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Introduction . SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by infected people without or with mild symptoms of acute respira-tory infection (ARI). Monitoring based on nucleic acid amplification techniques is used to measure the prevalence of ARI pathogens and to assess the effectiveness of preventive measures. The aim is to measure the prevalence of pathogens causing ARIs of viral etiology, influenza, and COVID-19 among individuals without ARI symptoms throughout age groups, to trace changes in the epidemic situation by weekly monitoring pathogens during the inter-epidemic period and at the beginning of a typical ARI epidemic season, to assess the effectiveness of medical masks for prevention of the above infections. Materials and methods . A total of 14,119 people (including 4,582 children) without ARI symptoms went through examination, including questionnaire surveys, in 26 regions of Russia from August to October 2020. Nasopharyn-geal and oropharyngeal swabs were tested by using AmpliSens ARVI-screen-FL, AmpliSens Influenza virus A/B-FL, and AmpliSens Cov-Bat-FL reagent kits (The Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, Moscow). Results. 11.1% of the tested samples showed positive results; the rhinovirus prevailed (7.32%), while SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 1.66%. In autumn, the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infected cases increased from 0.49% to 4.02% (p < 0.001). The SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration was up to 1010 copies/mL. Conclusions. Differences in the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and rhinovirus among the age groups and over time were found and analyzed. Using of medical masks reduced the risk of infection with respiratory viruses and with SARS-CoV-2 by 51% and 34%, respectively. In case of prolonged exposure to a COVID-19 patient, healthy people must use a respirator for more effective protection. The individuals whose work was associated with a high level of social contacts were infected more rarely than other individuals in the same age group (p = 0.001); this fact supports the importance of anti-epidemic measures and commitment to their adherence by people whose profession entails frequent social contacts.

Relevance. Meningococcal disease is a relatively rare but still potentially fatal and disabling infection, affecting primarily healthy people of all age groups, and remains an important public health problem.Aims. The aim of the study was to analyze the long-term dynamics of the incidence of MI in the Novosibirsk region (NSO; identification and study of the factors that determined the change in the incidence of MI in 2019 in the region.Materials & Methods. A retrospective comparative epidemiological analysis of the incidence of the population of the Novosibirsk region in 1992–2019 was carried out. using statistical reporting forms No. 2 «Information on infectious and parasitic diseases»; state reports «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being ofthe population oftheRussian Federation» for 1998–2015, and according to the NSO for 2005–2019.Results. An analysis of the epidemiological patterns of MI in the NSO revealed the presence of significant fluctuations in the incidence rates with multiple replacements of the leading strains of meningococcus, in the absence of immunity to all the main pathogens of MI in the vast majority of the region's inhabitants (from 60% to 82.92% of the population in different years remained seronegative to meningococcus serogroup A, 100% of the examined are seronegative to serogroup C). Simultaneously with the change in the epidemic situation in MI in the NSO in 2019, a tendency towards an increase in the incidence of MI was registered during 2016–2019 and in all regions ofCentral Asia, from where the influx oflabor migrants with their families continues. As anti-epidemic measures in risk groups, vaccination was used mainly against meningococcus serogroup A in combination with chemoprophylaxis in contact persons.Conclusion. The NSO (Novosibirsk) is characterized by: dynamic changes in the circulating serogroups of meningococcus, the presence of refugees and migrants with a high risk of infection with local strains and the introduction of new ones, including hypervirulent strains from regions on the transit route; high risk of repeated outbreaks and further complication of the epidemic situation. It is necessary to form a regional vaccine prophylaxis program, taking into account the variability of the etiology of MI and the most effective prevention strategies.

The results of the analysis of epidemiological and epizootiological situation on anthrax in the Russian Federation and in the world in 2019 are presented in the paper. The forecast of morbidity rates in the Russian Federation for 2020 is made. In 2019, five cases of cutaneous anthrax were registered in the Russian Federation in two regions of the North Caucasian Federal District – Republic of Dagestan (4) and Stavropol Territory (1), which is two cases plus as compared to 2018. Outbreaks of infection among livestock animals and humans were recorded in such neighboring countries as Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The unfavorable epizootiological situation on anthrax was observed almost everywhere. The highest incidence rates among wild and livestock animals were found in a number of countries in Asia and Africa. Anthrax among people was registered mainly in African countries, infection occurred mainly by alimentary route, less often – through contact with carcasses, meat of animals. Anthrax morbidity rates among animals and humans in the Russian Federation in 2020 will be largely determined by the completeness of registration and coverage with specific immunization of livestock animals and groups of people under professional risk of infection and, if measures are fully implemented, incidence will not exceed single cases.

Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) is one of the most common infections today. Young women have a high risk of infection with HPV. The contagiosity of the virus reaches 80%. HPV is a cause of cervical cancer. Genital warts is one of the most common clinical manifestations of HPV, the incidence is 120–150 per 100,000 population. The aim of the study was to assess the degree of incidence of vulvar and vaginal warts, according to the official statistical forms and clinical practice. The statistical forms do not give an accurate account of the incidence of HPV due to the characteristics of reporting. According to clinical observation, signs of HPV were detected in 23,3% of female students, who underwent periodic medical examinations, and in 10,1% of patients, who addressed complaints to the gynecologist. Inosine pranobex is the most studied systemic immunomodulator used to eliminate HPV. The non-intervention open-site single-center study showed that the effectiveness of monotherapy acounted for 66,9%, which categorized inosine pranobex as a first-line drug.

Introduction. The Sverdlovsk region is on the second place among all subjects of the Russian Federation on the level of infestation of the population is HIV. The prevalence of HIV-infected residents of the Sverdlovsk region is 1.6%. This corresponds to a generalized stage of infection. Annually in medical institutions of the Sverdlovsk region up to 4 million patients with HIV infection receive various types of medical care. In these conditions increase the risk of infection employees related to their professional activities. Aims of this study was to assess the completeness and timeliness of post-exposure antiretroviral therapy to employees in case of accidents with exposure to blood and to determine their professional the risks of infection. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the Sverdlovsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and the Department of epidemiology of the Ural State Medical University. The authors analyzed 1678 strategic messages in an emergency for 2013-2016. Results. In medical organizations of Sverdlovsk region in 2013 was introduced registration of all emergencies, regardless of the HIV status of the patient. The number of registered accidents was 6.7 ± 0.3 cases per 10 thousand employees. The frequency of emergency situations doctors have1.7 times higher than the average staff and nurses. Among nurses there was a trend to increasing frequency of emergencies, with an annual growth rate of 3.0%. Changes in the frequency of emergency situations, the doctors and nurses are not installed. The authors found considerable variation in the number of accidents according to the official registration and results of the employee survey. The frequency of emergency situations is determined by the profile of the Department, business process, profession, work experience of the employee, day of week and time of day. The number of persons who received chemoprophylaxis during emergency situations, reduced annually. Reasons for the decline were later appeal for help, the failure of prevention and the absence of indications to antiretroviral therapy in low risk of infection. The proportion of doctors who are not receiving antiretroviral treatment was higher than the proportion of paramedical staff and nurses. Conclusion. The prevention of occupational infections require legal regulation. Preventive actions should be focused on the set in the process of research risks.

Высокая контагиозность, тяжелое течение и смертность сделали коронавирусные инфекции одними из самых опасных заболеваний в XXI веке. В конце 2019 г. зоонозный коронавирус снова пересек виды, попал в человеческую популяцию, вызвав беспрецедентную как по продолжительности, числу человеческих жертв, так и по негативному влиянию на мировую экономику пандемию COVID-19. Несмотря на высокий уровень развития современных технологий и вложение колоссальных денежных средств, пройдет еще немало времени, прежде чем будет найдено адекватное решение в борьбе с существующей коронавирусной инфекцией и разработаны эффективные профилактические меры по предупреждению подобных ситуаций. Хотя окончательного ответа на вопрос о причине вторжения зоонозных коронавирусов в человеческую популяцию и появления SARS-CoV-2 все еще нет, многое из известного за полгода интенсивных исследований требует систематизации и осмысления. Целью настоящей работы явилась систематизация существующих данных об этиологических агентах и эпидемиологии коронавирусных инфекций., High contamination, severe course, and mortality have made coronavirus infections one of the most dangerous diseases in the XXI century. At the end of 2019, the zoonotic coronavirus again crossed species and affected the human population, causing an unprecedented number of human victims in terms of duration as well in terms of negative impact on the world economy, the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the high level of development of modern technologies and the investment of huge funds, it will take a long time before an adequate solution is found to combat the existing coronavirus infection and effective preventive measures are developed to prevent such situations. Although there is still no definitive answer to the cause of the invasion of zoonotic coronaviruses with the human population and the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, much of what is known over six months of intensive research requires systematization and understanding. The purpose of this paper was to systematize existing on 07.07.2020 data concerning the etiological agents and epidemiology of coronavirus infections., Клиническая инфектология и паразитология, Выпуск 1 2021, Pages 54-73

Приведены результаты многолетнего мониторинга эндемичной по ГЛПС территории Оренбургской области, где заболевание вызывает хантавирус Пуумала. Показано, что очаги ГЛПС–Пуумала как в степном, так и лесостепном ландшафте приурочены к интразональным пойменным лесам в бассейнах рек Урал, Самара, Сакмара и других, которые благоприятны для обитания основного хозяина вируса Пуумала – европейской рыжей полевки (Myodes glareolus). Заболеваемость ГЛПС и площадь очагов резко выросла за последние два десятилетия, и интенсивный показатель на 100 тыс. населения приблизился к средним значениям, отмеченным на активной очаговой территории лесной зоны. Продемонстрирована тесная связь уровня заболеваемости с численностью инфицированных рыжих полевок. Определены и закартированы места с разным уровнем риска заражения людей; выявлены населенные пункты и их окрестности, где заражается большая часть местного и приезжего населения. Показано, что на некоторых участках активной очаговой территории число заражений может значительно повышаться за счет большого притока горожан., The results of long-term monitoring of the Orenburg region territory, which is endemic for HFRS caused by Puumala hantavirus, are presented. It has been established that HFRS-Puumala foci, both in the steppe and forest-steppe landscapes, are confined to interzonal floodplain forests in the basins of the Ural, Samara, Sakmara and others rivers, which are favorable for the habitation of the main host of the Puumala virus – the European bank vole (Myodes glareolus). The incidence of HFRS and the foci area have been increased sharply over the past two decades and the average incidence rate per 10E5 approached the average values in the active foci of the forest zone. A close relationship between the incidence rate and the number of infected bank voles has been demonstrated. Locations with different levels of human infection risk were identified and mapped; identified settlements and their surroundings, where most of the local and visiting population are infected. It has been established that in some areas of the active focal area, the risk of infection can significantly increase due to a large influx of citizens., ПЕСТ-МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ, Выпуск 3 (115) 2020, Pages 20-29

Антисептика ран претерпела ренессанс благодаря внедрению высокоэффективных антимикробных препаратов для лечения ран и распространению полирезистентных микроорганизмов. Очевидна необходимость формулирования строгих показаний для применения этих препаратов. Инфицированная или критически колонизированная рана требует обработки антисептиками. Кроме того, в случае распространения инфекции необходима системная антибиотикотерапия. Превентивное использование шкалы WАR (Wounds-at-Risk Score шкала оценки риска инфицирования раны в баллах) позволяет по результирующему баллу оценить риск инфицирования и, следовательно, целесообразность назначений антисептиков. Содержание этой обновленной консенсусной рекомендации по-прежнему сводится, в основном, к обсуждению свойств октенидина дигидрохлорида (OКT), полигексанида и йодофоров., Wound antiseptics have undergone a renaissance due to the introduction of highly effective antimicrobial agents for treating wounds and the spread of multiresistant microorganisms. There is an obvious need to formulate strict indications for the use of these drugs. An infected or critically colonized wound requires antiseptic treatment. In addition, in the case of the spread of infection, systemic antibiotic therapy is necessary. The proactive use of the WAR scale (Wounds-at-Risk Score scale for assessing the risk of infection of a wound in points) makes it possible to evaluate the risk of infection from the resulting score and, therefore, the advisability of prescribing antiseptics. The content of this updated consensus recommendation continues to boil down mainly to a discussion of the properties of octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT), polyhexanide and iodophors., Вестник Национального медико-хирургического Центра им. Н.И. Пирогова, Выпуск 2 2020

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome is a widespread natural-borne infection of orthohantavirus etiology in the territory of the Russian Federation. Male patients of working age dominated, which is associated with their professional and social activity. Although the rate of children among all cases of this infection in our country is 2.5 %, the variety of clinical symptoms causes the problem in the diagnostic of this disease.The purpose of this work was to study the characteristics of orthohantavirus infection among children and adolescents of Primorski Krai.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of 60 serologically confirmed cases of orthohantavirus infection in children and adolescents was carried out. Patients were divided into age subgroups with a link to the possibility of infection in the urban or rural locations.Results. The prevalence of men aged 15-17 years among all studied patients was established. However, children starting from 3 years old are at risk of infection in rural areas of the region too, which is related to proximity of natural landscapes. Circulation in the Primorski Krai of two pathogenic orthohantaviruses (Hantaan and Seoul) causes yearround registration of human orthohantavirus infection, including children.Conclusion. The Primorski Krai is an endemic territory for orthohantavirus infection, with the simultaneous circulation of several orthohantaviruses. Risk of infection within all categories of the population, including children, in whom the disease can occur more often in a moderate form and with variety of different symptoms, is related with the activation of the epizootic process in the rodent’s populations.

Objective of the study is to generalize epidemiological data and assess the situation in the countries of East-Mediterranean region on infectious diseases that require the measures on sanitary protection of the territory of the Russian Federation, CIS member-states, and Eurasian Economic Union. Materials and methods. Epidemiological analysis was carried out using the data of official websites and periodical publications of WHO, WHO East-Mediterranean Office, National Health Ministries, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, other international organizations and open-access literature sources. Results and conclusions. Systematized and summarized have been the data on morbidity rates and spatial dissemination of diseases in each particular country from the point of view of possible risks to visiting them individuals. The data presented on the infectious diseases allow for addressing the issues associated with the risk of infection; identification of the factors and terms of high risk of infection; for forecasting the probability of disease importation into the Russian Federation. The information may prove to be useful for quantitative and qualitative evaluation of potential epidemic hazard in the course of sanitary-epidemiological welfare provision under international mass events.