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In agro-ecosystems, abiotic stress effects can create havoc diminishing productivity and severely deteriorating yield and yield quality. To meet the rising food and feed crisis, rigorous control of productivity and yield losses in agriculture due to environmental stress must be executed. Coupled with climate change, abiotic stress is causing havoc to crop physiology, productivity and quality of agricultural produce. With the SDG 2 target of Zero Hunger to an unprecedented 8.5 billion by 2030, such massive loss of agricultural yield and economy poses a huge challenge. Stress mediated responses of plants are multiple and varied. Nanotechnology is an emerging field which could profoundly affect crop stress physiology through biotechnological and biochemical interventions to usher in a new era of Sustainable Agriculture and Zero Hunger. Such interventions may be suggested for a paradigm shift towards sustainable agriculture and to meet the massive global challenge of 70% rise in crop output for the rising millions of 2050.

У статті проаналізовано позиції Верховного Суду щодо звільнення від кримінальної відповідальності у зв’язку з примиренням винного з потерпілим. Зазначено, що тлумачення умов звільнення, а саме вчинення вперше кримінального проступку або необережного нетяжкого злочину, не є дискусійним і судова практика у цьому випадку одностайна. Натомість констатується, що тлумачення підстав вказаного виду звільнення у судовій практиці містить суперечності, а також існують питання, які по сьогоднішній день нерозв’язані. Стверджено, що правові позиції щодо розуміння поняття «примирення» є послідовними. Зазначається, що смерть потерпілого виключає можливість примирення, однак питання щодо можливої реалізації волевиявлення на примирення неповнолітнім, малолітнім, недієздатним чи обмежено дієздатним потерпілим залишається відкритим. Згадуються рішення ВС у справах про звільнення від кримінальної відповідальності, передбаченого ст. 46 КК України, винного, який вчинив кримінальне правопорушення проти громадського порядку. Зазначено, що однозначної відповіді, чи можливе застосування такого виду звільнення у кримінальних правопорушеннях, які заподіюють або створюють реальну загрозу заподіяння істотної шкоди не лише приватним особам, а й публічним інтересам, не дано, однак і не заперечено можливості застосування цього виду звільнення у таких справах. Зроблено висновок, що у випадку, коли кримінальним правопорушенням не заподіяно шкоду або не завдано збитки, застосування ст. 46 КК України можливе без встановлення зазначеної підстави звільнення. Вказується, що відшкодування завданих збитків або усунення заподіяної шкоди може бути за погодженням з потерпілим неповним. Зазначається, що залишаються невирішеними питання про можливість потерпілого відмовитись від компенсації, а також досягти згоди щодо відшкодування збитків чи усунення шкоди в майбутньому. Згадано також позиції ВС, які констатують, що звільнення від кримінальної відповідальності у зв’язку з примиренням винного з потерпілим є обов’язковим видом звільнення.

Nearly all metabolic changes and responses in the plant life cycle are influenced by seasonal environmental conditions which profoundly affect their growth, yield and metabolism. This work was carried out under tropical environmental conditions of Kolkata, West Bengal, India in three seasons –summer, rainy and winter in two stages – preflowering and postflowering to study the effect of seasonal variations (if any) on some select antioxidants and scavenging enzyme activities in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) and Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to determine the favourable/unfavourable seasons for growth and yield and thus correlate with the yield quality. Favourable seasons (summer for Abelmoschus; winter for Lycopersicon) recorded low reactive oxygen species production accompanied by elevated activities of scavenging enzymes while the unfavourable seasons (winter for Abelmoschus; rainy for Lycopersicon) showed the opposite trend. These periods were marked by abundant production of free radicals (meaured as MDA and total peroxide contents), accompanied by poor scavenging and reduced detoxification of these active oxygen species by the antioxidants ( ascorbic acid) and scavenging enzymes (SOD, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, ascorbic acid oxidase). These results could be well correlated with yield and yield quality of these two crop plants. The parameters under study served as useful bioassay indices of environmental stress, while the two plants acting as a measure of the prevailing environmental conditions, can serve as efficient bio indicator species. Thus, plant response to environment indicates the enormous impact of environmental stress on agricultural productivity.

Arsenic pollution is a growing menace in major parts of West Bengal, India and Bangladesh. Arsenic phytoremediation abilities of two common plants Pteris vittata and Eichhornia crassipes growing abundantly under natural tropical conditions of India were biochemically analyzed. Reactive oxygen species, taking total peroxide and malondialdehyde contents as the parameters, indicate the extent of arsenic induced oxidative stress, while the activities of the scavenging enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase indicate the comparative effectiveness of the two plants in arsenic detoxification. Total peroxide and MDA contents were significantly higher in all samples of Eichhornia as compared to Pteris throughout the experimental period while the three scavenging enzymes viz. catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase exhibited higher activities in Pteris with increasing arsenic concentration while Eichhornia showed a reverse trend. The comparative study reveals that Pteris vittata is the more efficient plant in combating and tolerating arsenic stress, as revealed by the results obtained of biochemical constituents and enzymatic profile. Of the two selected plant species,Pteris is found to be more effective in arsenic removal can serve as a cheap and easily available green source for arsenic detoxification.

Real-time testing of coal ash plays a vital role in the chemical, power generation, metallurgical, and coal separation sectors. The rapid online testing of coal ash using radiation measurement as the mainstream technology has problems such as strict coal sample requirements, poor radiation safety, low accuracy, and complicated equipment replacement. In this study, an intelligent detection technique based on feed-forward neural networks and improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO-FNN) is proposed to predict coal quality ash content in a fast, accurate, safe，and convenient manner. The data set was obtained by testing the elemental content of 198 coal samples with X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The types of input elements for machine learning (Si, Al, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, Ti, Zn, Na, P) were determined by combining the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data with the change in the physical phase of each element in the coal samples during combustion. The mean squared error and coefficient of determination were chosen as the performance measures for the model. The results show that the IPSO algorithm is useful in adjusting the optimal number of nodes in the hidden layer. The IPSO-FNN model has strong prediction ability and good accuracy in coal ash prediction. The effect of the input element content of the IPSO-FNN model on the ash content was investigated, and it was found that the potassium content was the most significant factor affecting the ash content. This study is essential for real-time online, accurate, and fast prediction of coal ash.

Salmonellosis ranks first among acute intestinal infections with an established pathogen in Ukraine. Poultry products are the most frequent source of human salmonellosis is the highest in both the world and Ukraine. Therefore, Salmonella-specific prevention measures in most countries are an issue of great importance. The study's goal was to compare the levels of antibodies against Salmonella to the enteritidis, Typhimurium, and infantis monoantigens in the serum of poultry immunized with the experimental bivalent, the trivalent vaccine against salmonellosis using the Agglutination test (AT) and Passive Hemagglutination test (PHA). The research of two Salmonella inactivated emulsified vaccines – bivalent (S. enteritidis) and trivalent (S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium and S. infantis) was conducted on one of the poultry farms of the Lviv region. The birds were vaccinated two times in the 14th day's interval. The sera samples were taken on the 14, 21, and 28th days after the last shot. The antibody (agglutinin) levels were assessed in the AT and PHA. Both vaccines (bivalent and trivalent) inducted an intense immune response in birds' organisms. The average antibody titers were 1 : 512 –1 : 717 using the AT and 1 : 4096 – 1 : 5734 using the PHA. The highest antibody levels were detected for S. Enteritidis: 1 : 5734 for trivalent vaccine and 1 : 5120 for bivalent one using PHA. AT antibody levels were lower: 1 : 717 for the trivalent vaccine and 1 : 640 for the bivalent. The antibody levels to S. typhimurium were: 1 : 4915 for trivalent vaccine and 1 : 4710 for bivalent (PHA) and 1 : 640 for trivalent vaccine 1 : 589 for bivalent on (AT). The lowest antibody levels were detected in S. Infantis in both tests. An interesting fact of S. infantis agglutinins presence in serum samples from poultry vaccinated with the bivalent vaccine in both tests may be explained by cross-immunity formed by S. enteritidis – S. typhimurium vaccine.

The author investigated the reasons, forms and methods for sending spies from the territory of the Kuban, part of the Crimean Khanate to Russia. The Spies "subversive" activities were most often directed by the ataman Ignat Nekrasov. For the first time in academia, the author systematically analyzed the tasks assigned to these Nekrasov spies, as well as the conditions that both facilitated and hindered their implementation. Achieving the goal and objectives of this article, general scientific and special historical methods were used. The article is based on written historical sources XVIII c. from several Russian federal and state archives. The paper focuses on the geography of the "subversive" activities of such people. The analysis of their composition and the peculiarities of training to perform tasks that are not always associated with the collection of intelligence information on the territory of Russia. In addition, the reactions of various categories of Russian subjects who communicated with the spies of Ignat Nekrasov were identified and studied. Numerous search engines have been systematically analyzed, preventive measures of the Russian authorities aimed at suppressing / preventing the activities of the Nekrasov spies, as well as at their capture and organization of interrogations.

The author investigates the reasons, forms and methods of sending spies from the territory of the Kuban, part of the Crimean Khanate. The spies "subversive" activities were most often directed by the ataman Ignat Nekrasov. For the first time in academic literature, the author systematically analyzes the tasks assigned to these Nekrasov‟s spies, as well as the conditions that both facilitated and hindered their implementation. Achieving the goal and objectives of this article, general investigative and special historical methods are used. The article is based on written historical sources of XVIII c. from several Russian federal and regional archives. The paper focuses on the geography of the "subversive" activities of such people, their composition and the peculiarities of training to perform tasks that are not always associated with the collection of intelligence information on the territory of Russia. In addition, the reactions of various categories of Russian citizen who communicated with the Ignat Nekrasov‟s spies are identified and studied. Numerous search activities and preventive measures of the Russian authorities aimed at suppressing / preventing the activities of the Nekrasov‟s spies, as well as at their capture and organization of interrogations are systematically analyzed.

The article is devoted to Russian-Ottoman interaction at the concrete historical period (1792—1828). In this time the fortress Anapa was the center of Ottoman domain at the North-Western Caucasus. The communication occasions and reasons, actors and cases of the oral and writings, texts of messages are explored. The authors analyzed forms of interaction (correspondence, oral communications, diplomatic negotiations) between Russian regional officials and the Anapa’s Pasha and his administration. The few dozens of various messages were revealed and analyzed. Languages of these communications (Ottoman Turkish, Russian, Armenian, Greek, and French), the interpreters’ personalities, actors of oral messages, mediators and couriers were in research focus. Besides, the documents structures (different forms) were investigated. The authors made the conclusions about system interaction between the two opposite sides for over 30 years in this region.

Introduction. The article chronologically covers the 1740s and 1750s. The period witnessed a rise in confrontational processes in the Crimean Khanate that were intensified by the growing dissatisfaction of the Nogai hordes with restrictive policies of the Crimean Khans. The opposition reached its peak by the late 1750s, and was marked by the Nogai rebellion of 1758 against the Crimean Khan Halim Giray and his sons. Many Kuban Nogais led by the ex-serasker of Kuban Seadet Giray took an active part in the revolt. Goals. The paper seeks to examine the role and place of Nogai Kuban in cross-border processes along the Northwest Caucasus that resulted from nomadic migrations. It is planned to identify the impact of Nogai Kuban (Kuban Horde) on the political and other processes that accompanied activities of the ruling Crimean Khans aimed at strengthening governing structures of their own within the Nogais hordes. Materials and Methods. The article analyzes 18th-century written historical sources, including ones newly introduced into scientific discourse. Those are mainly Russian official papers stored at federal and public archives of the country. The study employs special history research methods, such as the historical/genetic and historical/comparative ones. Results. The Kuban Horde played a key role in the provincial life of Kuban Region, a periphery of the Crimean Khanate. In the mid-18th century, the territory was being increasingly involved into state integration processes by the Girays. For example, the institution of serasker-sultans in Kuban was established. Various representatives of the Giray dynasty actively struggled for the position, including the family of Sultan Bahti Giray that had settled in Kuban. Conclusions. The discovered facts confirm the significance of Sultan Bahti Giray’s family in the life of Kuban Region after 1729. Kuban Nogais actively participated in the Crimean Khanate’s internal policies, and opposed the heavy-handed administrative decisions of the Girays. Their dissatisfaction was actively fueled by ex-seraskers, Gazi Giray and Seadet Giray, the sons of Sultan Bahti Giray. The paper proves Seadet Giray enjoyed a mass support of Kuban Nogais, which largely predetermined ― through pressure on kalga-sultan ― his appointment as serasker in 1755. The study reveals an instant connection between the ‘revolt’ of Bahti Giray’s sons against the Crimean Khan ― and subsequent activities of Kuban Nogais in the rebellion of 1758.

Scientists of both human and veterinary medicine combine their potential to develop new or improve old instruments in order to rein the problem of foodborne salmonellosis in Ukraine. According to the experience of European poultry industry, the most effective measure for the prevention of avian salmonellosis is total vaccination against salmonellosis of laying hens and breeding birds. In our country, the epizootic situation of salmonellosis of animals and poultry is consistently favorable. At the same moment nearly 90% of foods born Salmonella outbreaks are of poultry and egg products origin. In other words the source of major source of Salmonella agent is avian origin. Currently no vaccines of native origin have been registered in Ukraine. Although there have been numerous attempts to develop a vaccine against avian salmonellosis. The purpose of our work is to evaluate the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the two experimental series of bivalent inactivated emulsified vaccine against avian salmonellosis in production conditions. During the examination of the vaccine in the poultry farm it was found that for 21 days after the re-introduction of the vaccine, the titers of antibodies to the mono-antigens S. Typhimurium, Enteritidis and Gallinarum in the Agglutination Test (AT) and Indirect Hemagglutination Test (IH) were: 1 : 640–1280 to 1 : 2560–5120 respectively. This indicates high antigenicity of the vaccine. No significant difference between the levels of antibodies to Typhimurium and Enteritidis antigens was detected neither in AT nor IH. At the same time the levels of antibodies to mono-antigen Gallinarum were markedly lower in both reactions (1 : 160–1 : 320 – in AT and 1 : 320–1 : 1280 – in IH), but high enough to indicate that the vaccine creates a tense cross-humoral immunity to Salmonella surface antigens of Gallinarum serovar. The results of study of immunogenicity of the vaccine show that the vaccine is highly immunogenic. It means that after control infection of vaccinated hens none of tested Salmonella strains (S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis) were isolated from any organs, whereas in the control non-vaccinated group of birds both Salmonella test-strains were isolated from all organs. The obtained results provide a basis for further phases of the vaccine estimating followed by its registration in the prescribed manner.

A characterization of h-convex function via Hermite-Hadamard inequality related to the h-convex functions is investigated. In fact it is determined that under what conditions a function is h-convex, if it satisfies the h-convex version of Hermite-Hadamard inequality.

The results of the comprehensive approach to the diagnosis, general and special measures for the elimination of the infection center for the outbreak of Salmonella in calves in one of the large dairy farms in the Volyn region are presented. The use of classical diagnostic methods using modern environments and approaches made it possible to isolate and identify two types of Salmonella Typhimurium and S. dublin. Antibiotic therapy of calves for salmonellosis calves was carried out with labeled antibiotics in combination with medicinal products of symptomatic nature. Forced current and final disinfection of cages and whole calf, as well as wicker yards and cows were carried out with a 0.1% solution of the new disinfection preparation “Epydes”, created on the basis of derivatives of polyhexamethylenguanidine (PGMG), at a rate of 0.3 l/m2. For a specific prevention of salmonellosis, we designed our two series of autogenic vaccines from isolated strains of salmonella, the difference between which was the choice of adsorbent. The study of the tension of humoral immunity in cats and calves vaccinated against salmonellosis in agglutination and indirect hemagglutination reactions revealed high levels of antibodies to immunogens that were part of two experimental autopsy series of autogenic vaccines. In this case, the immune response to the antigens of the Tifimurium was higher than that of Dublin antigens. Titres of antibodies from cats and calves vaccinated with a vaccine in which the aerosol was used as an adsorbent were higher than those for a vaccine in which an aluminum hydroxide was used as an adsorbent. The reaction of indirect agglutination showed several times the higher sensitivity to detect salmonella antibodies than the agglutination reaction, which is the basis for recommending it as an immunological method of tension of humoral immunity for animal salmonellosis. The comprehensive approach to diagnosis of disease, modern approaches to the treatment of calves with salmonella, the destruction of the pathogen in the environment and the modern approach to the immunization of the infection, made it possible to improve the economy throughout the year from salmonella caused by two types of salmonella.

The article introduces a little-known source into research paradigm. It is connected with the history of a great popular movement in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century - Bulavin uprising. It is referred to the Don Host Letter to Hassan Pasha, muhafiz (commandant) of the Ottoman fortress Achuev (Atchu) in the Kuban region. The origin of the document, key facts and dates are examined. The history of the Don Host Letter is presented against the other similar documents which compose one consolidated documentary complex. This refers to the letters to Kubanian mursa Sartlan and to Kuban Cossacks. These are original documents of the early 18th century, not delivered to addressees and picked up by the Russian authorities in May of 1708. Today all these document are kept in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts in Moscow. Correspondence of ataman K.А. Bulavin and Hassan Pasha and other addressees is considered in relation to reconstruction of the ataman’s strategic plans as well as input of the army archive. The article studies the heuristic potential of the document published in relation to relevant issues of Bulavin uprising history, external links of the Don Host, organization of the military records management. Having become the military ataman in May 1708, K.A. Bulavin tried to establish good-neighborly relations with Hassan Pasha and to get him interested in the development of trade relations and joint struggle against the Kalmyks. Correspondence with the Achuev commandant, among other examples, testifies to the restoration of the Don Host right to independent external contacts, substantially restricted in 1671.

Проанализированы действия правительства императрицы Екатерины II по подготовке и ликвидации Войска Запорожского Низового. Источниковую основу составили материалы российских федеральных и государственных архивов, а также архивных собраний Украины. Значительная часть использованных источников впервые вводится в научный оборот. Целью исследования стало определение предпосылок и причин ликвидации Сечи, а также установление ее временной продолжительности. Разбираются разновременные планы и проекты ликвидации Сечи, исходившие от конкретных представителей имперских властей. Авторы доказывают, что нельзя вести речь о «разовой» военной операции, предпринятой 4 июня 1775 г. по отношению к событию, именуемому «ликвидацией Запорожской Сечи». Исследованы пути решения российскими властями «запорожской проблемы» на протяжении третьей четверти XVIII в., конкретизированные в проектах М. И. Леонтьева, П. А. Румянцева и К. фон Штоффельна. Рассмотрен комплекс социально-экономических, демографических, политических и прочих аспектов внутренней и внешней политики Российской империи, которые повлияли на социальную эволюцию Войска Запорожского Низового и привели к его конфронтации с правительством. Изучены коллективные реакции казаков на ликвидацию Сечи.

The urban public green system (UPGS) is an important component of the urban ecological system. The relationship between the ecosystem and its social services is a core topic of ecological studies throughout the world. We investigated eight provincial capital cities in southern China to analyze the connectivity and 500 m radius service ratio (500 MRSR) of the public green system based on GIS information from 2010. The connectivity and 500 MRSR were calculated based on the types, amounts, and areas of the green patches. The results indicated that the connectivity was significantly positively correlated with 500 MRSR ( p 0.01), while the connectivity and 500 MRSR were significantly negative correlated ( p 0.01) with the urban scale. The results also showed that the increase in the amount of patches density, the landscape connectivity and 500 MRSR were accompanied by a progressive decrease in the city scale. Overall, the results suggest that the landscape connectivity and 500 MRSR reflected the ecological structure and the level of function of the public green system, also reflected the degree of coupling between the social services and urban construction in the public green landscape system. This study determined the current state of urban public green spaces from the perspectives of the ecological system and the social services, which are important for facilitating the coordinated development of the urban public green space system.

High protective efficiency of filters (fine purification filter-element) used in microbiological laboratories ventilation systems contributes essentially to biological safety provision. Filters are to be tested at bench-top devices prior to application. The existing models of these devices allow to test no more than 8 filters per working day, and require considerable physical efforts. The proposed automated device allows to test 33 filters per working day and decreases considerably workload of the personnel.