaea. The insulin, blocking lipolysis in insulin-dependent adipocytes "forces" mitochondria, instead of formation of acetyl-KoA from fatty acids, to produce it from pyruvate at activation of glycolysis and pyruvate-dehydrogenased complex. Under effect of insulin, mitochondria form acetyl-KoA and synthesize ATP from oleic mono-saturated fatty acids but not from palmitic saturated fatty acids. The kinetic parameters of second reaction and formation of ATP per unit of time (effectiveness) are much higher than in first reaction. The effectiveness of i9mplementation of alternative A in synthesis of ATP, kinetic parameters of production of acetyl-KoA in mitochondria in alternative A are more effective than in case of alternative B and metabolic conversion of glucose. The syndrome of resistance to insulin is, at the first place, pathology of metabolism of fatty acids and only in the second place metabolism of glucose. The incapacity of insulin to block lipolysis in the phylogenetically earlier visceral fatty cells is the basis of resistance., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Using the ABO antibody-antigen model the influence of natural metabolite pyruvate on the antibody interaction with of erythrocyte antigens, defining their group specificity has been investigated. Before agglutination reaction erythrocytes of A(II)-AB(IV) blood groups, monoclonal anti-A and anti-B antibodies were incubated with sodium pyruvate. Visualization of agglutinates was performed by means of flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Computer-aided prediction of the spectrum of biological activity of pyruvate by a PASS program proposed major regulatory pathways, in which pyruvate may be involved. It has been demonstrated that pyruvate can regulate the intensity of antigen-antibody interaction. These results suggest the possibility of using small molecules, for example pyruvate, as molecular probes and prospects of the use of erythrocytes with antigenic determinants of the ABO system expressed on their membranes for studies of protein-protein interactions due to convenient visualization and possibility of quantitative evaluation of this process.