Search

Introduction. To study the regularities of formation of individual experience we summarize the results of research in consolidation, reconsolidation of memory, extinction and forgetting within a unified idea that considers them in the frames of systems psychophysiology as manifestations of two coordinated processes: formation of new experience and modification of previously formed experience. Theoretical Justification. Within the framework of the theory of functional systems, it had been proposed that systemogenesis also takes place in adults, since the formation of a new behavioral act is the formation of a new system. In studies with single-neuron activity recording it was shown that during performance of new behavior the simultaneous activation of multiple earlier formed systems occurs along with activation of new systems formed during learning. Therefore, we consider consolidation, reconsolidation, extinction, and forgetting as manifestations of reorganization of individual experience as a whole. The results of research in the neurophysiology of memory show that the processes of memory formation (including its consolidation) and forgetting are not mutually exclusive and can take place independently. Some forms of forgetting are caused by the inability to use memory, rather than by its removal, that makes forgetting similar to the formation of extinction. Discussion. We argue that (re)consolidation, extinction and forgetting may be based on similar long-term changes in previously formed experience, in particular those that do not let some elements of this experience to be utilized further.

Norms of change of physical properties of arable land have been developed chernozems of steppe, chestnut soils of dry-steppe and light-chestnut soils of desert steppe zones of the European territory of Russia depending on the nature of anthropogenic impact. The limits of optimum, admissible and critical values of physical properties of these soils for growth and development of plants are established. For each zone, expert estimates of the distribution of soil areas with optimal, acceptable and critical values of the basic physical properties of soils are given. The greatest differences are observed in the density and structural composition of soils of different soil-climatic zones. In the steppe zone, soils with optimal values of arable layer density prevail among ordinary chernozems (1.0 - 1.2 g/cm3); among pre-Caucasian and southern chernozems - with values of 1.25-1.35 g/cm3. Among the chestnut soils of the dry-steppe zone the most common are the differences in the permissible values equilibrium density (1.30-1.40 g/cm3); in the desert steppe zone light chestnut soils with permissible (1.35- 1.45 g/cm3) and critical values (>1.45 g/cm3) of the equilibrium density. In the arable layer of soils of each separate zone agrophysical properties are significantly reduced by agrotechnical measures and close requirements of crops cultivated in the zone. Norms of change of physical properties can serve as a guide for assessing the current physical condition of arable soils and a basic basis for the development of regional fertility conservation and reproduction systems of the soil.